NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Payment Schemes of the Not-for-profit Operations on New Product Adoption and Fuel Saving in Developing Economies","authors":"Jiguang Chen, Ying‐ju Chen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3660532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3660532","url":null,"abstract":"To achieve the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs), an ever-growing number of not-for-profit humanitarian organizations promotes the environmental and health product in developing economies. In this context, we study the impact of payment type (including the traditional cash-and-carry, free trial and installment/time payment as well as the combination of the free trial and installment payment) upon selling a new durable product (e.g., a cooking stove). Motivated by the field study by Esther Duflo (Hanna et al., 2016), the functional performance of this product and its effect of reducing fuel consumption or greenhouse gas emission are sensitive to maintenance effort of the purchasing household. We characterize the household's maintenance effort, and prove that it is more likely for the household to exert low maintenance effort with more opportunities to return the product. So, a contract type with more opportunities of returning the product has the side effect of inducing low maintenance effort of the household, which results in a low value of this product in reality.<br><br>Under each payment type, the amount of fuel saving and emission reduction depends upon the joint effect of increasing the household's adoption and motivating the household's high maintenance effort. The traditional cash-and-carry offer, though resulting in a smallest sales quantity, leads to a largest fuel saving over three other offers when the selling price is either too large or too small. Moreover, we quantify this joint effect for each contract type and solve when each contract type is preferred for achieving UNSDGs. This is particularly imperative because many contemporary policy evaluations focus on the take-up rates, i.e., the immediate adoption proportions of an intervention, and funding agencies are relatively reluctant to sponsor follow-up measures of long-term, persistent impacts. This can substantiate the trend of missing the true target and incentivize short-sighted strategies.<br>","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125141642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muslim Philanthropy for Public Interest: Lessons from Zakat Management in MMCs","authors":"S. Hasan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3653317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3653317","url":null,"abstract":"In the Islamic concept of economic relationship, a fundamental belief is that ‘wealth’ is a “bounty” (“gift”) from Allah and must be shared for public interest (al masalaha al mursalah). The instrument for sharing and “increase and purification” of wealth is zakat al-mal. Though called obligatory, zakat al-mal calculation and payment has been responsibility of the owner of wealth, not the ‘collector’. In the recent past some Muslim majority countries (MMCs) have undertaken steps to improve zakat collection for the highest possible public interest benefits. As such, zakat al-mal has been managed variedly in different countries. The question is what have the Muslim majority countries (MMCs) done in refining zakat management to increase its ‘public interest’ benefit? This paper is a study of zakat al-mal management, only collection, for public interest in (26) Muslim majority countries (MMCs) in Asia. The main analyses is divided into six short parts dealing with Zakat Payment and Collection: Principles and Process; Zakat Management Reform: Collection (Mandatory and Formal); Zakat Collection: Method and Expense; Zakat Payment and the Tax System; Zakat and Ushr: On Agriculture Produce; Informal Zakat Management: Advantages and Disadvantages. It highlights features, issues, and replicable lessons of the zakat al-mal management systems in the MMCs in Asia reformed to achieve higher public interest. MMCs in Asia with professional zakat collection system have followed different approaches of zakat collection creating better opportunity for maximizing public interest benefit of Muslim philanthropy. Nonetheless, many MMC governments have been reluctant in reforming philanthropy management. The essay argues that there needs to be a system of communication, to create public awareness highlighting the public interest benefits of an improved zakat collection system. In the internet era many Muslim orators are spreading imaginary or irrational ‘judgments’ on economic and social matters in many countries, the governments need to use the same platform with the help of accredited Islamic scholars to improve zakat management for public interest (al masalaha al mursalah). The essay is based on a thorough survey of the constitutions, laws, government regulations, academic publications, field research and consultations by the author in a dozen countries, and the author’s personal communications about and observation of philanthropic activities in the 26 MMCs in Asia.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125885101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inclusion by Co-Production of Social Housing: The Slovak Experience","authors":"Mária Murray Svidroňová, Beáta Mikušová Meričková, J. Nemec","doi":"10.17573/cepar.2019.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17573/cepar.2019.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"The field of social housing is one of many subjected to the potentials of co-production. Specifically, the Sustainable Development Goals target 11.1 is “By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums”. The current Slovak “State Housing Policy Concept to 2020”, among others, defines specific objectives, e.g. increasing or at least maintaining the same share of public expenditure on housing, introducing a new housing allowance, and supporting the development of the non-profit sector in housing provision. The goal of this article is to investigate to what extent co-production – as joint working of the public, private for profit and private not-for profit sectors – has the capacity to address the gap in the provision of social housing in the Slovak Republic. Using the method of case study, the scale and forms of co-production in social housing are investigated and the key factors and barriers of co-production in this area are analysed. The authors suggest that co-production of social housing is the most efficient method of delivery of social housing, improves sustainability, and helps to include the beneficiaries into society. However, this approach requires extra energy from the stakeholders – especially from public officials – and is thus still rarely used in practice.