Particuology最新文献

{"title":"Thermal safety overview of silicon-carbon anode in lithium-ion batteries: Key parameters in determining the reactivity","authors":"Zhi-Jun Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhen-Hui Luo ,&nbsp;Jia-Xin Guo ,&nbsp;Yun-Fei Du ,&nbsp;Feng Jiang ,&nbsp;Nai-Lu Shen ,&nbsp;Tao Wang ,&nbsp;Xu Liu ,&nbsp;Jie Huang ,&nbsp;Wen-Han Chen ,&nbsp;Yang Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhiyang Lyu ,&nbsp;Xin Shen ,&nbsp;Xin-Bing Cheng ,&nbsp;Yuping Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The quest for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries has led to the widespread adoption of silicon anodes, yet their safety, particularly regarding thermal runaway, remains a critical concern. Herein, the thermal safety overview of silicon-carbon anode is conducted to identify the determinants of materials reactivity and heat generation sources. In the hierarchical silicon-carbon anode, surface floating silicon without carbon protection is a serious hazard affecting the thermal safety, exhibiting a 77 % increase in heat release at 100 % state of charge. When the pouch cells with floating silicon are conducted in the test of accelerating rate calorimeter, the maximum temperature can be 875.2 °C (532.1 °C for samples without floating silicon). In addition, the thermal safety of graphite anodes blending with different ratios of silicon-carbon electrode are also explored, confirming the potential safety risks of high-silicon-content lithium-ion batteries. This work presents comprehensive understandings on the thermal features of the high-capacity silicon-carbon anode, which is pivotal for enhancing the safety of next-generation silicon-based high-energy-density batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":401,"journal":{"name":"Particuology","volume":"100 ","pages":"Pages 178-185"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel energy-efficient way to prepare solid lipid microspheres loaded with nanoscale drugs by combining LLPS and in-situ crystallization","authors":"Shuyu Li ,&nbsp;Di Wu ,&nbsp;Hui Yu ,&nbsp;Xin Huang ,&nbsp;Na Wang ,&nbsp;Ting Wang ,&nbsp;Hongxun Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, API nanoscale drugs loaded onto solid lipid microspheres (ND@SLMs) were successfully prepared by combining in-situ crystallization technology and liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). This method is characterized by its low energy consumption and the absence of a requirement for high concentrations of surfactants. Tristearin (SSS) was used as the drug carriers, and fenofibrate (FEN) was used as API to verify the feasibility of this method. Characterization was performed using SEM, PXRD, and DSC, while in-situ Raman and EasyViewer enabled real-time monitoring of the particle formation process. The results show that the obtained Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) nanoscale crystals exhibited uniform distribution in the solid lipid carrier and enhanced release rates compared to the bulk ingredients. API droplets prepared by LLPS adhered to the surface of the FEN + SSS droplets played the role of dispersant. Response surface analysis was employed to analyze the independent variables and their interactions, and the optimum value of the processing parameters was obtained. Finally, the expandability of this method to other hydrophobic drugs was verified by ibuprofen (IBU).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":401,"journal":{"name":"Particuology","volume":"100 ","pages":"Pages 128-139"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermoconversion of organic solid waste in a spouted bed reactor: A review","authors":"Chenlong Wang ,&nbsp;Tao Wang ,&nbsp;Kai Wan ,&nbsp;Jinyi Lv ,&nbsp;Jin Sun ,&nbsp;Xinyan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yingping Pang ,&nbsp;Xiqiang Zhao ,&nbsp;Yanpeng Mao ,&nbsp;Zhanlong Song ,&nbsp;Ziliang Wang ,&nbsp;Huimin Yun ,&nbsp;Wenlong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Valorization of organic solid waste (OSW) is a promising avenue for the production of value-added products and renewable energy sources. This paper offers an exhaustive review of the thermochemical conversion processes in spouted bed reactors, which yield products like biochar, bio-oil, and syngas, as well as energy forms such as heat and electricity. While numerous studies have been conducted on thermoconversion in spouted beds, there is a scarcity of systematic reviews on this topic. This paper underscores the importance of spouted beds in torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification, drawing on both experimental and simulation perspectives. By focusing on reactor design, reaction condition optimization, and catalyst enhancement, OSW can be more efficiently transformed into valuable products and bioenergy. Furthermore, the integration of simulation and modeling offers profound insights into the intricate reactions that occur during thermal conversion. Current simulation studies in spouted bed reactors are primarily centered around reaction kinetics, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling, the Multiphase Particle-In-Cell (MP-PIC) approach, and process simulation. The future integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is anticipated to enhance parameter optimization with greater precision and facilitate industrial