{"title":"Civil Resistance and Repression Backlash: A Game Theoretic Analysis of the 2011 Occupy U.C. Davis Protest","authors":"Alexei Anisin","doi":"10.1002/crq.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study asks how nonviolent protesters can strategically provoke authorities into violent responses to trigger repression backlash? Theoretically, principal-agent theory is adopted to develop an extensive form game that captures the sequential dynamics that unfolded during the 2011 Occupy University of California Davis protest. The model captures how protesters can exploit information asymmetry between the principal and agent by provoking authorities into a violent reaction. Specifically, protesters utilized nonviolent direct action and were able to exploit the university administration's uncertainty about how its agents (university police) would behave under pressure. By provoking a response from a tough type of police, activists induced a violent reaction. In turn, this spurred negative feedback against the principal. Although a small-scale protest, this case reveals the strategic basis underlying an age-old concept of political jiu-jitsu wherein nonviolent civil resistance turns the force of repression against the oppressor. Through formalizing backlash as a strategic interaction, this study demonstrates that this phenomenon is shaped by information asymmetry and uncertainty.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":39736,"journal":{"name":"Conflict Resolution Quarterly","volume":"43 3","pages":"353-363"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unlocking Antlers? An Evaluation of an Environmental Mediation Process in Scotland Based on Direct Observation","authors":"Callum Leavey-Wilson, Janet Fisher, Sam Staddon","doi":"10.1002/crq.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Environmental conflicts are increasing as is interest in ways they can be managed. However, evaluations of Environmental Conflict Resolution (ECR) processes based on direct observation remain scarce, despite ECR existing for over half a century. Furthermore, there are few evaluations of ECR processes that have been conducted outside of the United States, which limits understanding about the different contextual applications of ECR. These significant shortcomings hamper the generation of practical and knowledge-based learning, as well as theory building in ECR. To address this, we use a subset of criteria from the ECR literature pertaining to (1) outcomes, (2) process, and (3) relationships to assess data generated through direct observation of an environmental mediation process, alongside interviews and surveys of participants, focused on ameliorating conflict over upland deer management in Scotland. Our results indicate that mediation fostered positive relationships, was generally procedurally effective but achieved limited tangible outcomes. We then provide some longer-term reflections on the mediation process, discuss the strengths and limitations of our criteria, and note lessons from our experience conducting an evaluation of an ECR process. We conclude by calling for more evaluations of ECR processes based on direct observation to be conducted to build understanding of effective practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":39736,"journal":{"name":"Conflict Resolution Quarterly","volume":"43 3","pages":"419-430"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/crq.70007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147564221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantitative and Qualitative Content Analysis of Cameroon Newspapers' Reporting (2016–2020) on the Anglophone Conflict","authors":"Kiven James Kewir, Albert Poliquen Mbiatem","doi":"10.1002/crq.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Media representations play a critical role in shaping public understanding, especially in contexts where access to direct information is limited, such as the Anglophone conflict in Cameroon. This study explores how five Cameroonian newspapers, <i>The Post</i>, <i>The Star</i>, <i>Le Messager</i>, <i>The Sun</i>, and <i>Cameroon Tribune</i>, reported on the root causes, manifestations, and resolution strategies of the conflict in the North West and South West Regions between October 2016 and December 2020. A total of 501 editions were purposively sampled from a broader corpus of 2894 publications. Guided by agenda-setting theory, the study employed a sequential qualitative design, combining quantitative content analysis with qualitative thematic interpretation. Statistical tests, including chi-square analysis, were used to assess significant differences in newspaper reporting across key variables. The findings reveal clear contrasts between state-owned (<i>Cameroon Tribune</i>) and privately owned newspapers in how they frame the conflict's causes, manifestations, and possible solutions. Private outlets placed greater emphasis on root causes such as marginalization, historical injustice, and identity suppression, while state media prioritized unity and security narratives. Nonetheless, all newspapers consistently highlighted dialogue as the most viable pathway to resolving the conflict. The study also finds that newspapers based in the conflict-affected Anglophone regions, and those publishing in English, dedicated more extensive and nuanced coverage to the crisis. These insights underscore the importance of media reporting as a mirror of public sentiment and as a tool for understanding citizen-preferred conflict resolution strategies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":39736,"journal":{"name":"Conflict Resolution Quarterly","volume":"43 3","pages":"457-468"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synergizing ADR With the Existing Legal System to Ensure Access to Justice for Sustainable Infrastructure Development in Bangladesh","authors":"Syeda Afroza Zerin, Rawnak Miraj Ul Azam","doi":"10.1002/crq.