{"title":"Effect of storage conditions on the physicochemical and Structural properties of spray dried milk-tea formula powders containing different lactose-to-maltodextrin and casein-whey ratios","authors":"Dilema Wijegunawardhana , Isuru Wijesekara , Rumesh Liyanage , Tuyen Truong , Mayumi Silva , Jayani Chandrapala","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Powdered milk-tea offers a convenient and nutritious alternative to its liquid counterpart. While casein-to-whey protein (C:W) ratios are well-studied in milk-based formulas, their role in milk-tea powder stability remains underexplored. This study examined the effects of varying C:W ratios (80:20, 70:30) and lactose-to-maltodextrin (L:M) ratios (90:10, 80:20, 75:25) on the physicochemical and structural stability of spray-dried skim milk- tea (SM-T) and fat-filled milk-tea (FM-T) powders under storage at 11–65 % relative humidity (RH) and 25 °C or 40 °C for three months. Moisture sorption followed Type II isotherms, with SM-T showing greater uptake due to the hydrophilic nature of lactose and whey proteins, while FM-T retained less moisture due to fat's repellent properties. However, at RH >54 %, FM-T exhibited fat migration leading to interparticle adhesion and structural destabilization, whereas SM-T remained more stable due to plasticization-induced expansion without excessive coalescence. Browning increased with RH and temperature, with FM-T showing greater browning from lipid oxidation-driven Maillard reactions. Protein aggregation was influenced by formulation: FM-T showed disulfide-linked β-Lg aggregation under high RH and temperature, while SM-T formed non-covalent aggregates. SEM analysis revealed more collapse and agglomeration in FM-T at 40 °C, while SM-T particles remained intact. Overall, optimal storage stability occurred under RH <33 % and ≤ 25 °C; however, even under these favourable conditions, formulation remained a key determinant. FM-T was more stable with higher maltodextrin (75:25 L:M), and SM-T with lower lactose (80:20 L:M), both at a 70:30 casein-to-whey ratio. Therefore, adjusting the L:M and C:W ratios can enhance the storage stability of milk-tea powders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 121399"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144721384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powder TechnologyPub Date : 2025-07-22DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121422
Qihang Zhang, Junjie Wang, Dongfang Wang, Saifurahman Zaland, Rong Huang, Yilei Wang
{"title":"Enhancing the properties of coral aggregates through integrated modification techniques: Mechanisms and applications","authors":"Qihang Zhang, Junjie Wang, Dongfang Wang, Saifurahman Zaland, Rong Huang, Yilei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transportation of natural aggregates to remote islands incurs substantial logistical costs, driving increased utilization of locally available coral aggregates (CA) in marine construction. However, CA application in coral aggregate concrete (CAC) remains constrained by the material's inherent limitations, including low mechanical strength, high porosity, and elevated salt content. While existing studies predominantly focus on singular modification strategies, understanding the synergistic mechanisms of combined modification techniques remains insufficient. This research systematically examines five modification methods, specifically contrasting individual treatments with composite approaches. Results demonstrate that, the composite technique integrating cement paste coating and corrosion inhibitor (CI) immersion (C-CI) yielded the most pronounced improvements: cylinder compressive strength surged by 91.9 %, and the crushing index decreased by 19.2 % compared to untreated CA. Additionally, the use of this method resulted in a 31.0 % increase in the compressive strength of CAC. These improvements stem from synergistic pore-filling, chloride adsorption, and enhanced bonding at the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between CA and cement matrix. The research establishes a methodology for optimizing CAC in marine engineering through integrated modification approaches that address CA's intrinsic deficiencies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 121422"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144703274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powder TechnologyPub Date : 2025-07-22DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121430
Wanzhong Yin , Yuxuan Fan , Yu Xie
