{"title":"Information and Affect in Charles Metcalfe’s Mission to Lahore, August 1808–May 1809","authors":"Robert Nichols","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Charles Metcalfe's 1808–1809 diplomatic mission from Delhi to the court of Ranjit Singh in Lahore was coordinated with Elphinstone's efforts in Peshawar – but Metcalfe was more successful politically. A skilled linguist and political observer, Metcalfe established over many months official and personal relationships that ensured decades of border stability between the Sikh and British-Indian empires. Metcalfe returned to Delhi with a Sikh wife. They had three sons. His personal story resonated with Christopher Bayly's sense that successful colonial era connections with South Asian communities often involved degrees of \"affective knowledge\" grounded in long-term personal empathy and understanding. The life stories of Metcalfe's wife and sons revealed the complex realities of colonial era gender and racial sensitivities and hierarchies.","PeriodicalId":403338,"journal":{"name":"Mountstuart Elphinstone in South Asia","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127367637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Soviet Elphinstone","authors":"T. Nunan","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter offers a brief history of how the thought of Mountstuart Elphinstone was received among Soviet scholars of Afghanistan. The connection may not be obvious at first, but Russian language scholarship on Afghanistan outpaced that in any other language from the early twentieth century onward owing to the special nature of Soviet-Afghan relations following the October Revolution and Afghan independence. Likewise, close Soviet-Afghan relations during the Cold War – culminating in the decade-long occupation of the country by the Soviet Army – framed the context for later Soviet scholarship on the country. This chapter demonstrates that \"Elphinstonian epistemes\" very much had an afterlife in Soviet scholarship on the country, because many authors were misled about the identity of the Afghan state in Kabul with Pashtun populations on both sides of the Durand Line. Worse, these readings of Afghanistan had intermingled with crude readings about the \"revolutionary\" nature of Afghan Communists and their opponents. During the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, attentive scholars urged more nuanced concepts to make sense of Afghanistan, but as this chapter demonstrates, Elphinstonian tropes very much framed the Soviet romance with – and disaster in – twentieth century Afghanistan.","PeriodicalId":403338,"journal":{"name":"Mountstuart Elphinstone in South Asia","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132472524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mountstuart Elphinstone","authors":"M. Hanifi","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"During 1809, Mountstuart Elphinstone and his team of researchers visited the Persianate \"Kingdom of Caubul\" in Peshawar in order to sign a defense treaty with the ruler of the kingdom, Shah Shuja, and to collect information for use by the British colonial government of India. During his four-month stay in Peshawar, and subsequent two years research in Poona, India, Elphinstone collected a vast amount of ethnographic information from his Persian-speaking informants, as well as historical texts about the ethnology of Afghanistan. Some of this information provided the material for his 1815 (1819, 1839, 1842) encyclopaedic \"An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul\" (AKC), which became the ethnographic bible for Euro-American writings about Afghanistan. Elphinstone's competence in Farsi, his subscription to the ideology of Scottish Enlightenment, the collaborative methodology of his ethnographic research, and the integrity of the ethnographic texts in his AKC, qualify him as a pioneer anthropologist—a century prior to the birth of the discipline of anthropology in Europe. Virtually all Euro-American academic and political writings about Afghanistan during the last two-hundred years are informed and influenced by Elphinstone's AKC. This essay engages several aspects of the ethnological legacy of AKC.","PeriodicalId":403338,"journal":{"name":"Mountstuart Elphinstone in South Asia","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116172477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Muslim ‘Fanaticism’ as Ambiguous Trope","authors":"Zak Leonard","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is concerned with the phenomenon of \"Muslim fanaticism\", an amorphous threat to governmental security that resisted colonial scrutiny throughout the nineteenth century. As tensions with borderland tribes, Wahhabi conspirators, and the forces of a global Muslim \"revival\" mounted, fanaticism evolved into a floating signifier, a malleable construct that could service divergent polemical agendas. Borderland ethnographers and India reformers conceptualized Muslim religiosity in various ways to support their own commentaries on native \"political\" vitality. Earlier observers like Mountstuart Elphinstone represented Indian communities in gendered terms and downplayed the influence of religious enthusiasm on societal progress. Later ethnographers, however, invoked fanaticism to justify a colonial \"Forward Policy\", or conversely, attributed Muslim discontent to the state's poorly conceived, westernizing legislation. Meanwhile, reformers who were calling for the retention of princely rule referenced fanaticism to defend the interests of Muslim notables in South India and Bengal. These loyalist leaders, they argued, could help provide native society with an organic trajectory of civic growth and douse the embers of fanaticism whenever they became enflamed. Extending this advocacy of native sovereignty to the Afghan frontier ultimately proved contentious on account of Russian expansionism and the resurgence of the Eastern Question.","PeriodicalId":403338,"journal":{"name":"Mountstuart Elphinstone in South Asia","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116031710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Book History of Mountstuart Elphinstone’s","authors":"S. Hanifi","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines Mountstuart Elphinstone's \"An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul\" (AKC) from a book history perspective. The general concerns are the para-narrative elements of the text, including the footnotes, appendices and visuals. The specific foci are the map and the epistemological positioning of the Pashto language, and Afghan populations in relation to one another and in relation to the polity described in AKC. Elphinstone's published map is compared to the archived map produced by Lieutenant John Macartney, and situated within a larger set of maps reflecting the increasing cartographic consciousness of a global imperial public. The epistemological positioning of Pashto at the cultural core of the Afghan nation is interrogated through the compendium of Pashto poetry ascribed to Ahmad Shah Abdali, and the structural location of attention to the Pashto language in AKC. The essay's conclusion addresses visuals beyond the map in AKC, including the ethnographic portraiture and archeological sketch of a Buddhist monument.","PeriodicalId":403338,"journal":{"name":"Mountstuart Elphinstone in South Asia","volume":"PP 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126754263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Elphinstone and the Afghan-Pathan Elision","authors":"Elisabeth