{"title":"Breast cancer","authors":"J. Abraham","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women, and although mortality rates have been decreasing in the last 50 years, it remains a leading cause of death in women. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, aetiology, and risk factors for breast cancer including newer genetic factors as well as lifestyle-related issues. Recommendations for screening programmes are made. Investigations include clinical examination and imaging techniques, and diagnosis and treatment decisions are based on staging, which takes account of biological factors such as grade, proliferation rate, receptor status, and HER2 expression as well as extent of disease. Genetic expression profiling contributes to a prognostic stage and various prognostic assays are used to determine appropriate treatment of different tumour types such as luminal A and B, HER2 positive or triple negative cancers. The chapter discusses treatment with surgery, radiotherapy, and adjuvant systemic therapy for the various types of breast cancer. Consideration is also given to treatment of recurrent and metastatic disease, as well as disease in the elderly or very young, in men, and hereditary breast cancer.","PeriodicalId":402486,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131335005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cancers of the female genital system","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers cancers of the female genital system. Topics include cervical cancer (clinical features, investigations, staging, and prognosis, management, recurrent cancer, chemotherapy, treatment-related morbidity, and newer approaches); endometrial cancer (management, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormonal agents, and recurrence and metastasis); uterine sarcomas; epithelial ovarian cancer (investigations, staging, and prognosis, early and advanced stage disease, recurrent disease, and palliative issues); malignant ovarian germ cell tumours (management, prognosis, surveillance, and management of recurrence); sex cord-stromal tumours; borderline ovarian tumours; uncommon ovarian tumours; gestational trophoblastic disease (management of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, high-risk disease, and special situations); and cancers of the vulva and vagina.","PeriodicalId":402486,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128971237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Endocrine tumours","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"The endocrine system consists not only of discrete endocrine glands such as the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, and pituitary, but also the diffuse endocrine system of the gut and respiratory tract. Thyroid carcinoma is the commonest endocrine malignancy. Tumours can also arise from the non-endocrine cells of an endocrine gland (e.g. thyroid lymphomas). Endocrine tumours arising from endocrine glands are managed according to the site of origin. Neuroendocrine tumours arising from the diffuse endocrine system are managed according to the site of origin, extent of disease, and histopathological grade. This chapter covers endocrine tumours, including thyroid cancer (differentiated thyroid cancer, medullary carcinoma thyroid, anaplastic carcinoma thyroid, and primary thyroid lymphoma); parathyroid cancer; adrenocortical carcinoma; and neuroendocrine tumour.","PeriodicalId":402486,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130736052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Paediatric tumours","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers all the most common types of cancer in children which include leukaemias, lymphomas, paediatric central nervous system tumours, paediatric solid tumours and kidney tumours, sarcomas, neuroblastoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and other rarer entities. Leukaemia is the commonest malignant disease in children, accounting for >40% of cases. Lymphomas account for 8–10% of all childhood cancers. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children is aggressive and often leads to symptoms from tissue infiltration or compression of vital structures. Tumours of the central nervous system are the most common group of solid tumours in children and comprise 20–25% of all childhood neoplasms (about 400 cases per year in the UK). Whereas the majority of childhood solid tumours are embryonal in nature and carcinomas are extremely rare, sarcomas do occur at all ages and in most parts of the body. The most common sarcoma occurring in children is rhabdomyosarcoma which accounts for 25% sarcomas. Tumours of many types in children are more chemosensitive than most adult tumours. High cure rates and the risk of long-term side effects developing in survivors drive attempts to maintain or improve cure rates while minimizing sequelae and for this reason radiotherapy has a lesser role than systemic treatments in most situations.","PeriodicalId":402486,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology","volume":"88 4 Suppl 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128460696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tumours of the central nervous system","authors":"Z. Mencser","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Tumours of the central nervous system (CNS) are characterized by a remarkable diversity of pathological type and behaviour. Although rare, they affect people of all ages and hence have a disproportionate influence on the number of years of life lost to cancer. After many years of therapeutic stagnation, there have recently been some important improvements in molecular classification, treatment, and outcome. This chapter covers tumours of the CNS. Coverage of primary brain tumours includes: clinicopathology, presentation and general management, surgical management, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and new agents, and outcome/management of recurrence. The chapter also covers treatment options and outcomes for brain metastases and spinal cord tumours.","PeriodicalId":402486,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology","volume":"78 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128094136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Oncological emergencies and acute oncology","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Recently the specialty of acute oncology with a clinical service to support patients and coordinate the care of those presenting with oncological