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bangladesh's rapid infrastructure development faces significant challenges, particularly in the realm of dispute resolution, where delays and inefficiencies in the formal legal system often hinder timely project completion. This paper explores the potential of synergizing Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms with the existing legal framework to improve access to justice and facilitate sustainable infrastructure development. ADR, including arbitration, mediation, and negotiation, offers an efficient, cost-effective, and flexible alternative to traditional litigation. Despite the legal provisions for ADR under the Arbitration Act and Mediation Act, its integration into infrastructure-related disputes remains underutilized. This paper examines the benefits of ADR in addressing common infrastructure disputes, such as land acquisition, contractual issues, and environmental concerns, while identifying the challenges, such as limited institutional capacity, awareness, and enforcement issues, that hinder its widespread use. By proposing key reforms, including mandatory ADR clauses in contracts, strengthening judicial support, and enhancing capacity-building initiatives, this study outlines a pathway for more effective integration of ADR with the formal legal system. The findings suggest that such integration could not only alleviate judicial backlogs but also promote more sustainable and inclusive infrastructure development in Bangladesh, ultimately ensuring better access to justice for all stakeholders involved in infrastructure projects.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":39736,"journal":{"name":"Conflict Resolution Quarterly","volume":"43 3","pages":"403-410"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Practice Insight: Adapting Peacebuilding Dialogue Methodologies to City-Resident Relations and Inclusive Policymaking in Calgary, Canada","authors":"Aleem Bharwani, Josh Nadeau","doi":"10.1002/crq.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This case study presents a project in which peacebuilding dialogue methodologies were adapted for use in municipal-level dialogue sessions that took place in Calgary, Canada in late 2022 and early 2023. The authors found that using this approach built trust among cross-sectoral participants and facilitators, resulted in greater diversity during recruitment, strengthened participant agency that led to City-wide transformations and built connections between groups, sectors and geographical areas that had not regularly come into contact. Additionally, the project generated insights into how peacebuilding methodologies can be adapted and applied within contexts of non-armed societal conflicts in the Global North, particularly in areas thought to suffer from marginalization or a deficit of trust in local governing bodies—in this case, setting the stage for a novel form of multi-track dialogue that facilitates inclusive, community-engaged municipal policymaking.</p>","PeriodicalId":39736,"journal":{"name":"Conflict Resolution Quarterly","volume":"43 3","pages":"431-439"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/crq.70008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147564222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Panel GARCH-Copula Modeling: Evidence From Energy Market Response in Egypt and Jordan to the October 2023 Israel-Hamas Conflict","authors":"Mina Sami, Wael Abdallah","doi":"10.1002/crq.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The primary aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between the October 2023 Israel-Hamas war and the volatility in the energy sector of frontier countries. The study uses a micro-dataset covering the firms operating in the energy sector within the border regions of Israel and Palestine. The empirical methodology initially employs a Panel GARCH model to analyze the energy sector's response to conflict. This analysis is followed by a Copula analysis, mainly Empirical and Gumbel Copulas, relevant to modeling extreme events. The study reveals two main findings. (1) Geopolitical shocks in the Middle East have immediate and persistent spillovers across frontier markets. In particular, the Israel-Hamas conflict has amplified the volatility of firms' market values in frontier countries. Unlike previous shocks (e.g., pandemic, Russia-Ukraine war), this conflict shows limited alternative energy supply routes and market-making mechanisms in these frontier countries. (2) The copula results reveal robust tail dependence (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mover>\u0000 <mi>θ</mi>\u0000 <mo>̂</mo>\u0000 </mover>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </semantics></math> > 1) in the market value of the energy sector. It captures an asymmetric response of the market to conflict escalation versus de-escalation. This finding indicates that the belligerence of the conflict exerts a substantial impact on the market value of companies operating in frontier countries and the energy sector as a whole.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":39736,"journal":{"name":"Conflict Resolution Quarterly","volume":"43 3","pages":"387-401"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147564733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantitative and Qualitative Content Analysis of Cameroon Newspapers' Reporting (2016–2020) on the Anglophone Conflict","authors":"Kiven James Kewir, Albert Poliquen Mbiatem","doi":"10.1002/crq.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Media representations play a critical role in shaping public understanding, especially in contexts where access to direct information is limited, such as the Anglophone conflict in Cameroon. This study explores how five Cameroonian newspapers, <i>The Post</i>, <i>The Star</i>, <i>Le Messager</i>, <i>The Sun</i>, and <i>Cameroon Tribune</i>, reported on the root causes, manifestations, and resolution strategies of the conflict in the North West and South West Regions between October 2016 and December 2020. A total of 501 editions were purposively sampled from a broader corpus of 2894 publications. Guided by agenda-setting theory, the study employed a sequential qualitative design, combining quantitative content analysis with qualitative thematic interpretation. Statistical tests, including chi-square analysis, were used to assess significant differences in newspaper reporting across key variables. The findings reveal clear contrasts between state-owned (<i>Cameroon Tribune</i>) and privately owned newspapers in how they frame the conflict's causes, manifestations, and possible solutions. Private outlets placed greater emphasis on root causes such as marginalization, historical injustice, and identity suppression, while state media prioritized unity and security narratives. Nonetheless, all newspapers consistently highlighted dialogue as the most viable pathway to resolving the conflict. The study also finds that newspapers based in the conflict-affected Anglophone regions, and those publishing in English, dedicated more extensive and nuanced coverage to the crisis. These insights underscore the importance of media reporting as a mirror of public sentiment and as a tool for understanding citizen-preferred conflict resolution strategies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":39736,"journal":{"name":"Conflict Resolution Quarterly","volume":"43 3","pages":"457-468"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Northeast India's Protracted Conflicts and Their Regional Implications: Theoretical Exploration of Ethnic Conflicts and Conflict Transformation","authors":"Rouf Ahmad Bhat, Mohd Ibrahiem Khaja","doi":"10.1002/crq.