Journal of Smooth Muscle Research最新文献

{"title":"Mitochondria in smooth muscle cells of viscera.","authors":"Giorgio Gabella","doi":"10.1540/jsmr.54.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1540/jsmr.54.51","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The spatial density of mitochondria was studied by thin-section electron microscopy in smooth muscles of bladder, iris and gut in mice, rats, guinea-pigs and sheep. Morphometric data included areas of muscle cell profiles (~6,000 muscle cells were measured) and areas of their mitochondria (more than three times as many). The visual method delivers accurate estimates of the extent of the chondrioma (the ensemble of mitochondria in a cell), measuring all and only the mitochondria in each muscle cell and no other cells. The digital records obtained can be used again for checks and new searches. Spatial density of mitochondria varies between about 2 and 10% in different muscles in different species. In contrast, there is consistency of mitochondrial density within a given muscle in a given species. For each muscle in each species there is a characteristic mitochondrial density with modest variation between experiments. On the basis of data from serial sections in the rat detrusor muscle, mitochondrial density varies very little between the muscle cells, each cell having a value close to that for the whole muscle. Mitochondrial density is different in a given muscle, e.g., ileal circular muscle, from the four mammalian species, with highest values in mouse and lowest in sheep; in mice the mitochondrial density is nearly three time higher that in sheep. In a given species there are characteristic variations between different muscles. For example, the bladder detrusor muscle has markedly fewer mitochondria than the ileum, and the iris has markedly more.</p>","PeriodicalId":39619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Smooth Muscle Research","volume":"54 0","pages":"51-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1540/jsmr.54.51","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36345706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional comparison of anoctamin 1 antagonists on human uterine smooth muscle contractility and excitability.","authors":"Shunsuke Hyuga,&nbsp;Jennifer Danielsson,&nbsp;Joy Vink,&nbsp;Xiao Wen Fu,&nbsp;Ronald Wapner,&nbsp;George Gallos","doi":"10.1540/jsmr.54.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1540/jsmr.54.28","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pre-term birth is a major health care challenge throughout the world, and preterm labor represents a potentially reversible component of this problem. Current tocolytics do not improve preterm labor beyond 48 h. We have previously shown that anoctamin 1 (ANO1) channel blockade results in relaxation of pre-contracted human uterine smooth muscle (USM). Three drug classes with reported medicinal effects in humans also have members with ANO1 antagonism. In this study, we compared the ability of representatives from these 3 classes to reduce human USM contractility and excitability.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study sought to examine the comparative potency of 3 ANO1 antagonists on pregnant human USM relaxation, contraction frequency reduction, inhibition of intracellular calcium release and membrane hyperpolarization.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Experiments were performed using: 1) Ex vivo organ bath (human pregnant tissue), 2) Oxytocin-induced calcium flux (in vitro human USM cells) and 3) Membrane potential assay (in vitro human USM cells).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Benzbromarone (BB) demonstrated the greatest potency among the compounds tested with respect to force, frequency inhibition, reducing calcium elevation and depolarizing membrane potential.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While all 3 ANO1 antagonists attenuate pregnant human uterine tissue contractility and excitability, BB is the most potent tocolytic drug. Our findings may serve as a foundation for future structure-function analyses for novel tocolytic drug development.</p>","PeriodicalId":39619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Smooth Muscle Research","volume":"54 0","pages":"28-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1540/jsmr.54.28","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36253493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in the brain regulate phase II of migrating motor contractions in the Suncus murinus.","authors":"Taichi Horita,&nbsp;Kouhei Koyama,&nbsp;Shota Takemi,&nbsp;Toru Tanaka,&nbsp;Takafumi Sakai,&nbsp;Ichiro Sakata","doi":"10.1540/jsmr.54.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1540/jsmr.54.91","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastric contractions exhibit characteristic motor patterns in the fasted state, known as migrating motor contractions (MMC). MMC consist of three periodically repeated phases (phase I, II and III) and are known to be regulated by hormones and the autonomic and enteric nervous systems. However, the central regulation of gastric contractions in the fasted state is not completely understood. Here, we have examined the central effects of motilin, ghrelin, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and L-glutamate signaling on gastric MMC by using suncus (Suncus murinus) as an animal model, because of their similar gastric motor patterns to those observed in humans and dogs. