Journal of Sugarbeet Research最新文献

{"title":"Effect of within field topography on emergence of adult sugarbeet root maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis (Roder) (Diptera: Otitidae)","authors":"I. MacRae","doi":"10.5274/JSBR.40.3.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5274/JSBR.40.3.87","url":null,"abstract":"The sugarbeet root maggot , Tetanops myopaejormis Roder, is the most important insect pest ofsugarbeet in the Red River Valley of Minnesota and North Dakota. It overwinters as a larva 13 to 22.5 cm deep in the soil. In spring, when soil temperatures increase, the larvae move to within 9 cm of the soil surface, pupate and then emerge as adult flies. Both high and low soil moistures can negatively impact p upal development. Many sugarbeet production areas in the Red River Valley suffer overland flooding during the spring when T. myopaejormis is pupating and standing water within fiel ds is common. Because field topography heavily influences drainage and soil moist ure, it was hy­ pothesized that relative topography within fields can influence the distribution and density ofemerging adult T. myopaejormis. The influence of within field topography on successful pupation of T. myopaejormis was assessed in four commercial fields over two years. Fields were divided into low and high zones, based on the presence of standing water through the period of time when pupation was occurring. A regular grid of emergence traps was used to monitor the adult emergence of T. myopaejormis with additional traps specifically located in standing water zones to sup­ plement the catch data of the grid-placed traps. Resulting trap catches were assessed for spatial autocorrelation using semi-variograms and the geographic information system, ArcView~) was used to construct interpolated surfaces estimating the dis­ tribution and density of emerging adult T. myo­","PeriodicalId":403165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sugarbeet Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133699396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal properties of sugarbeet roots","authors":"L. Tabil, M. Eliason, H. Qi","doi":"10.5274/JSBR.40.4.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5274/JSBR.40.4.209","url":null,"abstract":"Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) roots are subjected to heating and cooling during storage and processing 3iJld their response to heat transfer is dependent on thermal properties of the roots. Specific heat and thermal conductivity values are used in the design and modeling of ventilated storage of sugarbeet roots. Specific heat ofsugarbeet roots was measured using the method of indirect mixtures. A probe was constructed using a small diameter brass tube, type l' thermocouple wire, and a constantan wire acting a s heater to measure thermal conductivity of sngarbeet roots. The measured specific heat of sugarbeet roots (3.5464 kJ/kgK) was similar to the predicted specific heat values from Siebel's correlation and Reidel's calculation. The measured specific heat ofsugarbeet roots was similar to values for apple pomes and potato tubers. The thermal ctonductivity for frozen sugarbeet roots was twice that of unfrozen roots. Observed thermal conduc­ tivity values for sugarbeet roots were similar to -values reported for apple pomes and potato tubers.","PeriodicalId":403165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sugarbeet Research","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123630954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weed control in glyphosate-resistant sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.)","authors":"C. Guza, C. Ransom, C. Mallory-Smith","doi":"10.5274/JSBR.39.3.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5274/JSBR.39.3.109","url":null,"abstract":"A two-year study examined weed control in glyphosate­ resistant sugarbeet with various glyphosate rates and application timings, and glyphosate in combination with residual herbicides or ammonium sulfate (AMS). Treatments that included two or three applications of glyphosate regardless of rate or glyphosate applied once in combination with dimethenamid-p resulted in redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters and hairy nightshade control equal to, or greater than, a standard herbicide program. T he addition of AMS to glyphosate did not affect weed control efficacy. A single application of glyphosate did not provide season long weed control in 1998, but was effective in controlling all weeds but redroot pigweed in 1999. Generally, sugarbeet root yield was similar in plots treated with glyphosate or standard herbicide programs. Additional Key Words: Desmedipham, ethofumesate, phenmedipham, dimethenamid-p, sethoxydim, triflusulfuron, redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, bamyardgrass, hairy nightshade. Weed control in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) is difficult and expensive requiring repeated applications offour to five herbicides during the growing season to control weeds in current production systems. Sugarbeet is sensitive to many herbicides, so herbicides that control a wide range of weeds often are not registered for sugarbeet production. Lower cost herbicides that control a wider range ofweeds would benefit sugarbeet producers. Glyphosate is a non-selective, postemergence, systemic herbicide that has activity on a wide range ofbroadleafand grass species","PeriodicalId":403165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sugarbeet Research","volume":"689 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116112581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lack of Herbicide Effect on Severity of Aphanomyces Root Rot of Sugarbeet","authors":"Troy W. Roebke, C. Windels, A. Dexter","doi":"10.5274/JSBR.39.3.