{"title":"Application of nano-collector in mineral flotation: A review","authors":"Wanzhong Yin , Yuxuan Fan , Yu Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flotation constitutes a pivotal separation technique in mineral processing, with its efficiency heavily dependent on flotation reagents, particularly collectors. Conventional collectors face inherent limitations in refractory ore processing, including poor selectivity, low recovery efficiency, and significant environmental impacts. Nano-collectors demonstrate unique advantages as emerging alternatives. Defined as nanoparticles with particle sizes within the 1–100 nm range, nano-collector include organic synthetic particles (e.g. polystyrene, cellulose and it's derivatives), inorganic synthetic particles (e.g. SiO<sub>2</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), and naturally occurring mineral particles (e.g. Talc). By utilizing their high specific surface area and tunable physicochemical properties (e.g. surface charge, functional groups), nano-collectors enhance selective adsorption at mineral interfaces, thereby improving recovery rates while reducing environmental impacts through lower dosage requirements, and ultimately enhancing cost-effectiveness. Current research lacks comprehensive systematic analysis of the relationship between nano-collector surface characteristics and flotation performance. This review provides a critical review of recent advancements in nano-collector applications for mineral flotation, detailing synthesis protocols, flotation interaction mechanisms, and application efficacy across nanoparticle categories. Emphasis is placed on elucidating the correlations between particle size, surface properties, and flotation performance, with mechanistic insights into how surface charge, functional groups, and hydrophobicity govern mineral-nanoparticle interactions, which is of great guiding significance for promoting the innovation and optimization of mineral flotation processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 121430"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powder TechnologyPub Date : 2025-07-21DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121363
D. Werner , A.L. Nicuşan , L. Shaw , J.P.K. Seville , B.D. Jenkins , A. Ingram , C.R.K. Windows-Yule
{"title":"Open-source DEM digital models of widely-used powder characterisation tools, Part I: Shear testing and powder rheology","authors":"D. Werner , A.L. Nicuşan , L. Shaw , J.P.K. Seville , B.D. Jenkins , A. Ingram , C.R.K. Windows-Yule","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Discrete Element Method (DEM) is a useful method for the simulation of a myriad of scientifically and industrially important systems. However, the accuracy of these simulations is predicated on precise and rigorous calibration, a process which is infamously complex and, to date, has no standardised best practice. This complexity arises in large part because many of the ‘microscopic’ or ‘particle-level’ parameters required to calibrate a DEM model cannot be directly acquired from conventional powder characterisation instruments, which offer only ‘macroscopic’ (bulk) measurements. In this paper, we present DEM digital models of the Schulze shear cell and the Freeman Technology FT4 Powder Rheometer. We demonstrate how these simulated systems may be used to ‘backcompute’ the values of microscopic DEM parameters from bulk measurements. Links are provided to open-source repositories in which the full DEM models, CAD geometries and auxiliary Python codes associated with each digital model may be accessed by the reader and freely used in their own future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 121363"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powder TechnologyPub Date : 2025-07-21DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121424
Jian Bai , Jian Li , Shibo Wang , Qijun Zheng , Aibing Yu , Xinmeng Ma , Guangyang Hong
{"title":"Unveiling the role of self-propulsion intensity in the ascent dynamics of an intruder in granular media","authors":"Jian Bai , Jian Li , Shibo Wang , Qijun Zheng , Aibing Yu , Xinmeng Ma , Guangyang Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Self-propulsion intruders in granular media are relevant to both engineering applications, such as powder mixing blades, and natural systems, like sand-swimming lizards. The dynamics of self- propulsion intruders in particles, particularly under non-preset displacements, have received relatively little attention. In this study, we realized a self-propulsion cylindrical intruder using an eccentric rotor module and experimentally investigated its ascent in granular media under various vibration conditions. Our combined experimental and discrete element method simulation results show that the ratio of force amplitude to frequency effectively defines the self-propulsion intensity. This work elucidates the linear correlation between the intruder's ascent rate and self-propulsion intensity, and reveals the mechanism behind its upward motion. We further propose a model based on mass flow rate that describes the dynamics of the ascent, with experimental results in good agreement. This work offers a new perspective for understanding self-propulsion behavior in granular systems and provides theoretical support for the design of bio-inspired locomotion mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 121424"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144715748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powder TechnologyPub Date : 2025-07-21DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121451
