NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal最新文献

{"title":"'Alternatives to Development' and Acute Dependency: HIV/AIDS as a Blind Spot of Post-Development Theory?","authors":"Moritz Hunsmann","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2289630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2289630","url":null,"abstract":"AIDS control in Tanzania is nearly entirely donor-funded. The fact that an increasing share of the country’s population directly depends on foreign aid for survival raises dependency concerns with unprecedented acuteness. Based on fieldwork conducted between 2007 and 2009, this article confronts post-development theorists’ calls to ‘end aid’ with the Tanzanian reality. It argues that HIV/AIDS poses a serious challenge to post-development thought. While an exclusively humanitarian focus on the sole preservation of life makes radical critique of aid impossible, genuinely emancipatory critical theory must grapple with, rather than shy away from, the contradictions and tensions that arise from its confrontation with empirical situations where ‘bare life’ is immediately at stake for millions of people.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122179055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Tourism: Benefits and Threats for MPA's","authors":"K. Babu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2184720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2184720","url":null,"abstract":"Tourism is one of the largest global industries, with much of the growing market focused around pristine natural environments such as coastal and marine protected areas. MPAs (Marine Protected Area) are increasingly attracting interest from foreign visitors, as well as local residents. Tourism can benefit local communities and MPAs through revenue generation and employment. However, tourism can also threaten MPA resources by destroying habitat, disturbing wildlife, impacting water quality, and threaten communities by over-development, crowding, and disruption of local culture. In addition, conventional tourism often does not benefit the local community when tourist revenue “leaks�? to outside operators. As a result, tourism can destroy the very resources on which it depends. In contrast, sustainable tourism is deliberately planned to benefit local residents, respect local culture, conserve natural resources, direct more of the profits to the local community and MPA, and educate both tourists and local residents about the importance of conservation. Stakeholders - those with an interest or stake in the decisions being made - should be involved at all stages of planning for any management endeavor in protected areas, including sustainable tourism in and around MPAs. Stakeholders include local community members, government, NGOs, as well as the tourism industry and the tourists, and many other groups. A first step in planning for sustainable tourism is to identify the stakeholders and open communications with them. Local communities, NGOs, and the tourism industry all need to collaborate to help produce sustainable tourism enterprises that are locally beneficial and also economically feasible. A first step In the planning process is “visioning�? - developing a vision of the best possible tourism situation for your community and your MPA.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127825219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competition, Loan Rates and Information Dispersion in Microcredit Markets","authors":"G. Baquero, M. Hamadi, Andréas Heinen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2006485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2006485","url":null,"abstract":"We study the effects of competition on loan rates and portfolio-at-risk in microcredit markets using a new database from rating agencies, covering 379 microbanks located in 67 countries between 2002 and 2008. Our study reveals different competitive effects in nonprofit and for-profit microbanks. We find that for-profit microbanks charge significantly lower rates and exhibit improved portfolio-at-risk in less concentrated markets. In particular, the effect of concentration on loan rates is nearly three times the one reported in previous studies in banking. In contrast, nonprofit microbanks are relatively insensitive to changes in concentration. We control for interest rate ceilings, which very significantly reduce rates in for-profit microbanks. However, our study also uncovers a competitive interplay between for-profit and nonprofit microbanks. In particular, the PAR of nonprofit microbanks deteriorates when the proportion of profit-oriented microbanks increases. Finally, we find evidence consistent with dispersion of borrower-specific information among competing microbanks in the for-profit sector, even after controlling for the presence of credit registries.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"468 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132892041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Italian Social Cooperatives in 2008: A Portrait Using Descriptive and Principal Component Analysis","authors":"C. Carini, Ericka Costa, M. Carpita, M. Andreaus","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2062407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2062407","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the role of social cooperatives in Italy as a type of economic, nonprofit organization that is assuming an increasingly central role in the country, by contributing to its economic and social growth. In the last decade many agencies, institutions and research centres (Istat – National Statistic Office, Ministry of Economic Development, Confcooperative Legacoop, Unioncamere) have provided studies on the evolution of the cooperative movement in the Third Sector, in order to monitor the development of these organizations over time and to evaluate their economic and employment impact over the country. Following a similar path, this study analyzes the contribution of social cooperatives in Italy at a regional level, highlighting the differences related to their age and fields of activity. Moreover, the paper evaluates the efficiency and profitability of the social cooperative by conducting further analysis based on a number of economic and financial indexes.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133169818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'Stakeholder Orientation' and Capital Structure: Social Enterprises Versus For-Profit Firms in the Italian Social Residential Service Sector","authors":"A. Fedele, R. Miniaci","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2055733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2055733","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we investigate whether capital structure differs between for-profit and nonprofit sectors by focusing on two key aspects of the latter: the non-distribution constraint and the stakeholder oriented governance system. We develop a theoretical model and show that the former negatively affects leverage, defined as the amount borrowed over the total investment, whilst the latter has a positive effect. We then analyze a longitudinal data set of balance sheets of 800 firms operating in the social residential sector in Italy and show that, once controlled for observable characteristics, for-profit companies have a leverage 18% higher than nonprofit enterprises, even if the latter face lower credit costs. We explain this finding by arguing that the effect of the non-distribution constraint prevails over the effect of stakeholder orientation.