{"title":"How can we improve the codes of ethics for translators?","authors":"Hyang Lee, S. Yun","doi":"10.1075/babel.00190.yun","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00190.yun","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As early as 1963, the FIT adopted the Translator’s Charter during the Congress at Dubrovnik, stipulating the rights, obligations, and social responsibilities of translators. The document inspired many professional translator associations to draft their own codes. These codes share a common goal: to inform the ethical decision-making of translators. However, some practitioners as well as scholars have questioned their value, pointing to the inconsistencies within or between codes and the difficulty of applying them to real-life situations. They view the codes as declarative documents that lay down the most basic ethical principles. Why does this gap exist between codes and practice? What should be addressed first to answer this question? We believe that these codes tend to overlook a fundamental aspect of translation. Their focus is on the relationship between translators and clients. In other words, gaining the confidence and meeting the expectations of clients are often treated as the most important elements of a code. However, the act of translation, like any human act, is a social one that impacts the community the translator belongs to. Therefore, a translator is a social agent who supports the ethical goal of living better together in a community. How can these codes be improved? To explore this question, we review the discussions of authors who have emphasized the social role of translators and interpreters, including Chesterman, Baker, and Inghilleri. We finally suggest community-related ethical principles and virtues for translator codes of ethics.","PeriodicalId":40183,"journal":{"name":"Babel-Litteratures Plurielles","volume":"136 1","pages":"706-718"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86312859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How interpreter-translators are assessed and hired in the market","authors":"Hoonmil Kim","doi":"10.1075/babel.00184.kim","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00184.kim","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In South Korea where there is no national accreditation system for translators and interpreters, it is left to the\u0000 respective employers to devise and administer an assessment instrument for hiring translators and interpreters. While studies\u0000 calling for reliable and valid testing and assessment in the field of Translation and Interpretation Studies have increased during\u0000 the past decade, empirical research on how tests and assessments are carried out in the marketplace, especially outside of Europe\u0000 and North America, remain scarce. This study closely examines how tests and assessments are carried out at hiring by tapping into\u0000 questions of how tests are developed, by whom, and who rates the tests and on which criteria. Then, the soundness of the overall\u0000 hiring process is evaluated based on the six qualities of Bachman and Palmer’s Test Usefulness Model; construct validity,\u0000 reliability, authenticity, interactiveness, impact, and practicality.\u0000 The study found that (1) the hiring process involves three stages of assessment: document screening, interpreting\u0000 and translation tests, and one-on-one interview; (2) the interpreting and translation tests are developed, administered and rated\u0000 by a combined group of experts: professors of interpreting and translation studies; professional interpreters/translators;\u0000 subject-matter experts at the institutions; (3) the overall usefulness of the tests based on Bachman and Palmer’s Test Usefulness\u0000 Model is medium to high; and (4) the employers of interpreter-translators look for qualities beyond interpreting/translation\u0000 skills upon hiring. The implications of the findings on professional translators and interpreters and educators are discussed,\u0000 followed by suggestions for future research.","PeriodicalId":40183,"journal":{"name":"Babel-Litteratures Plurielles","volume":"193 1","pages":"689-705"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83077165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A model of live interlingual subtitling using respeaking technology","authors":"Silhee Jin","doi":"10.1075/babel.00182.jin","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00182.jin","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper proposes a model of delivering live interlingual subtitling (LIS) as a formal translation and interpreting (T&I) service in Korea, replacing the existing model of combining stenographic transcriptions with simultaneous interpreting. The model proposes that these two processes, currently delivered by two different professional groups, should be converged using respeaking technology. As a means to supply relevant talent, the paper proposes that formal interpreting and translation schools should include respeaking using automatic speech recognition technology (ASR) as part of their training.","PeriodicalId":40183,"journal":{"name":"Babel-Litteratures Plurielles","volume":"16 2 1","pages":"733-749"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83717129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The impact of source text presence on simultaneous interpreting performance in fast speeches","authors":"Shanshan Yang, Defeng Li, V. Lei","doi":"10.1075/babel.00189.yan","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00189.yan","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The issue addressed in this study is the impact of source text presence on simultaneous interpreting performance in fast speeches. Fast speech rate is assumed to frustrate even professional interpreters in simultaneous interpreting (SI) without source text (ST) scenario, yet little is known about what happens when the ST is available to interpreters, an interpreting practice of increasing popularity. Previous studies present mixed results concerning the effect of fast speech rate and ST presence on SI quality, which further adds to the complexity of this issue. This study adopted the experimental approach with a qualitative assessment of SI quality, quantisation of output parameters and retrospective interview, to unravel some myths surrounding this issue. The 54 trainees were randomly divided into two groups to interpret two fast Chinese speeches into English under with and without ST conditions. The results found a significant effect of ST presence on the qualitative assessment of interpreting performance, on the interpreting delivery fluency, and on the information completeness. The facilitative effect of ST presence in fast speeches was confirmed while new issues also arise concerning trainee interpreters’ ability in eye-ear coordination.","PeriodicalId":40183,"journal":{"name":"Babel-Litteratures Plurielles","volume":"1 1","pages":"588-603"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83582691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reframing news by different agencies","authors":"Weixi Zeng","doi":"10.1075/babel.00172.zen","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00172.zen","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aims to investigate how news reports are reframed and how a stance is in turn mediated in the process of translation by news agencies in the Chinese mainland and Taiwan when they cover the same news event. A database is built from 50 reports on the US-China trade dispute, half from Reference News (RN), a news agency based in Chinese mainland and the other half from Liberty Times (LT), a media outlet in Chinese Taiwan, as well as their corresponding source texts from foreign news agencies. The results show that the reframing practices in the two agencies vary from each other in framing the US-China trade dispute and the image of China and America. The overall pattern of stance shift in the translation by RN is towards a pro-China/anti-US direction while in the translation by LT towards a more