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of motilin and ghrelin had no effect on phase I and II contractions, respectively. Conversely, i.c.v. administration of GABA_A receptor antagonist, during phase I of the MMC, evoked phase II-like contractions and significantly increased the motility index (MI). This was compared with the i.c.v. administration of GABA which inhibited spontaneous phase II contractions with a significantly decreased MI. In addition, i.c.v. administration of L-glutamate during phase I also induced phase II-like irregular contractions with a significant increase in the MI. Taken together with previous findings, these results suggest that central GABAergic and glutamatergic signaling, with the coordination of both peripheral motilin and ghrelin, regulate phase II contractions of MMC in the fasted state.</p>","PeriodicalId":39619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Smooth Muscle Research","volume":"54 0","pages":"91-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1540/jsmr.54.91","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36984407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacological identification of β-adrenoceptor subtypes mediating isoprenaline-induced relaxation of guinea pig colonic longitudinal smooth muscle.","authors":"Daisuke Chino,&nbsp;Tomoyo Sone,&nbsp;Kumi Yamazaki,&nbsp;Yuri Tsuruoka,&nbsp;Risa Yamagishi,&nbsp;Shunsuke Shiina,&nbsp;Keisuke Obara,&nbsp;Fumiko Yamaki,&nbsp;Koji Higai,&nbsp;Yoshio Tanaka","doi":"10.1540/jsmr.54.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1540/jsmr.54.13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Object We aimed to identify the β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) subtypes involved in isoprenaline-induced relaxation of guinea pig colonic longitudinal smooth muscle using pharmacological and biochemical approaches. Methods Longitudinal smooth muscle was prepared from the male guinea pig ascending colon and contracted with histamine prior to comparing the relaxant responses to three catecholamines (isoprenaline, adrenaline, and noradrenaline). The inhibitory effects of subtype-selective β-AR antagonists on isoprenaline-induced relaxation were then investigated. Results The relaxant potencies of the catecholamines were ranked as: isoprenaline > noradrenaline ≈ adrenaline, whereas the rank order was isoprenaline > noradrenaline > adrenaline in the presence of propranolol (a non-selective β-AR antagonist; 3 × 10^-7 M). Atenolol (a selective β₁-AR antagonist; 3 × 10^-7-10^-6 M) acted as a competitive antagonist of isoprenaline-induced relaxation, and the pA₂ value was calculated to be 6.49 (95% confidence interval: 6.34-6.83). The relaxation to isoprenaline was not affected by ICI-118,551 (a selective β₂-AR antagonist) at 10^-9-10^-8 M, but was competitively antagonized by 10^-7-3 × 10^-7 M, with a pA₂ value of 7.41 (95% confidence interval: 7.18-8.02). In the presence of propranolol (3 × 10^-7 M), the relaxant effect of isoprenaline was competitively antagonized by bupranolol (a non-selective β-AR antagonist), with a pA₂ value of 5.90 (95% confidence interval: 5.73-6.35). Conclusion These findings indicated that the β-AR subtypes involved in isoprenaline-induced relaxation of colonic longitudinal guinea pig muscles are β₁-AR and β₃-AR.</p>","PeriodicalId":39619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Smooth Muscle Research","volume":"54 0","pages":"13-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1540/jsmr.54.13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35913744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"β-Adrenoceptor subtypes and cAMP role in adrenaline- and noradrenaline-induced relaxation in the rat thoracic aorta.","authors":"Shunsuke Shiina,&nbsp;Ayaka Kanemura,&nbsp;Chihiro Suzuki,&nbsp;Fumiko Yamaki,&nbsp;Keisuke Obara,&nbsp;Daisuke Chino,&nbsp;Yoshio Tanaka","doi":"10.1540/jsmr.54.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1540/jsmr.54.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Object We identified the β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) subtypes responsible for the relaxant responses to adrenaline (AD) and noradrenaline (NA) in the rat thoracic aorta and examined the role of cAMP which is involved in these relaxant responses. Methods The effects of β-AR antagonists or the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ 22,536 on AD- and NA-induced relaxant responses in phenylephrine-induced contraction and increases in cAMP levels were examined in isolated, endothelium-denuded rat thoracic aorta segments. Results AD-induced relaxation was completely suppressed by propranolol (10^-7 M) or by ICI-118,551 (10^-8 M) plus atenolol (10^-6 M), and was also very strongly inhibited by ICI-118,551 (10^-8 M) alone. AD (10^-5 M) increased tissue cAMP levels by approximately 1.9-fold compared with that in non-stimulated aortic tissue, but did not significantly increase cAMP levels in the presence of ICI-118,551 (10^-8 M) or SQ 22,536 (10^-4 M). AD-induced relaxation was strongly suppressed by SQ 22,536 (10^-4 M). NA-induced relaxation was almost completely suppressed by atenolol (10^-6 M) plus ICI-118,551 (10^-8 M) although it was hardly affected by ICI-118,551 (10^-8 M) alone. NA (10^-5 M) increased tissue cAMP levels by approximately 2.2-fold compared with that in non-stimulated aortic tissue, but did not significantly increase cAMP levels in the presence of atenolol (10^-6 M) or SQ 22,536 (10^-4 M). NA-induced relaxation was strongly suppressed by SQ 22,536 (10^-4 M). Conclusion In rat thoracic aorta, AD- and NA-induced relaxations, which are both strongly dependent on increased tissue cAMP levels, are mainly mediated through β₂- and β₁-adrenoceptors respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":39619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Smooth Muscle Research","volume":"54 0","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1540/jsmr.54.