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5274/JSBR.39.3.75","url":null,"abstract":"Nearly all sugarbeet fields in Minnesota and eastern North Dakota are treated with herbicides. Many of these fields are infested with Aphanomyces cocitlioides, a soilborne pathogen that has increased in prevalence and severity in the region during unusually wet growing seasons in the 1990s. Trials were conducted in four fields naturally infested with A. cochlioides to determine if herbicides commonly applied before planting and after emergence affected stand loss and root rot caused by the pathogen. Herbicides applied and incorporated into soil before planting (cycIoate, diethatyl, EPTC, ethofumesate) and those applied after emergence (cIopyralid, desmedipham, desmed­ ipham + phenmedipham, triflusulfuron) did not affect severity of disease caused by A. cochlioides compared to a hand-weeded control.","PeriodicalId":403165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sugarbeet Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120976471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and sugarbeet tolerance with postemergence dimethenamid-P","authors":"C. Rice, C. Ransom, J. Ishida","doi":"10.5274/JSBR.39.3.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5274/JSBR.39.3.89","url":null,"abstract":"Field experiments were conducted from 1998 to 2000 to evaluate crop tolerance and weed control from dimethenamid-P alone and in tank-mix combinations applied postemergence (POST) to sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) at Ontario, Oregon. In the tolerance trials dimethenamid-P was applied to four- to six-leaf sugarbeet in 1998 and 1999 and to two- to four-leaf sugarbeet in 2000. Significant (P < 0.05) herbicide injury to sugarbeet was observed in 1998 and 2000 at both 12 and 28 days after treatment (DAT). Sugarbeet injury was not significant for any herbicide treatment in 1999. Dimethenamid-P applied at 2.87 kg ha -1 caused the greatest sugarbeet injury in 1998. Injury in 2000 from tank-mix combinations of dimethenamid-P at 0.72 kg ha -1 plus desmedipham-phenmedipham with and without triflusulfuron was greater than from dimethenamid-P at 2.87 kg ha -1 at 12 DAT and similar at 28 DAT. Sugarbeet yield from plots treated with dimethenamid-P at 2.87 kg ha -1 was less than all other treatments in 1998. In 1999, plots treated with dimethenamid-P at 1.43 kg ha -1 produced greater root and estimated recoverable sucrose yields than untreated plots or those treated with dimethenamid-P at 0.72 kg ha -1 . Sugarbeet yields did not differ among treatments in 2000. In the weed control trials dimethenamid-P at 0.72 kg ha -1 was applied to two- to four- or four- to six-leaf sugarbeet. Dimethenamid-P added to desmedipham-phenmedipham increased late season barnyardgrass control by 34 and 32% in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Late season barnyardgrass control increased 22% in 1998 and 85% in 1999 when dimethenamid-P was added to desmedipham-phenmedipham plus triflusulfuron. Sugarbeet root yields in plots treated with POST combinations plus dimethenamid-P ranged from 7.4 to 9.6 Mg ha -1 higher than those same POST combinations without dimethenamid-P in 1998 and 1999. Sugarbeet root yields were greater (P < 0.1) when dimethenamid-P was applied with desmedipham-phenmedipham in 1998 and 1999 and with desmedipham-phenmedipham plus triflusulfuron in 1999. Desmedipham-phenmedipham plus triflusulfuron plus dimethenamid-P applied to two- to four-leaf sugarbeet provided significantly (P < 0.15) greater root yield than the same treatment without dimethenamid-P in 1998. The trend toward higher root yields was likely due to greater redroot pigweed, hairy nightshade, and barnyardgrass control in 1998 and greater barnyardgrass control in 1999 from dimethenamid-P.","PeriodicalId":403165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sugarbeet Research","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121130119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparisons of Soil and Seed Applied Systemic Insecticides to Control Beet Curly Top Virus in the San Joaquin Valley","authors":"S. Kaffka, W. Wintermantel, R. Lewellen","doi":"10.5274/JSBR.39.3.