anti-China/pro-US direction. These might be caused by the political stance of the news agency, the media environment and the relationship with the United States.","PeriodicalId":40183,"journal":{"name":"Babel-Litteratures Plurielles","volume":"43 1","pages":"847-866"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86736912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New interpretation and techniques of transcreation","authors":"Chen Du","doi":"10.1075/babel.00178.che","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00178.che","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article points out some “loopholes” in the traditional Chinese-English translation theories, and proposes several transcreation theories to countermeasure the “loopholes”, illustrating non-equivalences. In particular, the article proposes a novel translation/transcreation theory that incorporates the writing field, in both the source and target languages, into the traditional translation field. This is for the purpose of cultural transmission and integration. In addition, the article illustrates the relationship between translation and writing by dissecting the translation/transcreation process into two processes: understanding and writing. Moreover, it suggests that the transcreation field develop some criteria, such as: fidelity, flexibility and creativity, and that all the science, social science and humanities subareas in the transcreation field are categorized according to these criteria. In order to support the transcreation theories and multidisciplinary translation theories proposed in this article, some typical examples and transcreation techniques that push the envelope of existing transcreation theories are provided. This article may shed new light on the limitations of, and possible solutions to, machine translation. It may also answer questions like: “Is understanding unimportant to machine translation?”","PeriodicalId":40183,"journal":{"name":"Babel-Litteratures Plurielles","volume":"86 1","pages":"750-764"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85656857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intertitle translation of Chinese silent films","authors":"Jin Haina","doi":"10.1075/babel.00183.jin","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00183.jin","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There is a misconception that film translation did not exist in China before 1949. The paper argues that the translation of Chinese silent films was vibrant in the 1920s and the early 1930s. Most of the extant copies of Chinese films from that period have bilingual intertitles. Chinese film companies have two purposes in translating their productions: the potential profit obtained from international audiences, and the desire to change the negative image of Chinese people portrayed in Hollywood films and project a positive image of China. Driven by these two objectives, Chinese film companies placed considerable emphasis on translation quality and hired both Chinese translators and foreign translators to translate their productions.","PeriodicalId":40183,"journal":{"name":"Babel-Litteratures Plurielles","volume":"102 1","pages":"719-732"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90514637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"When the classic speaks for children","authors":"Xi Chen","doi":"10.1075/babel.00175.che","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00175.che","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bob Dylan has significantly influenced American song tradition and popular music for more than five decades. As his songs are famous for the creative poetic expressions, they are not merely song lyrics, but also can be regarded as lyric poems. This paper aims to investigate the retranslation of Bob Dylan’s songs in bilingual picture books to explore how his classic musical works are repackaged both verbally and visually for contemporary children. The data for analysis are selected from two bilingual picture books on Dylan’s songs published in China in 2018. Firstly, it conducts a detailed textual analysis of the English and Chinese song lyrics to analyze the appropriate translation strategies and methods for song translation. Secondly, based on visual narratives (Painter, Martin and Unsworth 2013), it analyzes the intersemiotic relations between texts and images in picture books to discuss how the emotions and narratives in Dylan’s songs are visually represented.","PeriodicalId":40183,"journal":{"name":"Babel-Litteratures Plurielles","volume":"11 1","pages":"780-795"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88720369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An empirical study of temporal variables and their correlations in spoken and sign language relay interpreting","authors":"Hyun-Hee Han, Han-Nae Yu","doi":"10.1075/babel.00191.yu","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00191.yu","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This study describes the temporal aspects of relay interpreting by a mixed team of spoken and sign language interpreters in order to identify the characteristics of spoken and sign language relay interpreting and to help spoken language interpreters better understand the difference between the two types. The study quantitatively analyzes five time variables (speaking time, word count, ear-voice-span (EVS), tail-to-tail span (TTS), and pause), and their correlations. The temporal aspects of spoken and relay interpretation in sign language are as follows: (1) sign language interpretation requires more words to transfer the same amount of information as spoken language interpretation; (2) sign language interpreters have a shorter EVS than spoken language interpreters; (3) the simultaneity of spoken and relay sign language interpretation is more affected by TTS than by EVS, because spoken language TTS has a high correlation with speech time and word count in sign language interpretation; 4) sign language interpreters actively use the pauses between sentences of spoken language interpreters for target language (TL) production; 5) sign language interpreters produce more words for a shorter period of time than spoken language interpreters.","PeriodicalId":40183,"journal":{"name":"Babel-Litteratures Plurielles","volume":"4 1","pages":"619-635"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79754756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ethics of journalistic translation and its implications for machine translation","authors":"Yonsuk Song","doi":"10.1075/babel.00188.son","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00188.son","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Journalistic translation is governed by a target-oriented norm that allows varying degrees of intervention by journalists. Given the public’s expectations for the fidelity of translated news, this norm entails ethical issues. This paper examines the ethical dimensions of journalistic translation through a case study of political news translation in the South Korean context. It investigates how newspapers translated a US president’s references to two South Korean presidents in accordance with the newspapers’ ideologies and then came to apply the translations as negative labels as the political situation evolved over time. The study demonstrates how even word-level translation can require an intricate understanding of the sociopolitical context and cumulative meanings of a word. It then draws its implications for machine translation by comparing the human translations with machine translations of the references in question. It concludes by discussing why machine translation cannot yet replace human translation, at least between Korean and English, and what translation studies should do regarding the ethics of journalistic translation.","PeriodicalId":40183,"journal":{"name":"Babel-Litteratures Plurielles","volume":"55 1","pages":"829-846"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85877904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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