NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Chinese Non-Governmental Organisations and Civil Society: A Review of the Literature","authors":"Jennifer Y. J. Hsu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2363562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2363562","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the literature on Chinese non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and civil society and argues that to understand the transformative potential of Chinese NGOs we need to consider beyond macro-level political change. By looking at the tactics and strategies of engagement between NGOs and the state, it becomes clear that Chinese NGOs are capable of affecting communities and change at the local level. Furthermore, to fully understand the capacity of Chinese NGOs, this article argues that we cannot insist on a state-society separation as we would in other jurisdictions because it would not lead to fruitful analysis. The state of the field is assessed through an interdisciplinary lens, characterised by four major themes: the linkage between the rise of NGOs and the expansion of civil society; the rise of NGOs as a reflection of state-society relations; NGO sectoral development and, to a lesser extent, the development of theory and frameworks.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126441111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PPPs in Global IP (Public-Private Partnerships in Global Intellectual Property)","authors":"Margaret Chon","doi":"10.4337/9781783470532.00020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783470532.00020","url":null,"abstract":"Under what conditions may public-private partnerships (PPPs or P3s) involved in multilateral development policy advance public interest goals in global intellectual property? This chapter begins to assess how non-profit partners within certain development policy PPPs generate and/or implement norms, thereby impacting public policies that promote both innovations as well as access to those innovations. It brings pertinent literature in the area of global administrative law to bear on these emerging but already embedded institutions of private policy-making. As hybrid actors operating across polyglot transnational networks, the practices of these PPPs illuminate and deepen both global governance and intellectual property scholarship. Among other things, they reveal PPPs as significant but not frictionless regime-straddlers linking the legal domains of trade, intellectual property and development.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125666794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The End is Nigh: Limits to Growth of the Nonprofit Sector","authors":"J. Lecy, E. V. van Holm","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2478238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2478238","url":null,"abstract":"The nonprofit sector has experienced exponential growth over the past three decades with nearly 50,000 new nonprofits created last year. Past examples of industry growth suggest that this rate of growth is not sustainable. Empirical population ecology studies of nascent industries show a period of rapid growth followed by market saturation, then consolidation of organizations and market share resulting in increased competition for small and new organizations. We use historical nonprofit data from the NCCS and apply ecological models to show that the nonprofit sector may be fast approaching growth limits. Market saturation varies by metropolitan area and nonprofit subsector.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116355900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Corporate Responsibility to Respect Rights: Soft Law or Not Law?","authors":"J. Nolan","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781139568333.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139568333.010","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is primarily focussed on examining the role (and effectiveness) of soft law in regulating businesses with respect to human rights. Section I grapples with developing a general definition of soft law, and in doing so, examines both the advantages and limitations of soft law regulation. Section II provides an overview of the significant soft law developments in the business and human rights field. Given the diversity of the principal constituents in this sector - States, corporations and NGOs - it is perhaps not surprising that soft law has been a principal default mechanism for connecting human rights and business in recent decades. Section III focuses on the SRSG’s concept of the corporate responsibility to respect as embodied in the Guiding Principles and its status and significance. If considered soft law, then what distinguishes it from prior soft law instruments and to what extent is it likely to be more or less effective than previous attempts to curb corporate human rights violations? While this paper highlights the many limitations of using soft law to hold corporations to account for human rights, it also recognises that reliance on soft law can result in incremental change. Soft law is not necessarily commensurate with soft results. Achieving something, even if not perfect, can be preferable to achieving nothing. However, for soft law (and in particular the corporate responsibility to respect as set out in the Guiding Principles) to be an effective and sustainable rights protection mechanism, I argue that there is a need for a more intimate connection to ‘hard’ - that is legally binding - law. This could be achieved in various ways but one is to require States to oblige corporations to comply with the due diligence component of the responsibility to respect. In its current format, the corporate responsibility to respect embodies a high degree of fragility and flexibility but what is needed most urgently in this field is greater robustness and uniformity that not only encourages but requires corporations to, at a minimum, respect human rights.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115740592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bliss of Right to Food or Grief of Malnutrition – A Study of Melghat Region in Maharashtra","authors":"Assist. Prof. Pankaj Umbarkar, Priyanka Rameshrao Mohod","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2317835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2317835","url":null,"abstract":"The surplus of society can be judge by the position of the child and woman. Child is considered to the pillar of nation. Malnutrition is a byword in the forested hills of the Melghat region inhabited mostly by Korku Adivasis. Every year 400-500 children between the ages of 0 and 6 die in the region, comprising Chikhaldhara and Dharni taluks, according to official figures from 2005. Melghat tiger reserve is located in Amravati district in Central India. It is 25 km from Chikaldhara a hill resort in the south Satpura range also known as Gavilgarh Hills. It is 760 km north east of Mumbai and 225 km west of Nagpur. This reserve has 80 tigers which are spread over 1,674 sq km of vast area. They live mostly in the inner parts of the reserve which are hardly accessible. Melghat tiger reserve was established as wildlife sanctuary in 1967 and was declared as Tiger reserve in 1974. Its rugged terrain and rocky ravines provide natural protection from the poachers. River Tapi is the northern boundary of the reserve. One can see tigers, sloth bear and flying squirrels apart from monkeys and other fauna. The reserve is home to 2,000 gaur the second largest in India. Melghat is stunning with natural scenic beauty. The Maharashtra region is one of the richest and natures gift in the form of Melghat. The cultural heritages and beauty of nature no doubt attracts the attention of visitors but simultaneously feel sorrow by seeing the verse situation of the well-known nation on the map of world where the right to life and dignity hardly prevail on such social evils like malnutrition. It was horrible when In September 2011, in reply to a PIL, the state told the Bombay High Court that 14,500 children in Melghat are malnourished and that 266 had died in the last 4 months. Interestingly, Melghat has 320 villages, but what's baffling is as an RTI reveals that there are 370 NGOs registered in the area. With the stated purpose of battling malnutrition come huge funds, big donors.The violation of basic human right can easily bee seen through one's eyes and hence involve attention from the society. The present research paper prepared in order to considering the aspect of right to food of those tigers who reside along with the real Tiger but with starvation.