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5274/JSBR.39.3.59","url":null,"abstract":"Beet curly top virus (BCTV), a gemini virus, remains a problem for farmers in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California. It is spread by the beet leaf hopper (Circulifer tene/lus Baker), which has become naturalized in the state. Recent dependence on sugarbeet cultivars without BCTV resistance has led to increased concern about the potential for a BCTV epidemic. Two trials were carried out in successive years in the western SJV to test the effects of alternative protective insecticides for control of BCTV on susceptible and resistant sugarbeet cultivars. Two rates ofimidicloprid applied as a seed treatment (45 g and 90 g a.i. per 100,000 seeds) were compared to the current standard treatment of phorate applied to soil at 83.8 g a. i. per 1000 m of row, and an untreated control. Natural BCTV infection occurred in both years, but the second trial took place during a major beet leafhopper population increase and infection occurred much earlier in crop development. Sugarbeet root and sugar yields declined linearly with increasing rates of infection (r2 = 0.856). Yields declined because roots were significantly smaller with the non-tolerant cultivar. Sugar percentage was unaffected by insecticide treatments, but differed by cultivar. Imidicloprid and phorate provided similar levels ofprotection to plants, but were not able to prevent large yield losses among susceptible cultivars. Plant resistance provided more protection than systemic","PeriodicalId":403165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sugarbeet Research","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127352962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activity and stability of a soluble acid invertase from sugarbeet roots","authors":"K. Klotz, F. Finger","doi":"10.5274/JSBR.38.2.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5274/JSBR.38.2.121","url":null,"abstract":"Soluble acid invertase catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to the invert sugars, glucose and fructose, and has been implicated in sucrose loss during sugarbeet root development, postharvest storage and processing. To better understand the ability of this enzyme to degrade sucrose during sugarbeet root production and processing, the activity and stability of the major sugarbeet root soluble acid invertase were determined under different physical conditions. Maximum enzyme velocity was observed at sucrose concentrations above 20 mM, with a K m for sucrose of 8.9 mM. The enzyme exhibited a plateau of activity at pH 5.0 to 5.5, a pH range in which most plant soluble acid invertases exhibit high activity. Enzyme activity increased at pH values less than 5.0, possibly due to the loss of an inhibitor. Irreversible inactivation of the enzyme occurred at pH values of 7.5 or greater. Enzyme activity was greatest at 35°C and declined rapidly at temperatures above or below this optimum. At 5°C, the enzyme retained 16% of its maximal activity. Partial inactivation of the enzyme occurred at 40° to 50°C; complete inactivation was observed at 55°C and above. Inactivation at elevated temperatures was rapid and irreversible. This study indicates that the major soluble acid invertase is likely to operate at or near its maximum velocity in sugarbeet roots, is capable of hydrolyzing sucrose at the temperatures typical of sugarbeet root storage, and is active at the pH conditions typical of sugarbeet root processing.","PeriodicalId":403165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sugarbeet Research","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122051802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sugarbeet biochemical quality changes during factory pile storage. Part II. Non-sugars","authors":"S. S. Martin, Judy A. Narum, K. H. Chambers","doi":"10.5274/JSBR.38.2.173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5274/JSBR.38.2.173","url":null,"abstract":"Processing sugarbeet for sucrose production begins with an aqueous extraction. Besides sucrose, the extract also contains other water soluble root chemicals, which are viewed as undesirable impurities by the processor. Many impurities are removed or greatly diminished during processing, but some of those that remain reduce sucrose recovery, resulting in a loss of sugar to molasses. We investigated sugarbeet varietal differences in accumulation of several important impurities at harvest and after pile storage at three locations: Sidney MT, Worland WY, and Hereford TX. At each location a group of locally adapted varieties was used. Paired root samples were prepared at harvest. One of each pair immediately was analyzed for sucrose by polarimetry, and a portion of each sucrose filtrate was frozen for subsequent analysis by HPLC for sugars and quality components (Na, K, amino N, betaine). The second sample of each pair, in an air-permeable bag, was placed into the factory storage pile for 110 d at Sidney, 90 d at Worland, or 56 d at Hereford, then recovered and analyzed similarly to unstored samples. Data were analyzed separately for each location. Analyses of the sugar components (sucrose, glucose, fructose, and raffinose) have been reported