{"title":"Special situations in oncology","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers a range of special situations in oncology, from demographic age groups, lifestyle, and social and non-medical care to the practicalities of and resources for travelling and insurance. The median age of diagnosis of cancer in the general population is 70 years. The majority of those cancers are related to specific risk factors such as smoking. At the other end of the scale, the majority of paediatric malignancies are thought to be developmental in origin with teenager and young adult malignancies falling in between these two extremes and may represent a late developmental malignancy or an early adult malignancy due to other factors such as genetic and environmental factors. Topics covered in this chapter include teenage and young adult malignancies, cancer in older people, cancer in pregnant women, cancer of unknown primary site, fertility and cancer, late effects, cancer survivorship, travel, insurance, vaccination, lifestyle choices after cancer, complementary therapies, and supportive care during chemotherapy.","PeriodicalId":402486,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127808017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Clinical approach to suspected cancer","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers the clinical approach to suspected cancer, outlining warning features and indications for urgent and non-urgent referral according to the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recently updated 2005 guidance on referral for suspected cancer (NICE 2015). This guideline provides evidence-based indications for urgent referral from primary to secondary care for further investigations within two weeks of a suspected cancer. It also highlights a number of clinical situations where a very urgent (within 48 hours) or immediate referral (within a few hours) are needed. Indications for the cancer pathway and urgent referrals for various cancers are covered in this chapter. Topics include lung cancer, mesothelioma, breast cancer, urological cancer, nervous system tumours, upper and lower GI cancers, gynaecological cancer, haematological cancer, head and neck cancer, thyroid cancer, bone cancer and sarcoma, and skin cancer (melanoma and non-melanoma).","PeriodicalId":402486,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131279453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cancers of the gastrointestinal system","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses all the tumours arising from the digestive tract and its associated organs such as the liver and gall bladder. The chapter covers epidemiological and aetiological factors and links to these changes in recent years in the frequency of each type of tumour, which often relates to lifestyle changes such as frequency of smoking, patterns of alcohol use, consumption of various foods, obesity, and various infective agents. The contribution of genetic factors and hereditary diseases is discussed for each tumour type. The appropriateness of screening programmes is considered. Clinical presentations are described and the investigations required for diagnosis (with imaging and molecular marker measurement) and staging, which, for most tumours, is according to the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) system. The management, and the timing and use of combinations of surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and other systemic treatments, whether given alone, concomitantly, or sequentially, are included for localized, advanced, and metastatic disease in each anatomical area. Special techniques such as liver transplantation, various ablative procedures, and the use of brachytherapy are discussed where relevant. Ways of palliating incurable disease are given. Outcomes and prognosis vary considerably between tumour types and show differing patterns of change over time. For example, there has been an improvement in the outcomes of treatment for colorectal cancers but little improvement yet overall in the cure rates for cancers of the oesophagus.","PeriodicalId":402486,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128306021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Concepts of multidisciplinary management","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Carcinogenesis is a multistep process consisting of progressive molecular and cellular changes leading to early invasive cancer and finally to distant metastasis and death. The initiation and progression of cancer usually takes years. Attempts are being made to reverse the molecular and cellular changes at an early stage of cancer initiation or progression. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that at least one-third of all cancers are preventable. This chapter outlines the biological and environmental risk factors associated with cancer, and preventative measures including cancer screening and genetic counselling. It also covers the principles of cancer diagnosis and management, principles of surgical oncology, radiotherapy, systemic therapy, and clinical trials.","PeriodicalId":402486,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125077900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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