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35913743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of calcium channels and endothelial factors in nickel induced aortic hypercontraction in Wistar rats.","authors":"Shahnawaz Ahmad Wani,&nbsp;Luqman Ahmad Khan,&nbsp;Seemi Farhat Basir","doi":"10.1540/jsmr.54.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1540/jsmr.54.71","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the mechanism of nickel augmented phenylephrine (PE)-induced contraction in isolated segments of Wistar rat aorta.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Effect of varying concentrations of nickel on PE-induced contraction were investigated in isolated segments of Wistar rat aorta using an organ bath system. Aortic rings were pre-incubated with verapamil (1 µM and 20 µM), gadolinium, apocynin, indomethacin or N-G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) separately before incubation with nickel.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Endothelium intact aortic rings incubated with 100 nM, 1 µM or 100 µM of nickel exhibited 80%, 43% and 28% increase in PE-induced contraction, respectively, while no such enhancing responses were observed in endothelium denuded aorta. Incubation of aortic rings with 1 µM and 20 µM verapamil suggested an involvement of influx of calcium through T-type calcium channels in smooth muscle cells, while aortic rings pre-incubated with gadolinium showed no role of store operated calcium channels in the nickel effect on PE-induced contractions. The enhancing effect of nickel on PE-induced contractions was inhibited by apocynin, indomethacin or L-NAME.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nickel has caused augmentation of PE-induced contractions as a result of the endothelial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) dependent endothelium contracting factors (EDCFs), which increases the influx of extracellular calcium through T-type Ca²⁺ channels in smooth muscle cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":39619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Smooth Muscle Research","volume":"54 0","pages":"71-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1540/jsmr.54.71","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36482404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MECHANOMEDICINE: applications of mechanobiology to medical sciences and next-generation medical technologies.","authors":"Keiji Naruse","doi":"10.1540/jsmr.54.83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1540/jsmr.54.83","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mechanical stress underlies most aspects of cell and organismal biology. Mechanomedicine is a field of biology that seeks to understand molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and individual responses to mechanical stimuli and aims to apply the gained knowledge to improve health. Combining biology and engineering, we explore research areas including mechanosensitive ion channels, heart failure, and regenerative medicine.This review will describe our findings in mechanobiology, our establishment of a joint venture business as we developed devices responding to medical needs, and our alliance with other companies.</p>","PeriodicalId":39619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Smooth Muscle Research","volume":"54 0","pages":"83-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1540/jsmr.54.83","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36482405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of stress during the mirror drawing test on electrogastrograms of subjects who underwent gastrointestinal surgery involving either total gastrectomy, distal gastrectomy, or total esophagectomy with colonic replacement.","authors":"Shinji Homma","doi":"10.1540/jsmr.54.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1540/jsmr.54.43","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electrogastrograms (EGGs) were recorded from 16 locations on the thoraco-abdominal surface to find the maximum absolute power foci during rest (RAP) and the maximum ratio of the % content during the mirror drawing test (MDT) compared to that during rest (%C-MDT/R) for both the 3 cpm (2.4-4.9) and 6 cpm (5.0-7.4) groups. The maximum foci were obtained from control subjects and those who received gastro-intestinal surgery via total gastrectomy (TG), distal gastrectomy (DG), and total esophagectomy with colonic replacement (CR). The control mean of the infraumbilical channels 10-16 (I) expressed as %C-MDT/R of the 3 cpm group was higher than the mean of the supraumbilical channels 1-9 (S) (I>S, P<0.001). The maximum focus of the 3-cpm %C-MDT/R was in the left umbilical area, while that of the 6-cpm %C-MDT/R was found bilaterally in the right epigastric and left umbilical areas, interposed by the lower %C-MDT/R gastric area. Therefore, the presence of gastric EGG inhibition and colonic facilitation are suggested to occur during MDT. In TG and DG, the foci of the %C-MDT/R in the 3-cpm group were located bilaterally in the right epigastric and left umbilical areas. The shifts of foci suggest colonic EGG facilitation. The mean S of the 3-cpm group was significantly higher than the mean I with CR (S>I, P<0.05). The maximum foci of the 3- and 6-cpm groups were in the epigastrium. These results suggest colonic EGG facilitation in the epigastrium, as the stomach has been removed and the original gastric location is instead occupied by the transverse colon in CR.