Minghao You, Xin Wang, Cai Liang
{"title":"Modeling gas-solid momentum transfer and granular stress evolution in pressurized silos using partial-slip wall conditions","authors":"Minghao You, Xin Wang, Cai Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of stress distribution in pressurized silos is critical for the safe design and operation of industrial storage systems handling powders and granular materials. This study investigates gas–solid momentum transfer and stress redistribution in pressurized silos using a Two-Fluid Model (TFM) with different particle-phase wall boundary conditions. Comparative simulations between no-slip (NSW) and partial-slip (PSW) walls with Coulomb friction were conducted under both atmospheric and pressurized regimes. The PSW model accurately captured Janssen stress saturation, dynamic peak migration, and near-wall shear effects. The implemented partial-slip wall (PSW) model significantly reduced peak granular pressures in both silo and lock hopper systems under static and pressurized conditions. Correspondingly, the average relative error in wall normal stress predictions dropped from over 40 % to below 20 %, demonstrating improved agreement with theoretical models. Analysis of cylindrical silos and lock hoppers revealed geometry-dependent flow restructuring, with PSW-induced shear bands leading to centerline-preferred gas flow and localized compaction zones. While wall boundary conditions had negligible impact on global pressure drop, they played a critical role in local gas–solid coupling and stress evolution. These findings underscore the importance of realistic wall friction modeling for predicting granular stress behavior under confined pressurization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 121451"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144703126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powder TechnologyPub Date : 2025-07-21DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121360
Reyes A., Pailahueque N., Henríquez-Vargas L., Huichapan P., Mellado A.
{"title":"Evaluation of continuous salt recovery from saline solutions using fluidization with inert particles","authors":"Reyes A., Pailahueque N., Henríquez-Vargas L., Huichapan P., Mellado A.","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brine and saline water discharge from desalination plants back into the environment poses negative consequences as it disrupts the marine ecosystem by severely increasing the water salinity levels in the vicinity of the discharge area. This work presents and evaluates a continuous process for the drying of like effluents allowing to recover solid salt using fluidization technology. As process variables, the effect of air temperature between 50 and 70 °C, the flow of salt solutions between 3 and 4 l/h, with a concentration between 35 and 70 g/l, on the amount of solid salt recovered in a fluidized bed using inert particles were studied. Experimental results show the technical feasibility of dehydrating salt solutions in a fluidized bed, obtaining solid salt as a product with moisture contents around 1% with sizes under <span><math><mrow><mn>50</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>. In continuous operation, salt recovery between 40 and 70% was observed, with the highest recovery obtained at 70 °C. Of the factors studied, drying air temperature and salt solution flow rate were statistically significant. Simple mass and energy balances provide a good correlation for the water mass evaporation rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 121360"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144721385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powder TechnologyPub Date : 2025-07-21DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121449
Victor Marcus Oldhues , Desislava Dobreva , Lars Borchardt , Arno Kwade , Sandra Breitung-Faes
{"title":"Influence of different stress types on the mechanochemical CaCO3-synthesis","authors":"Victor Marcus Oldhues , Desislava Dobreva , Lars Borchardt , Arno Kwade , Sandra Breitung-Faes","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mechanochemistry is considered a green alternative to conventional wet-chemistry. Several reactions have been reported to be feasible via the mechanochemical route, while detailed insight in the mechanistic background of mechanochemical reactions is still elusive. Certain is a significant role of the mechanical stress applied, but the influence of the stress type is rarely addressed. This study uses different simple setups to apply isolated impact, compressive and shear stress to the reactants of the mechanochemical CaCO<sub>3</sub>-synthesis. Measuring of the energy inputs and modelling of the stressing conditions allowed correlation of the specific energies in the setups with the chemical conversion of the