Powder TechnologyPub Date : 2025-09-21DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121681
Jiayu Xu , Shuai Zhang , Wei Ge
{"title":"An efficient non-spherical particle tracking strategy based on deep-learning and simulation-experiment integration","authors":"Jiayu Xu , Shuai Zhang , Wei Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Image-based particle recognition and tracking are essential techniques for experimental investigations of granular systems. Conventional methods relying on geometric features are predominantly applied to spherical or near-spherical particle systems. The rapid development of machine-learning-based image segmentation methods has facilitated the identification of non-spherical particles. However, the laborious manual annotation required for model training limits their scalability or practical applicability. Moreover, these methods typically require substantial time and effort to rebuild algorithms or datasets when applied to particles of other shapes. To address these challenges, this study presents a novel non-spherical particle tracking strategy based on deep-learning and simulation-experiment integration. The Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN) is pre-trained on the synthetic dataset generated using superquadric Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulation to establish initial detection capability. The model is subsequently fine-tuned using a small number of manually corrected experimental images to enhance the robustness against real-world noise such as inter-particle overlap and occlusion, insufficient resolution and illumination, and reflection artifacts. Finally, a Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) method for non-spherical particles is developed based on masks predicted by the fine-tuned model. The AI-based PTV method is evaluated and validated in rotating drum experiments, demonstrating its adaptability and reliability across different particle shapes. The proposed strategy enables the rapid development of PTV methods for new non-spherical particles, providing a practical and generalizable solution for studying the flow behavior of non-spherical particles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 121681"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powder TechnologyPub Date : 2025-09-21DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121682
Shunman Chen , Chao Hou , Erol Yilmaz , Rongfu Yan , Haina Zhang , Xiaolin Wang , Yiming Wang
{"title":"Effect of age, cement/tailings rate, and MK-GP dosage on mechanical features and evolution mechanism of cementitious paste fill","authors":"Shunman Chen , Chao Hou , Erol Yilmaz , Rongfu Yan , Haina Zhang , Xiaolin Wang , Yiming Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the cost of cemented paste fill (CPF) is a major factor limiting its further dissemination since cement-related costs are high (∼70 % of total fill costs). In contrast, metakaolin-based geopolymer (MK-GP) can partly switch cement and states superior stability/strength. This paper takes full iron mine tailings as the research object, incorporating MK-GP to substitute for part of cement and preparing a new fill type. It mostly focuses on features like age, cement/tailings (c/t) rate, and MK-GP dosage. Using uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests, this research aims at exploring the strength evolution pattern of CPF, clarify its microscopic features, and interpret its strength response mechanism. Results specify that the strength of CPF firstly rises and later falls by growing MK-GP dosage. When MK-GP content reaches 12 %, fill's strength reaches its peak. Besides, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermo-gravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) results show that calcium hydroxide (CH) initially increases and then decreases with adding MK-GP. Backfill strength exhibits a quadratic function link with the CH content. For a MK-GP content of 12 %, the amount of CH reaches its maximum. However, when the addition number of MK-GP increases to 16 %, the trend reverses, possibly due to an excessive amount of MK-GP increasing inter-particle connections, hindering further hydration, leading to a fall in hydration products and finally causing a drop in fill strength. Lastly, this study offers new visions intended for manufacturing new fill products and afford confident references for the engineering intention of fill mix ratios at other similar mining operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 121682"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powder TechnologyPub Date : 2025-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121665
Cuicui Xu , Xinyu Jia , Dongdong Dai , Yujie Chen , Yanan Miao , Lin Li , Gang Zhou