</p>","PeriodicalId":39619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Smooth Muscle Research","volume":"54 0","pages":"43-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bd/64/jsmr-54-043.PMC6060278.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36342695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of Pompe disease on smooth muscle: a review.","authors":"Angela L McCall, Jeffrey Salemi, Preeti Bhanap, Laura M Strickland, Mai K Elmallah","doi":"10.1540/jsmr.54.100","DOIUrl":"10.1540/jsmr.54.100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pompe disease (OMIM 232300) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding acid α-glucosidase (GAA) (EC 3.2.1.20), the enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing lysosomal glycogen. The primary cellular pathology is lysosomal glycogen accumulation in cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and motor neurons, which ultimately results in cardiorespiratory failure. However, the severity of pathology and its impact on clinical outcomes are poorly described in smooth muscle. The advent of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in 2006 has improved clinical outcomes in infantile-onset Pompe disease patients. Although ERT increases patient life expectancy and ventilator free survival, it is not entirely curative. Persistent motor neuron pathology and weakness of respiratory muscles, including airway smooth muscles, contribute to the need for mechanical ventilation by some patients on ERT. Some patients on ERT continue to experience life-threatening pathology to vascular smooth muscle, such as aneurysms or dissections within the aorta and cerebral arteries. Better characterization of the disease impact on smooth muscle will inform treatment development and help anticipate later complications. This review summarizes the published knowledge of smooth muscle pathology associated with Pompe disease in animal models and in patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":39619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Smooth Muscle Research","volume":"54 0","pages":"100-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/81/77/jsmr-54-100.PMC6380904.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36984406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The expression of genes involved in myometrial contractility changes during ex situ culture of pregnant human uterine smooth muscle tissue.","authors":"Marina Ilicic,&nbsp;Trent Butler,&nbsp;Tamas Zakar,&nbsp;Jonathan W Paul","doi":"10.1540/jsmr.53.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1540/jsmr.53.73","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ex situ analyses of human myometrial tissue has been used to investigate the regulation of uterine quiescence and transition to a contractile phenotype. Following concerns about the validity of cultured primary cells, we examined whether myometrial tissue undergoes culture-induced changes ex situ that may affect the validity of in vitro models.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine whether human myometrial tissue undergoes culture-induced changes ex situ in Estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) expression. Additionally, to determine whether culture conditions approaching the in vivo environment influence the expression of these key genes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Term non-laboring human myometrial tissues were cultured in the presence of specific treatments, including; serum supplementation, progesterone and estrogen, cAMP, PMA, stretch or NF-κB inhibitors. ESR1, PTGS2 and OXTR mRNA abundance after 48 h culture was determined using quantitative RT-PCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Myometrial tissue in culture exhibited culture-induced up-regulation of ESR1 and PTGS2 and down-regulation of OXTR mRNA expression. Progesterone prevented culture-induced increase in ESR1 expression. Estrogen further up-regulated PTGS2 expression. Stretch had no direct effect, but blocked the effects of progesterone and estrogen on ESR1 and PTGS2 expression. cAMP had no effect whereas PMA further up-regulated PTGS2 expression and prevented decline of OXTR expression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Human myometrial tissue in culture undergoes culture-induced gene expression changes consistent with transition toward a laboring phenotype. Changes in ESR1, PTGS2 and OXTR expression could not be controlled simultaneously. Until optimal culture conditions are determined, results of in vitro experiments with myometrial tissues should be interpreted with caution.</p>","PeriodicalId":39619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Smooth Muscle Research","volume":"53 0","pages":"73-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1540/jsmr.53.73","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35121298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}