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133666576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Research on Third Sector Governance in Asia (Part 1): Its Qualitative Research Method","authors":"Samiul Hasan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3435514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3435514","url":null,"abstract":"A comparative research work was undertaken on ‘Asia’s Third Sector: Governance for Accountability and Performance’ with the involvement of at least two dozen researchers in six participating countries. It resulted in a book (Comparative Third Sector Governance in Asia, Springer, 2008) comprising eleven comparative chapters, and six country chapters. This is a two-part discussion of the Guide and the research methodology. Part 2 of the discussion, ‘A Comparative Research on Third Sector Governance in Asia (Part 2): The Organizational Survey Protocol’ (available on SSRN) discusses the organizational data collection protocol. This piece (Part 1), discusses the literature search, content analyses, and the survey of ‘legal experts’ and ‘key informants’. It is divided in six sections: Project overview and context; Research Design; Research Practicalities; Method in Action; Practical Lessons Learned; and Conclusions. The ‘protocol’ is added in the discussion so any interested researcher may use it to create new knowledge about governance of the third sector organizations in any other country to compare it to the original analyses as available in the book (Samiul Hasan and Jenny Onyx, eds. Comparative Third Sector Governance in Asia, Springer, 2008).","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133858941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advance Fundraising Techniques: An Evidence from Non-Profit Organizations","authors":"N. Maqbool, Shazma Razzaq, Waseem Ul Hameed, Muhammad Atif Nawaz, Shafqat Ali Niaz","doi":"10.52131/pjhss.2019.0701.0077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2019.0701.0077","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research study is to explore the advance fundraising techniques in the non-profit, charitable, philanthropic organizations for the purpose of fundraising. This research study completed on the basis of primary data that is taken from NGO’s in the region of Punjab. Frequency distribution statistical technique is used in this research paper for analyzing the data. Data collection was completed through questionnaire, face to face interviews, telephonic interviews, survey through e-mails from the presidents of the non-profit organization and members of NGO which are working in the Punjab region. NGO’s such as Alpine Welfare, Umeed Welfare, People Woman Welfare Organization, Human development Form etc. were contacted for data collection. Fundraising is the management function. After the research we would be able to understand the advance fundraising techniques and methods. We have found the positive impact of technological media like YouTube, Face book, Twitter, and TV campaigns on the fundraising. In this research it is found that how donor’s relationship can create for fundraising. This research helps to the fundraiser for the fund generating. It gives a way to nonprofit charitable organization to increase their worth of money. The application of this research provides fundraising managers that is the good for any organization profitable or nonprofit able organizations.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130569831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccine Procurement Contracts for Developing Countries","authors":"Paola Martin, D. Gupta, Karthik V. Natarajan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3390755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3390755","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, several global health organizations (GHOs) have experimented with market-based procurement contracts to encourage pharmaceutical companies to bring late-stage vaccines to developing-country markets. Pharmaceutical companies often find such markets financially unattractive because the opportunity cost of capacity commitment is high, developing countries have limited ability to pay, and demand is uncertain. A contract design recently implemented by one GHO offers the manufacturer a per-dose sales subsidy, which is paid by the GHO, on top of the base price paid by developing countries. The subsidy is required because the base price is not enough, by itself, to induce the manufacturer to commit capacity for developing-country markets. A natural question that arises in this context is whether alternate contract designs may lead to higher capacity commitment while keeping the GHO's budget fixed. This paper proposes and analyzes three contract designs that include the current practice and two alternatives inspired by the contracts studied in the operations management literature. We show that the best contract design depends on the size of the budget, and that GHOs can increase capacity commitment (over the contract design used in practice) by choosing the budget-appropriate contract design and optimal parameters for the chosen design.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116815694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Private Aid Follow the Flag? An Empirical Analysis of Humanitarian Assistance","authors":"A. Fuchs, Hannes Öhler","doi":"10.1111/TWEC.13021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/TWEC.13021","url":null,"abstract":"Little is known about foreign aid provided by private donors. This paper contributes to closing this research gap by comparing the allocation of private humanitarian aid to that of official humanitarian aid awarded to 140 recipient countries over the 2000-2016 period. We construct a new database that offers information on the country in which the headquarters of private donors are located to test whether private donors follow the aid allocation pattern of their home country. Our empirical results confirm that private aid \"follows the flag.