{"title":"Velocity-particle size synchronous reconstruction and distribution analysis of spray field based on PIV technology","authors":"Cuicui Xu , Xinyu Jia , Dongdong Dai , Yujie Chen , Yanan Miao , Lin Li , Gang Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spray dust suppression technology is a kind of dust removal method widely used in underground mines, and understanding the droplet field distribution characteristics is crucial for improving its efficiency. This study used the 2D Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to analyze the distribution of the velocity field under different nozzle outlet diameters and pressure conditions. The extraction and analysis of different particle sizes in spray images were realized using MATLAB. The results showed that as the water supply pressure increased and the nozzle outlet diameter decreased, the proportion of areas with velocities exceeding 20 m/s exhibited an increasing trend. In the measurement area of 490–910 mm from the nozzle, the proportion of medium-to-high-speed droplets in the range of 30-40 m/s and the proportion of high-speed droplets exceeding 40 m/s decreased to zero. Compared with the near-spray field (150–590 mm from the nozzle), the magnitude of reduction in the proportion of the speed range of 20–30 m/s increased with the increase of pressure and the decrease of outlet diameter. The proportion of 15-70 μm droplets increases first and then decreases with the increase of axial distance. The proportion of 15–70 μm droplets reached maximum when the pressure was 4 MPa and the outlet diameter was 1.2 mm. This study provides a new idea and method for comprehensive analysis of nozzle atomization characteristic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 121665"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Atomistic insight into the wetting behavior of Fe nanoparticles on dicalcium silicate interfaces: morphology and temperature dependence","authors":"Han Sun, Jian Yang, Jimin Zhao, Zhenghao Zhou, Tingting Li, Xiaofeng Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clarifying the wetting characteristics between dicalcium silicate (2CaO·SiO<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>S) formed by lime melting in the steelmaking process and molten steel is key to reducing lime consumption and waste residue discharge. The present work uses molecular dynamics simulation to study the melting and wetting behavior of four morphologies (cube, sphere, tetrahedron, cylinder) of Fe nanoparticles on C<sub>2</sub>S substrates within the temperature range of 1573–2073 K. The results indicate that increasing temperature enhances the total potential energy of the simulated system and reduces stability. The increase in temperature has almost no effect on the short-range properties of Fe<img>Fe atom pairs in Fe nanoparticles, but promotes the shortening of Fe<img>Fe atom pairs at longer distances (4.0–7.0 Å). Fe nanoparticles with high temperature, small size system, and high initial potential energy exhibit better wettability on C<sub>2</sub>S substrates. The difference in the self-diffusion coefficient of Fe atoms in different morphologies of Fe nanoparticles within the range of 1573–2073 K is determined by the differences in system size and energy stability of Fe nanoparticles. The morphology effect significantly affects the wetting performance, with tetrahedron Fe nanoparticles having the best wetting performance and cube Fe nanoparticles having the worst. The increase in temperature accelerates the hydrophobic-hydrophilic transition, and systems above 1673 K can achieve hydrophilic wetting within 50 ps, with contact angle and time following an exponential decay law. The current research provides atomic-scale theoretical insights into the interfacial behavior of iron liquid/slag in metallurgical processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 121671"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powder TechnologyPub Date : 2025-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121666
Hassan Wathiq Ayoob , Nabil Kadhim Taieh , Abdulrazzaq S. Abdullah , Raad Z. Homod , F. Medina
{"title":"Salt effect and comparative analysis of micro and nano-bentonite in blue dye removal: Surface morphology and adsorption efficiency","authors":"Hassan Wathiq Ayoob , Nabil Kadhim Taieh , Abdulrazzaq S. Abdullah , Raad Z. Homod , F. Medina","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Addressing contaminated water from various industrial practices has become a pressing concern. Methylene Blue (MB) dye is a prevalent industrial pollutant used in printing, dyeing, textiles, paper, plastics, and leather production. This study employed an efficient, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and abundant adsorbent to remove Methylene Blue. Bentonite has been utilized as an adsorbent under varying dosages, acidity (pH), agitation, and salinity of contaminated wastewater. The adsorption capacity is enhanced by increasing the surface area and pore volume of the bentonite particles when they are transformed into nanoparticles. The adsorption capability increased with higher doses (10–50 mg) and longer shaking times (10–40 min), as well as with the concentration of the contaminated dye (5–25 ppm), but it decreased with rising pH values (2−12). The impact of temperature on the adsorption process was examined within the range of 25–55 °C. The results indicated that the adsorption capability is largely unaffected by wastewater salinity up to 10,000 ppm. The maximum adsorption capacities achieved under optimal conditions were 24.25 mg/g for micro-bentonite (μB) and 40.75 mg/g for nano-bentonite (nB), respectively. FTIR was employed to examine the adsorption of methylene blue dye by bentonite. BET, BJH, T-plots, and AFM analyses were conducted to determine the surface