scale-up. The paper concludes with a synthesis and contemplation of the prospective advancements in spouted bed technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":401,"journal":{"name":"Particuology","volume":"100 ","pages":"Pages 140-156"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copper metal-functionalized carbon from rattan waste via microwave pyrolysis for enhanced chloramphenicol removal: Optimization and F-test study","authors":"Mohamad Firdaus Mohamad Yusop ,&nbsp;Md Mamoon Rashid ,&nbsp;Mohammad Mahtab Alam ,&nbsp;Mohd Azmier Ahmad","doi":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study tackles the issue of chloramphenicol (CAP) in wastewater by exploring its removal using rattan waste-based metal functionalized carbon (RMFC). The study provides new insights into the adsorption mechanism by investigating the role of Cu²⁺ functionalization in enhancing CAP uptake through ion-dipole and π-π interactions. The RMFC surface was enriched with Cu²⁺ ions through modification with CuN₂O₆, resulting in the production of copper-enriched RMFC (Cu²⁺-RMFC). The conditions for preparing Cu²⁺-RMFC were optimized through response surface methodology (RSM). Following this, an F-test was conducted to evaluate the differences in variance distinguishing linear from non-linear approaches pertaining to isotherm together with kinetic models, with the null hypothesis proposing that these variances are the same. The adsorption capacities of CAP by pristine RMFC and Cu²⁺-RMFC were 53.69 mg/g and 77.14 mg/g, respectively, indicating a 30.40 % increase. Besides hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole bonds, and π-π interactions, the enhanced CAP removal by Cu²⁺-RMFC was attributed to the ion-dipole interaction between Cu²⁺ ions and more electronegative oxygen (O) atoms in CAP molecules. The RSM identified the optimal conditions as 660 W, 8.07 min, and a metal loading ratio (MLR) of 0.47 g/g in relation to radiation power, duration of radiation, and MLR, correspondingly. These circumstances brought about predicted CAP uptake values of 76.15 mg/g (actual: 77.14 mg/g; error: 1.28 %) and a Cu²⁺-RMFC yield of 31.54 % (actual: 32.36 %; error: 2.53 %). The adsorption process was well represented by the non-linear Freundlich and non-linear pseudo-first-order (PFO) models. The adsorption capacity of the Langmuir monolayer (Q_m) was 101.01 mg/g for the linear model and 108.00 mg/g for the non-linear model. The F-test results indicated that for all isotherm models studied, the F value was smaller than the F-critical value, leading to the acceptance of the null hypothesis. In contrast, the F values for all kinetic models exceeded the F-critical value, resulting in the refusal of the null hypothesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":401,"journal":{"name":"Particuology","volume":"100 ","pages":"Pages 196-213"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A recent emission inventory of S/IVOCs with high-resolution and evaluation in the Yangtze River Delta region of China","authors":"Tongai Song,&nbsp;Tian Fu,&nbsp;Pengjie Gao,&nbsp;Tianliang Zhao,&nbsp;Xingna Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Semi-volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds (S/IVOCs), as the key precursors, play an important role in forming secondary organic aerosol (SOA). However, the absence of S/IVOCs in the model has led to a significant gap between simulation and measurement of SOA. Although the emission inventory of S/IVOCs is prerequisite for improving the performance of SOA simulation and evaluating the roles of S/IVOCs in SOA production, a gridded anthropogenic emission inventory of S/IVOCs in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region is still limited. Therefore, a 2021-based high spatiotemporal resolution S/IVOCs emission inventory over the YRD region was developed in this study. The total emission of S/IVOCs for the YRD region was estimated to be 457.58 Gg. The industrial process was the major contributor to total emissions in Shanghai City, Anhui, and Jiangsu provinces with contributions of more than 40%, while on-road mobile sources contributed the most to S/IVOCs emissions in Zhejiang Province. High S/IVOCs emissions were mainly distributed in the central cities of the YRD with developed industry and transportation, such as Wuhu and Suzhou (Jiangsu), and in the northern cities with larger cultivated areas, such as Xuzhou and Yancheng. The uncertainty range of S/IVOCs emissions established in this study was −68%∼214%. Industrial process, industrial combustion, and on-road mobile were the sources with higher uncertainties of S/IVOCs emissions. A comprehensive S/IVOCs emission inventory established in this study can be used to estimate the emissions of S/IVOCs in 41 cities over the YRD region and can be applied to air quality models for a better understanding of the formation mechanism of SOA over the YRD region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":401,"journal":{"name":"Particuology","volume":"100 ","pages":"Pages 186-195"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen adsorption on Ga-doped bilayer graphene: A DFT study","authors":"Yunhua Lu ,&nbsp;Zhengqing Zhan ,&nbsp;Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Qingwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Junan Zhang ,&nbsp;Feng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanping Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen, as an environmentally friendly energy source, is pivotal in its storage methods for its development and effective utilization. Graphene boasts advantages such as high specific surface area, excellent electrical properties, and high tunability, making it highly promising for hydrogen storage applications. Compared to monolayer graphene, bilayer graphene exhibits a more easily controllable bandgap, showcasing its potential for hydrogen storage. Additionally, to further enhance the hydrogen adsorption capability of graphene-based substrates, doping methods are commonly employed to adjust their electrical properties. This study proposes a model for hydrogen adsorption on bilayer graphene to investigate its hydrogen storage capacity. Specifically, density functional theory (DFT) computational methods are utilized to study the adsorption of single and multiple hydrogen molecules on monolayer and bilayer graphene, with or without doping with gallium atoms. Furthermore, the underlying reasons for the enhanced hydrogen adsorption in gallium-doped bilayer graphene are systematically analyzed and elucidated. The research findings indicate that pristine graphene exhibits relatively low sensitivity to hydrogen gas, with adsorption energies of only −0.078 and −0.096 eV for monolayer graphene (MG) and bilayer graphene (BG), respectively. However, upon doping gallium atoms into MG and BG, the adsorption energy significantly increases by approximately 30.8 % and 54.1 %. For adsorbing 8 H₂, with average adsorption energies reaching -0.102 eV and −0.163 eV, which is primarily due to the electron in the s orbital of H has been transferred to the d orbital of transition metal Ga. These results indicate that gallium-doped bilayer graphene holds great promise as a hydrogen storage material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":401,"journal":{"name":"Particuology","volume":"100 ","pages":"Pages 103-115"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study of granular flow impacting hemi-spherical structures on steep terrains by a two-phase model with μ(I) rheology closure","authors":"Kedi Yang ,&nbsp;Yuxin Tian ,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Wang ,&nbsp;Qingquan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Granular flow is prevalent in natural disasters such as landslides and avalanches. Investigating the impact characteristics and load variations of granular flows on structures is vital for disaster prevention and mitigation. This study employs a three-dimensional continuum model combined with the Volume of Fluid method, treating the particle phase as a non-Newtonian fluid based on the <em>μ</em>(<em>I</em>) constitutive model. A numerical solver for non-Newtonian two-phase flow capable of describing granular flows on complex terrains has been implemented. Through simulations of a typical laboratory-scale three-dimensional granular column collapse problem, we present spreading processes and deposition distributions which agree with the experimental results, thereby validating the effectiveness of our numerical approach. Using this model, we examine the dynamic interactions between granular flows and single hemispherical obstacles on steep terrains. The predictions regarding depth-time curves at several critical probes and final deposition profiles demonstrate superior accuracy compared to previous forecasts based on depth-averaged models. Additionally, an analysis of the evolution of impact forces exerted by granular flows on obstacles reveals that shoulder obstacles can significantly mitigate impact forces within primary flow regions. We also give the plugging characteristics of the granular flow near the front of the obstacles. In contrast to traditional depth integration models, our methodology offers enhanced insights into three-dimensional flow dynamics and loading characteristics, providing valuable references for disaster prediction and assessment in practical engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":401,"journal":{"name":"Particuology","volume":"100 ","pages":"Pages 116-127"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulations of a single particle for CO2 capture based on MgO sorbent","authors":"Linhang Zhu ,&nbsp;You Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhongyang Zhao ,&nbsp;Shihan Zhang ,&nbsp;Chenghang Zheng ,&nbsp;Kun Luo ,&nbsp;Xiang Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To obtain a deeper understanding of the mass transfer between MgO-based sorbent particles and gaseous reactants (CO₂), it is essential to investigate the mass transfer characteristics of a single moving sorbent particle since most previous researches focused on the removal efficiency of the whole flow field and ignored the behavior of individual particles. Currently, most studies assumed that the reactant (CO₂) concentration across the particle surface is uniform based on the average concentration within the grid, while the reactant concentration on the particle surface changes as the particle moves. In this study, the gas-solid mass transfer between CO₂ and a moving MgO-based particle was investigated. The results indicated that the motion state and velocity of the particles significantly impact the CO₂ removal dynamics and noticeable differences in the CO₂ concentration gradient could be observed