\" This finding is robust against the inclusion of various fixed effects, estimating instrumental variables models, and disaggregating private aid into corporate aid and NGO aid. Donor country-specific estimations reveal that private aid from China, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States \"follow the flag\".","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124005341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 2017 Version of the IMF and World Bank's LIC Debt Sustainability Framework: 'Significant Overhaul' or Obsolete?","authors":"Brian Pinto","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3364653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3364653","url":null,"abstract":"Public debt sustainability problems are widespread in Sub-Saharan Africa just 10 years after the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries-Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (HIPC-MDRI) debt write-off. At the same time, public investment needs for the Sustainable Development Goals remain vast. The challenge is to reconcile debt sustainability and development in an environment of dwindling aid, worsening debt sustainability and a weak foundation for long run growth. Although billed a \"significant overhaul\", the 2017 version of the Low-Income Country Debt Sustainability Framework (LIC DSF) is obsolete because it retains an antiquated focus on distress linked to the public and publicly guaranteed portion of external debt. A fundamental rethink rests on two planks. The first plank is a simplified DSF focusing on public debt, which recognizes that the marginal cost of government borrowing even among African Low-Income Countries, is now determined by the market, complemented by an assessment of international liquidity. The second plank is an acceptance by the IMF, the World Bank, the African Development Bank and donor community at large that the present system of aid allocation and policy dialogue is not delivering adequately, and needs to be reformulated. The paper discusses these topics and proposes a way forward, illustrated by Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132521135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking Elite Commitment to Social Protection in Ghana: Insights from an Adapted Political Settlements Approach","authors":"A. Abdulai","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3326553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3326553","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the political economy drivers of Ghana’s flagship cash transfer programme, Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP). In contrast to existing accounts of the LEAP as a domestically driven cash transfer scheme, the evidence here shows that donor pressures, leveraged through financing, played a more prominent role than the paradigmatic ideas of domestic political elites in shaping the adoption of the LEAP. Despite the recent discovery of oil and the country’s subsequent ascension to middle-income status, donors remain important players in the Ghanaian political economy, given their dominance in the investment component of government’s budget and the resultant inability of political elites to generate the rents that are so badly needed for meeting various redistributive demands without donor financing. However, once the LEAP was adopted, domestic political calculations and the incentives generated by Ghana’s political settlement dynamics took centre stage in shaping the actual implementation of the programme, especially around questions of targeting and geographical coverage, and the prioritisation of reforms with more visible impact that could be leveraged upon to win competitive elections. These findings suggest that an adapted political settlements framework that goes beyond domestic political calculus, and which explicitly incorporates the influence of ideational and transnational factors, can greatly improve our understanding of the political economy drivers of social protection in Africa.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114106656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Zakat to Build the Resilience of Communities to Disasters: Evidence from Egypt","authors":"A. Esawe, K. Taher, N. Esawe","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3331506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3331506","url":null,"abstract":"Disasters have a major impact on the poor and need substantial resources to reduce them both before and after the disaster. Zakat may be an important resource that can be used especially to build the resilience of poor communities to disasters. This study aims at investigating the role of the effectiveness of the zakat system as an instrument in helping the poor and needy to build communities resilience to disasters in Egypt. To meet this, the study presents the concept of poverty and then discusses Zakat ability to Build the Resilience of Communities to Disasters. A search of the English literature addressing Zakat; Poverty Alleviation; Egypt; Risk financing; Cost of damages; Disaster management fund; Public-private partnership, and related topics was conducted using online resources and databases accessed through the Egyptian Knowledge Bank – EKB. The most important results are the different types of charities may play an important role in Building the Resilience of Communities to Disasters in Egypt. The study emphasizes the need for the Egyptian government to monitor and control the processes of collecting and distributing Zakat and the need for voluntary charities as complementary tools in Building Resilience.","PeriodicalId":409245,"journal":{"name":"NGO & Non-Profit Organizations eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129161705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}