area, pore volume, pore diameter, and mean particle diameters for micro and nano bentonite. The results correlated more accurately using the Freundlich isotherm compared to the Langmuir and Tempkin models, due to its superior regression value (R<sup>2</sup>). The most suitable kinetic model for this investigation was the pseudo-second-order, in contrast to the pseudo-first-order, Elovich, and intra-particle diffusion models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 121666"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian method to the roller compaction modelling","authors":"Abderrahim Michrafy , Brayan P. Goyes , Mohamed Michrafy , Driss Oulahna , Nithyaraaj Kugalur Palanisamy","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The roller compaction (RC) process of powders is a steady-state operation characterized by large deformations and complex contact interactions. Traditionally, it is modelled using the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method, which requires frequent remeshing of the Lagrangian domain to preserve solution accuracy. To overcome this limitation, this study explores the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) method, which can accommodate large deformations without mesh distortion.</div><div>The CEL approach is implemented in <em>Abaqus/Explicit</em>, with an imposed inlet feed velocity and zero outlet pressure as Eulerian boundary conditions. A steady-state solution is achieved through a general transient (non-steady-state) simulation. To improve computational efficiency of the explicit analysis, the simulation time is artificially reduced by increasing the material density.</div><div>The results highlight the strong potential of the CEL method to accurately predict the key characteristics of the roll compaction process, showing good agreement with both experimental measurements and ALE-based simulations reported in the literature. The study also shows that while mesh size significantly affects interface accuracy, it does not influence the stable time increment. Overall, the CEL approach offers a promising alternative for simulating roller compaction without mesh distortion and provides deeper insight into roller-powder interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 121657"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powder TechnologyPub Date : 2025-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121656
Feng Li , Peiyang Li , Jinqi Luo , Chaoqi Zou , Juan Yin
{"title":"Study on the influence of conical section volume on hydrocyclone performance in wastewater particle treatment","authors":"Feng Li , Peiyang Li , Jinqi Luo , Chaoqi Zou , Juan Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The conical section, serving as the main separation region, significantly influences classification performance. However, the mechanism by which conical section volume affects the internal flow field and classification performance remains unclear. In this study, the mechanism of conical section volume on the internal flow field and particle classification performance of the hydrocyclone was elucidated through numerical analysis and experimental validation. The results indicate that: Increasing the conical section volume reduces static pressure and tangential velocity, resulting in a significant decrease in centrifugal intensity. The radial velocity shows an approximately decreasing trend, while turbulence intensity exhibits an initial increase followed by a decrease as the conical section volume increases; this behavior is related to circulation flow within the conical section. As the conical section volume increases, the hydrocyclone's cut size and classification precision gradually deteriorate, but the fishhook effect is mitigated, effectively reducing the content of fine particles in the spigot. Laboratory experiments revealed that at a conical section volume of 45 mm, the fine particle content in the underflow was minimized at 5.19 %, and the mass efficiency reached a maximum of 49.95 %, demonstrating superior classification performance compared to other conical section volumes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 121656"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powder TechnologyPub Date : 2025-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121669
Chao Li , Lei Pang , Zhaoran Wang , Jiqing Liu , Siheng Sun , Zhenbao Li , Chunmiao Yuan
{"title":"Influence of packing structure on the thermal-induced self-ignition of AlMg alloy powder","authors":"Chao Li , Lei Pang , Zhaoran Wang , Jiqing Liu , Siheng Sun , Zhenbao Li , Chunmiao Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Al<img>Mg alloy powder's wide use in 3D printing and energetic materials poses major thermal self-ignition risks to energy development and safety. In this study, a custom-designed experimental system was developed to systematically investigate how various dust packing structures influence the self-ignition characteristics of Al<img>Mg alloy powder under thermal stimulation. Through spatiotemporal analysis of temperature evolution, flame propagation behavior, and visualized thermal diffusion pathways, we reveal the dominant role of packing configurations in governing heat transfer and ignition risk. The results demonstrate that stacked Al<img>Mg