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121032385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovation in the Partnership between Businesses and NGOs or Social Enterprises","authors":"Alessia Anzivino, Federica Bandini, Giuliana Baldassarre","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2013088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2013088","url":null,"abstract":"It is evident, also in light of the recent economic and financial crisis, that the general interest in the whole must be pursued not only by public institutions and nonprofit organizations or social enterprises but by businesses as well. It is therefore clear why the need to implement social responsibility strategies and put them into management practices is becoming more and more important at every level. This means that not only doing business politics and strategies have to be redefined but also the roles and functions that the different institutions play in order for them to contribute autonomously and in line with the logic of business subsidiarity to the progressive achievement of the economic and social objectives of modern society.Dealing with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) means to consider not only the historical development of the relationship between the company and its contest, but also the relationships between it and NGOs and social enterprises.The strategic dimension of CSR has to be seen in a long term period: environment, for example, is a constituent part for the business itself and for its operations. By taking into account the presence of the environment as one of its stakeholders, the business is thereby able to better match its desires and goals with the social context and likewise analyzes the results obtained.In this circular relationship, successful businesses are therefore those able to operate according to proactive logic in relation to their surrounding communities.This research focuses on how this proactive logic extends in business relations towards nonprofit organizations and social enterprises. The paper studies these relationships trough:1. analysis of historic evolution of relationship between firms, nonprofit organizations and social enterprises in Italy;2. observation of the present relations between for profit and nonprofit world, the relationships with the environment and the comparison with other European countries;3. analysis of the present relations between profit and nonprofit world in Italy and statistical and econometric analysis of a sample of social enterprises that have partnerships with firms, and of a sample of businesses that have some type of relationships with nonprofit world;4. definition, trough case study, of the most important variables with particular attention to the communication instruments addressed to the stakeholders and to the social innovation;5. definition of guide lines for the improvement of relationships between businesses, nonprofit organizations and social enterprises with particular attention to process transparency, communication and social innovation6. definition of the most important practices of innovative partnerships between business and social enterprises","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123868508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who Is Governing Whom? Executives, Governance and the Structure of Generosity in Large U.S. Firms","authors":"Christopher Marquis, Matthew K. O. Lee","doi":"10.1002/SMJ.2028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/SMJ.2028","url":null,"abstract":"We examine how organizational structure influences strategies over which corporate leaders have significant discretion. Corporate philanthropy is our setting to study how a differentiated structural element — the corporate foundation — constrains the influence of individual senior managers and directors on corporate strategy. Our analysis of Fortune 500 firms from 1996 to 2006 shows that leader characteristics at both the senior management and director levels affect corporate philanthropic contributions. We also find that organizational structure constrains the philanthropic influence of board members, but not of senior managers, a result that is contrary to what existing theory would predict. We discuss how these findings advance understanding of how organizational structure and corporate leadership interact and of how organizations can more effectively realize the strategic value of corporate social responsibility activities.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114775870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Funding Social Businesses on Mainstream Markets","authors":"Uli Grabenwarter","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2369069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2369069","url":null,"abstract":"The paper develops arguments for the need of a new form of legal entity for social enterprises that allow the co-existence of for-profit and non-for-profit shareholders within the capital structure of a company. The paper is the basis of the legal form of the Societe d'Impact Societal developed under Luxembourg law which serves as a role model for social enterprises seeking funding from both philanthropic and for-profit investors.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131731319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burning Man: A Case Study of Altruism Thriving in a For-profit Organizational Form and the Rationales for LLC-to-Nonprofit Conversion","authors":"Y. Ji","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2262607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2262607","url":null,"abstract":"Burning Man is a temporary city of over 50,000 citizens that exists for one week every year in Nevada’s Black Rock Desert. Burning Man is perhaps best known in popular culture for its celebration of interactive art, experimental community building, gift economy, and ritual burning of a large wooden structure in the shape of a man. The case study of Burning Man is used to illustrate that an altruistic organization, one that is ideologically committed to the provision of public goods and not driven by profit, can nevertheless thrive in a for-profit legal form while staying true to its mission. Depending on organization-specific conditions, the nonprofit form can be, but does not necessarily have to be, the best structure for the provision of altruism and public goods (or quasi-public goods). As an organization evolves and becomes more complex overtime, however, the organization form that best serves its mission can change as well. Still, the nonprofit form alone neither guarantees altruistic commitment nor is immune from abusive practices within the management or board of directors. This Article discusses the theories on nonprofit formation that make persuasive rationales for Burning Man’s conversion to a nonprofit structure; it also makes specific recommendations for better organizational accountability and transparency in the Project’s current and future operations.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"220 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124369331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Medicine an Ivory Tower? Induced Innovation, Technological Opportunity, and For-Profit vs. Non-Profit Innovation","authors":"Jay Bhattacharya, Mikko Packalen","doi":"10.3386/W13862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W13862","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines whether the composition of medical research responds to changes in disease incidence and research opportunities. The paper also provides new evidence on induced pharmaceutical innovation. In both cases we use the change in the demographic structure of the market (measured by age structure and obesity prevalence) to test the induced innovation hypothesis. Technological opportunity is calculated from estimates of structural productivity parameters. The extent of inventive activity is measured from the MEDLINE database on 16 million biomedical publications. We match these data with data on disease incidence. We show that medical research responds to changes in disease incidence and research opportunities. We also find that pharmaceutical innovation responds to aging- and obesity-induced changes in potential market size.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127157825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}