emergencies has been developed. Patients who present with oncological emergencies often have a unique set of clinical problems, many of them iatrogenic, and can benefit from specialist advice from teams who are expert in the management of such conditions. Cancer treatments are developing and diversifying from standard cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs to targeted agents and immunological therapies. These introduce new toxicities such as dermatological problems, hypertension, and autoimmune phenomena. The management of the problem will vary depending on the underlying process and specific advice related to the causative agent will be required. This chapter covers oncological emergencies and acute oncology. Topics include tumour lysis syndrome; hypercalcaemia; hyponatraemia; hyperkalaemia; hypoglycaemia; hyperericaemia; febrile neutropenia; catheter associated infections; nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea; vascular complications; stridor and airway obstruction; superior vena cava obstruction; gastrointestinal obstruction; urinary tract obstruction; thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation; gastrointestinal bleeding; genitourinary bleeding; cardiorespiratory; cardiac tamponade; pleural effusion; brain metastases and raised intracranial pressure; spinal cord compression; impending and pathological fractures; and immune-related emergencies.","PeriodicalId":402486,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127275787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tumours of the haemopoietic system","authors":"D. Vail","doi":"10.22233/9781905319749.19.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22233/9781905319749.19.1","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers tumours of the haemopoietic system. Hodgkin lymphoma: clinical features, diagnosis, and staging, treatment of early and advanced stages, management of recurrence, and long-term toxicities and fertility issues are discussed. It outlines current treatment strategies that aim to maintain the high cure rates reached for all stages of the disease with chemotherapy and radiotherapy while further improving outcome and minimizing or preventing therapy-induced complications, such as infertility, cardiopulmonary toxicity, and second malignancies. For non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the clinical features, treatment of low-grade disease, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, cutaneous non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and extranodal involvement are discussed. Diagnosis with molecular profiling is used to define and stratify approaches to treatment for adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia; adult acute myeloid leukaemia; chronic myeloid leukaemia; chronic lymphocytic leukaemia; hairy cell leukaemia; myelodysplastic syndrome; multiple myeloma; solitary plasmacytoma; monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance; smouldering myeloma; Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinaemia; amyloidosis and POEM syndrome; heavy chain disease; and histiocyte disorders.","PeriodicalId":402486,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114253060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cancers of the musculoskeletal system","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Primary malignant tumours of bone are rare and comprise a large number of histological subtypes. The most common are osteosarcoma, Ewing’s family of tumours, and chondrosarcoma. Each of these has further subgroups which will be discussed in detail under their subheadings. The remaining subgroups are exceptionally rare and include the presentation of spindle cell sarcoma of bone, e.g. malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), within the bone as a primary lesion. MFH of bone is treated as other primary bone tumours. Soft tissue sarcomas represent a rare collection of heterogeneous tumours characterized by malignant growth of mesenchymal tissue. Different subgroups can be divided by genetics, pathology, anatomical location, and clinical behaviour. Less than 1% of malignant tumours with an incidence of 30 per million per annum. Median age at presentation depends on histological subtype. For example, rhabdomyosarcomas are most common in children and adolescents, whereas leiomyosarcomas predominate over the age of 40.\u0000 This chapter covers cancers of musculoskeletal system. Topics include bone tumours overview; osteosarcoma (metastatic, non-metastatic, and recurrent); Ewing’s sarcoma; rare bone tumours; soft tissue sarcomas (management of localized disease, and of locally advanced and metastatic disease); retroperitoneal sarcoma; gastrointestinal stromal tumours; and future directions.","PeriodicalId":402486,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124324018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cancers of the genitourinary system","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals with renal, bladder, prostate and penile cancers, and tumours of the testis. Epidemiology, aetiology, and risk factors including specific genetic mutations as well as general lifestyle factors are described for each tumour type. For renal tumours, classification takes into account different clinical behaviours and genetic mutations. The role of surgery in the cure of disease and treatment of metastatic disease are discussed as well as the role of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and the use of tyrosine kinase, mTor, and T-cell checkpoint inhibition. The role of surgery in bladder cancer is defined in the management of localized and muscle invasive cancer and the use of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both in advanced or metastatic disease. As well as discussion of the different aspects of management of prostate cancer, consideration is given to the use of absolute values of PSA measurement and other parameters in screening, treatment monitoring, and surveillance. Endocrine therapies are also discussed. Epidemiology aetiology, genetic factors, and pathology of testicular tumours are considered and the curative potential of treatment is underlined as well as the appropriate use of surveillance. For penile cancer treatment, modalities including surgery and different radiotherapy approaches are outlined.","PeriodicalId":402486,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126110381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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