alloy powders exhibit a relatively low minimum self-ignition temperature, occurring at only about 310–320 °C. For 60 μm powders, the mass increase reached 187 % at 1298 °C. Moreover, finer powders exhibited multi-stage exothermic behaviors, reflecting more complex oxidation pathways. Among the tested configurations, the uniformly spread structure of 60 μm powders showed the highest heating rate, with an internal temperature rise up to 134.4 °C/min, owing to its short thermal conduction path and efficient heat transfer.This structure consistently exhibited higher (d<em>T</em>/dt)<sub>max</sub>, the fastest temperature rise, and the most severe ignition hazard, with a distinct concentric flame propagation pattern. In contrast, natural packing presents an “outside-to-top, layer-by-layer combustion” behavior, while side-stacked configurations display “unidirectional lateral flame spread.” A machine learning approach was employed for clustering of key thermal parameters, enabling classification of ignition risks and predictive assessment of hazardous conditions. This work elucidates the mechanisms by which packing structures modulate thermal ignition behavior and offers data-driven insights for the safe design and management of high-energy powder materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 121669"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powder TechnologyPub Date : 2025-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121652
A. Kafaei , S. Akbari , S. Laliberté-Riverin , L. Gosselin , H.D. Alamdari , S.M. Taghavi
{"title":"Vibration-induced dynamics of granular materials in the vibro-compaction of carbon anodes","authors":"A. Kafaei , S. Akbari , S. Laliberté-Riverin , L. Gosselin , H.D. Alamdari , S.M. Taghavi","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vibro-compaction is a key stage in carbon anode production for aluminum manufacturing, where vertical vibration is used to rearrange particles, increase density, and enhance homogeneity. To simulate this process, we experimentally investigate the flow dynamics of representative dry and wet granular materials in a transparent container subjected to vertical vibration. Mixtures of calcined petroleum coke particles and glycerin simulate the behavior of anode paste. Using ultra-high-speed imaging, we analyze the effects of particle size, concentration, and vibration amplitude on flowability, characterized by bulk average height, angle of repose, frequency ratio, and phase lag. Our findings reveal a non-monotonic effect of particle concentration on the average height and angle of repose, with a peak at 85% concentration. In addition, increasing particle concentration decreases energy transfer efficiency between the vibration table and the material, resulting in complex subharmonic responses with significant deviations from sinusoidal behavior, particularly at higher vibration amplitudes. These subharmonic responses are visualized as so-called multi-loop Lissajous patterns, which describe the motion of the bulk material relative to the vibration table. Our findings enhance understanding of vibro-compaction and have implications for other vibration-based industrial processes, including pharmaceuticals, food processing, sediment transport, and powder metallurgy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 121652"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powder TechnologyPub Date : 2025-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121653
Santiago Garrido Nuñez , Dingena L. Schott , Johan T. Padding
{"title":"Accelerating granular dynamics simulations: A graph neural network surrogate for complex high-energy ball milling","authors":"Santiago Garrido Nuñez , Dingena L. Schott , Johan T. Padding","doi":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While the Discrete Element Method (DEM) provides high-fidelity insights into granular processes like high-energy ball milling, its computational cost can become prohibitive when exploring extensive parameter spaces required for scale-up. This limitation hinders the rapid design and optimization cycles crucial for emerging applications, like mechanochemistry. Surrogate modeling offers a promising path to overcome these computational barriers, yet existing approaches often struggle to accurately represent the complex, moving boundary conditions typical of milling equipment. In this work, we leverage a Signed Distance Function Graph Neural Network (SGN) surrogate tailored to the high-energy, moving-boundary regime of the Emax mill. Trained on DEM data, the SGN jointly predicts particle kinematics for recursive roll-out and a mechanochemistry-relevant global quantity, the global dissipated energy. The model exhibits strong generalization to unseen motion trajectories and moderate jar-shape edits without retraining, while operating with a timestep over 100x larger than required by DEM. In a CPU-only comparison, it achieves a minimum of 6.6× wall-clock speedup. This approach provides a powerful and promising technique for the simulation, analysis, and design optimization of high-energy ball milling equipment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":407,"journal":{"name":"Powder Technology","volume":"468 ","pages":"Article 121653"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}