inorganic model reaction. For the same specific energy, impact stressing was found to be most successful in yielding product and the stress intensity could be identified to play a crucial role. A lower stress intensity was beneficial during initiation of the reaction, whereas a progressed reaction state could take advantage of higher stress intensities. This change is ascribed to the energy utilisation, which is limited in the beginning, but rises in an advanced reaction state due to the formation of product layers and an increased local temperature. Based on the results, a hypothesis on the influencing factors and procedure of the mechanochemical CaCO<sub>3</sub>-synthesis was formulated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 121449"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimizing coal gangue reactivity for geopolymer applications: A comprehensive study on high-energy grinding parameters","authors":"S.N.A. Bakil , Sofiia Dibrova , Sandra Breitung-Faes , Gábor Mucsi","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coal gangue (CG), a prominent industrial coal mining waste, for sustainable construction materials is a key focus of this research. We employed mechanical activation via a planetary ball mill to enhance coal gangue reactivity for geopolymer application. A systematic experimental design explored the influence of crucial grinding parameters: grinding media size d<sub>GM</sub>, rotational speed (rpm), and grinding time (t<sub>g</sub>). A primary objective was to optimize the specific grinding energy (E<sub>m</sub>), recognizing the substantial energy consumption associated with ball milling. The effectiveness of mechanical activation was rigorously evaluated by analysing changes in particle size distribution (PSD), stressing conditions (CF, <em>SE</em> and <em>SI</em>), phases analysis X-ray diffraction (XRD), morphological of powder by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and chemical bonding by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Subsequently, the performance of the developed geopolymers was comprehensively assessed through visual observation, compressive strength measurements, and detailed analysis of reaction mechanisms. Our results demonstrate a significant improvement in geopolymer properties directly attributable to increased geometric specific surface area and reduced particle size of the mechanically activated coal gangue. This research elucidates a strong correlation between particle characteristics (size and geometric surface area), specific grinding energy E<sub>m</sub> and stressing intensity <em>SI</em>, and the overall mechanically activated coal gangue, ultimately its efficacy in geopolymer applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 121441"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144739355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powder TechnologyPub Date : 2025-07-21DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121410
Yihan Wang , Wei Yang , Xinxin Liu , Yongzan Wen , Yuchen Li
{"title":"Research on the adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of surfactants for coalbed methane","authors":"Yihan Wang , Wei Yang , Xinxin Liu , Yongzan Wen , Yuchen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper selects sodium laureth sulfate (C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>29</sub>O<sub>5</sub>NaS) as the surfactant and Shenmu bituminous coal as the research object. Combining X-ray diffraction, Zeta potential, nuclear magnetic resonance, surface contact angle analysis and isothermal adsorption assessments, the influence of the changes in coal's microstructure under the surfactant action on coal wettability and methane adsorption characteristics is explored. The findings indicate that during the surfactant modification, the aromatic hydrocarbon structure undergoes fracture or decomposition, resulting in a looser internal arrangement. The Zeta potential decreases from −30.83 mV to −65.8 mV, indicating an enhancement of surface negative charge. Additionally, the porosity of bound water in the coal sample decreases, while the porosity of free water increases. The coal contact angle decreased from 96.26° to 33.64° and the adsorption constant ‘<em>a</em>’ value decreased from 26.75 cm<sup>3</sup>/g to 22.19 cm<sup>3</sup>/g. Strong linear correlation and fitting relationships were observed between the microcrystalline structural parameters, Zeta potential, and pore structural characteristic parameters and the coal contact angle, as well as the adsorption constant ‘<em>a</em>’ value. The fitting results were verified using Pearson correlation coefficients, with absolute values exceeding 0.9. After modification with the surfactant, the coal wettability is enhanced, while the ability to adsorb methane is weakened, enabling the productive recovery of coalbed methane.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"466 ","pages":"Article 121410"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}