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The objective of this research article is to provide a comprehensive examination of the internal conflicts in India's Northeast region, particularly in light of the recent outbreak of internal conflict in Manipur. The article adopts a theoretical approach, with a primary emphasis on ethnicity and reconciliation. The origins of ethnic conflict in the region can be traced back to the British colonial period in India. Consequently, this research paper examines the historical trajectory of unrest and conflict in Northeast India. This article endeavors to unravel the intricate drivers behind these protracted conflicts, shedding light on the resultant insurgencies and resistance that have cast a shadow over the northeastern part of India. Employing a primordial theoretical model, the paper analyzes ethnic conflicts, focusing on three states: Assam, Nagaland, and Manipur. Additionally, Lederach's pyramid of peace-building, serving as a theoretical model, is applied to explore potential reconciliation pathways for the region. In a broader context, this study examines the geopolitical implications arising from ethnic conflicts in Northeast India for South Asia.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":39736,"journal":{"name":"Conflict Resolution Quarterly","volume":"43 3","pages":"477-488"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147568422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dubale Gebeyehu Genbezo, Mellese Mada Gatiso, Misrak Tenna Adafre
{"title":"Cultural Pathways to Reconciliation and Harmony: Indigenous Conflict Resolution Mechanisms and Peace Formation Practices Among the Dawuro Ethnic Group of Southwest Ethiopia","authors":"Dubale Gebeyehu Genbezo, Mellese Mada Gatiso, Misrak Tenna Adafre","doi":"10.1002/crq.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms (ICRMs) in Africa demonstrate the efficacy of restorative, community-based approaches, yet they remain understudied, particularly in Ethiopia, where ethnic tensions and governance failures perpetuate instability. Focusing on the Dawuro people of Southwest Ethiopia, this study investigates their sophisticated yet marginalized ICRMs, examining their sociocultural foundations, enforcement mechanisms, and adaptability to contemporary challenges. Employing Indigenous Wholistic Theory and qualitative methodologies, including key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and observations, the research identifies structural and proximate conflict drivers. The study findings reveal that Dawuro's ICRMs, anchored in elder-mediated councils (Heezzaanaa) and sacred institutions (Geyyuwaa, Zabbaa, and Dubbushaa), prioritize truth, restorative justice, and communal reconciliation. However, systemic exclusion of marginalized groups, urbanization, and state legal encroachments threaten their continuity. The findings of the study have also shown that the indigenous conflict resolution institutions (ICRI) are not inclusive to various sections of society, such as women, youth, and marginalized minorities, who constitute a significant section of society. By centering indigenous epistemologies, this study challenges Western peacebuilding hegemony, advocating for hybrid frameworks that integrate ICRMs into formal governance. The research contributes to global conflict resolution discourse by demonstrating how indigenous knowledge fosters resilient, inclusive peace in pluralistic societies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":39736,"journal":{"name":"Conflict Resolution Quarterly","volume":"43 3","pages":"375-386"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147562619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Impact of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress on Cognitive Conflict in University Students","authors":"Yashasvi Walia, Rajnish Kumar Gupta, Simran Tripathi","doi":"10.1002/crq.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite extensive research on cognitive conflict, the specific link between cognitive conflict and depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS) remains underexplored, particularly among non-clinical young adults. Therefore, we investigated the impact of DAS on cognitive conflict in university students and their potential association with cognitive conflict. The sample comprised 393 university students aged 18–25 years. Participants were grouped into high and low DAS groups based on their Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) scores. Cognitive conflict was assessed using a computerized Stroop task. The results indicated that the low DAS group showed significantly greater accuracy on incongruent (conflict) trials than the high DAS group. However, no significant difference was observed in reaction time. Correlation analysis suggested that higher levels of DAS were associated with lower accuracy on incongruent trials. The study highlights the crucial role of DAS symptoms on cognitive conflict and decision-making processes in young adults; however, it does not establish causal mechanisms. The results have significant implications for designing educational and mental health interventions aimed at improving cognitive flexibility and goal-directed behavior in the young population.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":39736,"journal":{"name":"Conflict Resolution Quarterly","volume":"43 3","pages":"411-417"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147563853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}