previously. Component concentrations were expressed in g per 100 g sucrose (g/100S) as a relevant way to evaluate processing characteristics. Small but significant differences among cultivars for Na and K occurred at all three locations at harvest and at Sidney and Worland after storage. Sodium at harvest ranged from 0.49 to 0.65 g/100S at Sidney, 0.16 to 0.40 at Worland, and 0.34 to 0.59 at Hereford. Ranges for potassium at harvest were 0.87 to 0.99 g/100S at Sidney, 0.54 to 0.79 at Worland, and 1.51 to 1.79 at Hereford. Across cultivars, increases in at-harvest and post-storage concentrations (g/100S) occurred at all locations for K and at Sidney and Hereford for Na. Cultivars differed in amino N and betaine (g/100S) at harvest at Sidney and Worland, in amino N post-storage at Sidney, and in betaine post-storage at all three locations. Across cultivars, amino N concentration as g/100S increased with storage at all locations. Across cultivars, total impurity values incorporating all determined quality components (2.5Na + 3.5K + 9amino N + glucose + fructose + raffinose + betaine) were greatest at Hereford (16.6 and 24.2 g/100 S at harvest and after storage, respectively), least at Worland (6.0 and 9.9), and intermediate at Sidney (9.1 and 14.5).","PeriodicalId":403165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sugarbeet Research","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125166897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regeneration of pathogenic Aphanomyces cochlioides and A. euteiches from protoplasts","authors":"J. Weiland","doi":"10.5274/JSBR.38.2.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5274/JSBR.38.2.139","url":null,"abstract":"Enzyme mixtures were tested for the digestion of cultured Aphanomyces cochlioides and A. euteiches mycelia to promote the formation of protoplasts. Cell wall-digesting enzymes at 0.1% (w/v) in osmoticum were sufficient to convert the mycelia to protoplasts within 2 hr, similar to digestion conditions for other oomycetes. Protoplast integrity was maintained upon embedding in molten agar containing 1M mannitol. Within 4 days post-plating on potato dextrose agar, 10 to 20% of the embedded protoplasts of both fungal species formed germ tubes that subsequently formed mycelial colonies. Fungal isolates derived from regenerated protoplasts of A. cochlioides and A. euteiches retained the ability to induce black root disease in sugarbeet seedlings and water soaking in pea seedlings, respectively. The generalized protocol for production and regeneration of protoplasts for Aphanomyces species may be of use in the development of a gene transfer protocol for this important crop pathogen.","PeriodicalId":403165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sugarbeet Research","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130375986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of sugarbeet by-products on the solubility and availability of ferrous sulfate in soil","authors":"R. J. Goos, B. E. Johnson, R. A. Peterson, N. Kobes","doi":"10.5274/JSBR.38.2.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5274/JSBR.38.2.153","url":null,"abstract":"Ferrous sulfate solutions applied to crop or weed residues, prior to tillage and planting, have been shown to reduce iron (Fe) deficiency chlorosis of subsequent crops. The objective of this study was to determine if ferrous sulfate solutions applied with sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) by-products, and other plant materials, would enhance Fe solubility and availability in soil. Four laboratory experiments and five field trials were conducted. In the laboratory, ferrous sulfate applied to a diversity of plant materials, prior to mixing with soil, increased the DTPA-extractable Fe in soil compared to ferrous sulfate applied alone. Sugarbeet molasses was found to be more effective in increasing Fe solubility than wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hulls, or sugarbeet pulp. Spent molasses (desugarized molasses, raffinate) was found to be as effective as regular molasses at increasing the solublility of Fe in the soil. Under field conditions, ferrous sulfate solutions applied in the fall to wheat straw, followed by tillage, increased Fe solubility in the soil over the control. Ferrous sulfate plus sugarbeet molasses applied to wheat straw, followed by tillage, gave the greatest DTPA-extractable Fe levels in soil. Iron deficiency chlorosis of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) the following year was slightly reduced by Fe fertilizer treatments at one of the sites, but seed yields were not improved. Further studies are warranted, to determine if solutions of ferrous sulfate plus molasses or spent molasses could alleviate Fe deficiency with other methods of application, such as broadcast and incorporated shortly before planting, or banded near the seed.","PeriodicalId":403165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sugarbeet Research","volume":"387 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114904128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}