around the particle. Increasing the reaction temperature, enhancing the CO₂ mass fraction at the inlet, appropriately increasing the gas velocity, and selecting an appropriate particle size can significantly enhance the reaction rate, thereby improving the CO₂ removal efficiency. The correction formula for surface CO₂ concentration and mass transfer reaction rate was also proposed based on the particle's velocity and direction of movement. Based on the correction formula, more detailed guidance for optimizing reactor design could be obtained and the findings provide theoretical guide for designing CO₂ removal reactors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":401,"journal":{"name":"Particuology","volume":"100 ","pages":"Pages 166-177"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal valence state-regulated Li bond chemistry for efficient lithium–sulfur battery catalysis: A case study of cupric and cuprous oxides","authors":"Hao-Bo Zhang ,&nbsp;Bo-Bo Zou ,&nbsp;Xian Zhong ,&nbsp;Xin-He Liu ,&nbsp;Kai-Xi You ,&nbsp;Xinyan Liu ,&nbsp;Hong-Jie Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Valence state is identified as a key property of transition metal-based catalysts in conventional heterogeneous catalysis research. For a specific monometal element, however, the regulatory role of valence state has seldom explored in emerging energy catalytic applications such as rechargeable lithium–sulfur batteries suffering from sluggish sulfur cathode conversion kinetics. In this study, two monometal oxides with distinct valence states, cupric oxide (CuO) and cuprous oxide (Cu₂O), were investigated, revealing valence-state-dependent interactions between oxides and sulfur species, as well as the modulated sulfur reduction reaction (SRR) kinetics. In addition to the inherent Cu²⁺-enabled surface (poly)thiosulfate redox, divalent Cu²⁺ and monovalent Cu⁺ were found to steer the oxygen reactivity and so indirectly tune the lithium bond strength that dictates the surface chemisorption of lithium (poly)sulfides. The stronger interactions between CuO and sulfur species promoted SRR conversion kinetics, enabling enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance under kinetically demanding conditions such as high-rate capability at 2 C with a moderate sulfur loading of 1.3 mg cm⁻² and cycling stability for over 110 cycles at a high sulfur loading of 4.8 mg cm⁻². This work is expected to expand the scope of metal-valence-state effect on heterogeneous catalysis and offer an unconventional “indirect” way to regulate lithium-bond chemistry for battery research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":401,"journal":{"name":"Particuology","volume":"100 ","pages":"Pages 95-102"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrodynamics of fluidized bed flotation column: Experimental and statistical analysis","authors":"Jincheng Liu ,&nbsp;Yaowen Xing ,&nbsp;Xiahui Gui","doi":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydrodynamic characteristics in fluidized bed flotation column (FBFC) are critical for optimizing fluidized flotation processes, yet understanding the interactions between operating parameters remains a complex challenge. This study proposes a novel method to classify flow regimes and identify transition velocities in fluidized bed flotation columns. By analyzing gas-solid holdup variations (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ε</mi><mrow><mi>g</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) via electrical resistance tomography (ERT), we identified three distinct flow regimes and two transition velocities using <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ε</mi><mrow><mi>g</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>-based criteria. Furthermore, we employed pressure transducer and ERT to analyze how gas velocity (<em>U</em>_<em>g</em>), water velocity (<em>U</em>_<em>w</em>), and particle size (<em>D</em>_<em>p</em>) influence pressure fluctuations, minimum liquid fluidization velocity (<em>U</em>_<em>mf</em>), and gas and solid hold-ups distributions. Results showed that <em>U</em>_<em>w</em> and <em>D</em>_<em>p</em> significantly influenced pressure fluctuations, while <em>U</em>_<em>g</em> affected pressure fluctuations mainly for large particles. <em>U</em>_<em>mf</em> increased with <em>D</em>_<em>p</em> but remained unaffected by <em>U</em>_<em>g</em>. Higher <em>U</em>_<em>w</em> and <em>D</em>_<em>p</em> led to more uniform distributions of radial gas and solid hold-ups, with U_g influencing distribution only in the fixed bed regime. Finally, the using Box-Behnken design (BBD) and analysis of variance (ANOVA), significant interactions between <em>U</em>_<em>g</em> and <em>D</em>_<em>p</em> for the average differential pressure, and between <em>U</em>_<em>w</em> and <em>D</em>_<em>p</em> for <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ε</mi><mrow><mi>g</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> were identified, with no significant interactions for normalized standard deviation of differential pressure fluctuation. Predictive models with high correlation coefficients were established for these interactions, offering guidance for FBFC optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":401,"journal":{"name":"Particuology","volume":"100 ","pages":"Pages 14-26"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}