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128558374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why Do People Volunteer? An Experimental Analysis of Preferences for Time Donations","authors":"Alexander L. Brown, J. Meer, J. F. Williams","doi":"10.1287/mnsc.2017.2951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2951","url":null,"abstract":"Why do individuals volunteer their time even when recipients receive far less value than the donor's opportunity cost? Previous models of altruism that focus on the overall impact of a gift cannot rationalize this behavior, despite its prevalence. We develop a model that relaxes this assumption, al- lowing for differential warm glow depending on the form of the donation. In a series of laboratory experiments that control for other aspects of volunteering, such as its signaling value, subjects demonstrate behavior consistent with the theoretical assumption that gifts of time produce greater utility than the same transfers in the form of money. Subjects perform an effort task, accruing earnings at potentially different wage rates for themselves or a charity of their choice, with the ability to transfer any of their personal earnings to charity at the end of the experiment. Subjects exhibit strong preferences for donating time even when differential wage rates make it costly to do so. The results provide new insights on the nature of volunteering and gift-giving.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131280936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Just Not Cricket: The Perpetuation of Privilege by Cricket South Africa","authors":"Scott Timcke","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2254460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2254460","url":null,"abstract":"Cricket South Africa has adopted two player development policies. These policies are portrayed as transforming the historical exclusionary nature of cricket. However, these policies will not be able to decrease these exclusionary barriers. Rather they will perpetuate the privilege often associated with the sport. Such actions will lead to more ruptures around the politics of transformation, and risk government intervention. Using class analysis to track the development of privilege in South African cricket, this paper examines the control and allocation-logic of sport resources and opportunities. At stake is the privatizing of sporting opportunities under the guise of increasing access for disadvantaged persons.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127500108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"It's All About MeE: Using Structured Experiential Learning ('e') to Crawl the Design Space","authors":"L. Pritchett, Salimah Samji, J. Hammer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2248785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2248785","url":null,"abstract":"Organizations that fund development projects whether they be governments, multi-laterals, bilateral agencies, or NGOs have to make hard decisions about what to fund. In this decision there is an inherent tension between funding activities that have solid evidence about effectiveness and funding innovative activities that promise even greater effectiveness but are untested. Evidence based approaches that promote greater use of Rigorous Impact Evaluations (including randomized control trials) and evidence from those evaluations in policy and programming have added more rigor to the E (evaluation) in traditional M&E. Here we extend the basic idea of rigorous impact evaluation?the use of a valid counter-factual to make judgments about causality to evaluate project design and implementation. This adds a new learning component of experiential learning or a little e to the M&RIE so that instead of just M&E development projects are all about MeE. Structured experiential learning allows implementing agencies to actively and rigorously search across alternative project designs using the monitoring data that provides real time performance information with direct feedback into project design and implementation. The key insight is that within- project variations can serve as their own counter-factual which dramatically reduces the incremental cost of evaluation and increases the usefulness of evaluation to implementing agencies. The right combination of MeE provides for rigorous learning while the providing needed space for innovation.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133549803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food Security in the Frontier: Seasonal Hunger and Poverty in Bangladesh","authors":"D. Maxwell","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2283880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2283880","url":null,"abstract":"Hunger in Bangladesh is a paradox, as food insecurity persists despite the fact that it lies at the intersection of the Brahmaputra, Ganges and Meghna – three great rivers with sediment deposits providing the most fertile soil in the world. Notwithstanding respectable improvements in human development over the past decade, malnutrition remains surprisingly high compared to other countries with similar incomes per capita. Shocks such as natural disasters and high food prices have the world’s “poorest of the poor” vulnerable to food insecurity. This paper is concerned with seasonal food insecurity brought by the monga – the annual period before the aman harvest when a greater number of rural Bangladeshis have no agricultural work. The monga largely impacts the northwestern region of Bangladesh, which is considered to be the most isolated within the country. This cyclical period of hunger is not a result of the lack of food availability, but the lack of food access due to the disruption in incomes. Provided this problem orientation, this study will further investigate the constraints faced by groups vulnerable to seasonal hunger.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121947691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethiopia's Food Reserve Policies and Practice","authors":"C. Häberli","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2369703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2369703","url":null,"abstract":"Ethiopia has for a long time been one of the world’s most food-insecure countries. Efforts by the government and a multitude of sponsors including NGOs have developed an array of institutions and instruments to mitigate the negative impact of production and supply disruptions. Public stockpiles are one such tool, the use of which is rapidly increasing worldwide. This brief field study examines the Ethiopian policies and practice in context, including various instruments operated by farmers, processors and traders. The study finds that the multiple objectives assigned to food reserves as well as the present management structure may not be well-suited at a time of high world market prices and when international food aid is dwindling, and as the international regulatory trade and investment environment remains a matter of unfinished business from a global food security perspective. A comprehensive study of various options for improvements would lay out policy alternatives for public authorities and stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115856259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}