Leake","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Mountstuart Elphinstone's writings on Afghanistan have had lingering effects throughout the twentieth (and into the twenty-first) century. Even with the end of British colonial rule in 1947, western interest in Afghanistan, and particularly the Pathan borderlands spread across southern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan, has remained. Both British and American observers have continued to value this region for its strategic locale, even as both have wrestled with the \"tribal\" nature of the local Pathan population and its longstanding autonomy from neighboring states. While Cold War competition replaced the rivalry of the Great Game, colonial-era understandings of Afghanistan and local and regional politics continued to color western policies towards this region. This chapter reflects on the legacies of Elphinstone's work for western policymakers, particularly in the aftermath of partition and in the emergent Cold War. Using the works of Olaf Caroe and James W. Spain, it considers how Elphinstone's ideas and rhetoric concerning Afghan politics and tribal society and organization have resounded in western conceptualizations of Afghanistan, and neighboring Pakistan. It compares British and American understandings of Afghanistan and Pakistan, and their relative reliance on Elphinstone's ideas. Ultimately it considers the similarities and differences in the ways that British and American officials have perceived and valued Afghanistan's place in a broader world political order.","PeriodicalId":403338,"journal":{"name":"Mountstuart Elphinstone in South Asia","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128346807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Discovery of Afghanistan in the Era of Imperialism","authors":"Senzil K. Nawid","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The establishment of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal in the late eighteenth century, whose chief goal was to introduce the civilizations of Eastern societies to the West, encouraged a series of enquiries by British writers and travelers on the history, culture, art, antiquities, and literature of Eastern countries, including Afghanistan. This chapter analyzes the writings of three enterprising British explorers who traveled to Afghanistan in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It focuses on the travel accounts of George Forster, Mountstuart Elphinstone, and Charles Masson, men separated in time, interests and ambitions, but whose work, when examined collectively, delivers from personal observation an expansive picture of Afghanistan in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Such detail has not been found anywhere else, even within indigenous sources, which makes their writings essential and indispensable resources for studying the history, culture and society of Afghanistan in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Together, their enquiries concerning ethnographic, cultural, and social life in Afghanistan have formed a topographical and cultural template for future researchers.","PeriodicalId":403338,"journal":{"name":"Mountstuart Elphinstone in South Asia","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128430316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mountstuart Elphinstone and Indian Education","authors":"Lynn Zastoupil","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Mountstuart Elphinstone was widely lauded by his contemporaries for his progressive views and advanced policies regarding education whilst he held senior colonial positions in western India from 1817 until 1827. The creation of Elphinstone College in his honor exemplifies this. This essay is an exploration of Elphinstone's educational views and policies, paying attention to various influences that explain his distinctive approach to education. These influences included the East India Company's ethos of pragmatic respect for Indian culture, religion and mores; educational policy and debates in contemporary British Bengal; Scotland's parish schools and Adam Smith's use of these to defend state-sponsored education; and German Romantic ideas regarding language, literature and national culture. The chapter concludes with Elphinstone's larger vision of a political education that would lead the Indian people to eventual independence but leave Britain with a \"moral empire\" that might rival the one that outlasted the Roman Empire.","PeriodicalId":403338,"journal":{"name":"Mountstuart Elphinstone in South Asia","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132413813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Forgetting like a State in Colonial North-East India","authors":"T. Simpson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"What if governing and \"seeing\" like a state is actually about forgetting and misdirecting as much as it is about accumulating and communicating? In the colonial north-east during the early nineteenth century, governing and knowing peoples and spaces relied not on flows of knowledge, but on intermittent and selective adaptations of previously formulated information. This was not simply a product of unintended shortcomings, but resulted from deliberate attempts by British administrators to ensure that knowledge did not easily traverse time and space. These \"men on the spot\" sought to make many of their activities opaque to outsiders, including their institutional superiors.\u0000Focusing on David Scott, the leading colonial official during and immediately after the British annexation of Assam, this chapter proposes that conventional models for understanding modern colonial state-building and knowledge production do not fit this region. It argues that governing and comprehending the early colonial north-east emerged as much from creative engagements with myopia and amnesia as from clear-sighted and accumulative \"state simplifications\".","PeriodicalId":403338,"journal":{"name":"Mountstuart Elphinstone in South Asia","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132180553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lieutenant Henry Pottinger and 150 Years of Baloch History","authors":"B. Spooner","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"In the early decades of the nineteenth century, the UK dispatched a number of envoys, agents and spies into the vast area between northern India and the Ottoman and Russian Empires. The information gathered by these adventurers provided the basis for British policy for the next hundred years, right down to the Great War of the twentieth century. Their publications have served as major sources of historical data, especially for Afghanistan, Iran and the area that later became Pakistan. But how their larger social context conditioned their work has not been examined sufficiently. In this chapter, I will focus on the adventures of Lieutenant Henry Pottinger, whose brief was one of the most challenging. However, he was well aware of being one of a number of Englishmen of different social classes who were doing similar things. What we learn about any one of them will shed additional light on the activities and significance of the work of the others, and in turn help us to understand the relationship between these countries and the West as it has evolved from the nineteenth century to the present day.","PeriodicalId":403338,"journal":{"name":"Mountstuart Elphinstone in South Asia","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126579472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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