Cancers of the genitourinary system

This chapter deals with renal, bladder, prostate and penile cancers, and tumours of the testis. Epidemiology, aetiology, and risk factors including specific genetic mutations as well as general lifestyle factors are described for each tumour type. For renal tumours, classification takes into account different clinical behaviours and genetic mutations. The role of surgery in the cure of disease and treatment of metastatic disease are discussed as well as the role of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and the use of tyrosine kinase, mTor, and T-cell checkpoint inhibition. The role of surgery in bladder cancer is defined in the management of localized and muscle invasive cancer and the use of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both in advanced or metastatic disease. As well as discussion of the different aspects of management of prostate cancer, consideration is given to the use of absolute values of PSA measurement and other parameters in screening, treatment monitoring, and surveillance. Endocrine therapies are also discussed. Epidemiology aetiology, genetic factors, and pathology of testicular tumours are considered and the curative potential of treatment is underlined as well as the appropriate use of surveillance. For penile cancer treatment, modalities including surgery and different radiotherapy approaches are outlined.