Journal on Baltic Security最新文献

{"title":"Should Russian Military Leaders Opt for Tactical Escalation in the Baltic States and Kaliningrad?","authors":"Col. Kaspars Pudāns","doi":"10.2478/jobs-2021-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jobs-2021-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Russia once again pushes its way to emerge as a major power in the international order after losing this status in the modern ‘time of troubles’ in the 1990s. Its political and military strategic leaders demonstrated willingness to employ all instruments of power as means of escalation to achieve this goal. Meanwhile, tactical military commanders are the ones in direct control of military escalation means and therefore their motivations, agility and rationality are also important factor in the Russian escalation processes towards the West. This research will look at these processes through lenses of game and decision-making theories.","PeriodicalId":395627,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Baltic Security","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123993949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Chinese Factor in the Baltic States’ Security","authors":"Konstantinas Andrijauskas","doi":"10.2478/jobs-2021-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jobs-2021-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Based on representative primary sources as well as authoritative academic and think tank analyses, this article aims to evaluate the role that Asia's emerging superpower came to play in the Baltic trio's security, with particular emphasis on its harder aspects and most recent developments, which marked a certain shift in the respective bilateral relationships. Structured according to the conventional levels of international relations analysis and rough chronological order, the qualitative study tracks the more or less direct impact of China for the comprehensive security of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania ranging from the systemic (global) to purely bilateral domains. The results show that China has indeed become a security factor to be reckoned with there, particularly since roughly 2017–2019 and primarily due to its deepening strategic partnership with Russia. Some of its security effects, however, are even older, more nuanced, yet still significant. Since roughly 2019, however, China's security factor has increasingly acquired challenging and even threatening characteristics as is most clearly demonstrated by its relationship dynamics with Lithuania.","PeriodicalId":395627,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Baltic Security","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122392672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Resistance Operating Concept. Promises and pitfalls of (violent) underground resistance","authors":"Asta Maskaliūnaitė","doi":"10.2478/jobs-2021-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jobs-2021-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper aims to contribute to discussion on comprehensive defence development by looking into Resistance Operating Concept and Comprehensive Defence Handbook. These two documents are designed as a guide for the countries facing a formidable adversary to help them develop resistance (including violent) infrastructure before the potential invasion. After discussing the main tenets of the concept and suggesting a wider engagement with case studies and scientific literature on this and similar topics, the paper addresses the pitfalls and considerations of preparing such resistance in peacetime, focusing on five areas: C2, legitimacy, recruitment, potential problems in long-term and communication.","PeriodicalId":395627,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Baltic Security","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122927622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defence Expenditures of Nato Member States in the Times of Covid and the New US Administration: Selected Observations","authors":"G. Kozlowski","doi":"10.2478/jobs-2021-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jobs-2021-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract NATO member states have been steadily increasing their levels of defence expenditures since 2015. In 2020, already ten member states met the NATO financial guidelines of spending at least 2% of their gross domestic product (GDP) for defence, including 20% for major equipment. In addition, many other countries were planning to achieve this target by 2024. There are two factors, however, which could slow down this process. First, economic recession as a follow up to COVID-19 will have a negative influence on the state budgets. Defence spending could start decreasing in nominal terms, followed by the challenges in meeting NATO financial guidelines. Second, while President Donald Trump put the Alliance's burden-sharing in the centre of his policy vis-à-vis European allies, the current US administration, represented by the Democratic Party, will put more emphasis on multilateral cooperation as well as soft security instruments, including development and diplomacy. In consequence, even if the White House is going to stand strongly with 2/20% rule, it might lessen the pressure on European allies, especially Germany, to significantly accelerate defence spending, seeing transatlantic relationship in a broader division of risks and responsibilities. In this article, it is suggested that due to the economic crisis of the 2020s and the shift in the policy of the US Government, NATO member states would slow down, in short and mid-term perspectives, the process of increasing defence expenditures.","PeriodicalId":395627,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Baltic Security","volume":"224 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130525374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mission Command in a Modern Military Context","authors":"N. Nilsson","doi":"10.2478/jobs-2021-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jobs-2021-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The development of capabilities for national defence among land forces in the Baltic region underscores the need for mission command as a guiding principle of leadership and command. However, the practice of mission command in the contemporary military context is far from straightforward. This article presents the results of a survey conducted with Swedish Army officers, examining their perspectives on positive as well as negative influences on their ability to utilize mission in their contemporary working environment. While mission command is envisioned to become increasingly important in the future, several obstacles are identified to its utilization and development.","PeriodicalId":395627,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Baltic Security","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130082766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Territorial Defence, Comprehensive Defence and Total Defence: Meanings and Differences in the Estonian Defence Force","authors":"Viljar Veebel, I. Ploom, Liia Vihmand, Krzystof Zaleski","doi":"10.2478/jobs-2020-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jobs-2020-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Defence policy and related activities, such as territorial defence and comprehensive defence, are considered a matter of national priority and consensus in Estonia since its restoration of independence in 1991. The actual meaning and its content have depended on numerous linguistic and cultural factors. Educational traditions and alliance relations have played an important role as well. In some cases, changes in actual defence policy content first required an ability to change military terminology and outlook. The current study analyses the meaning of territorial defence, comprehensive defence and total defence in official documents and based on focus group interviews among officers of BDCOL and EMA.","PeriodicalId":395627,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Baltic Security","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126377711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial Introduction: Special Issue on Understanding of Total Defence in the Baltic Countries","authors":"Asta Maskaliūnaitė","doi":"10.2478/jobs-2020-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jobs-2020-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Welcome to the Special Issue of the Journal on Baltic Security, which will focus on the conceptualisation of ‘total defence’ and the issues surrounding it. As our authors note, a vision of defence is not created in a vacuum, but is an answer to the changing geopolitical environment and perceptions of actors. This applies to the great powers, but even more so to the smaller states that have to be even more adaptable to the continuous fluctuations of the world politics. The Baltic countries are very good examples of the development of various options for national defence that small actors faced with a much larger potential adversary can explore. The last twenty years of existence have witnessed the experiments conducted by the Baltic countries with various options and ideas to ensure their continuous existence and enhance their security. The revival of the concept of ‘total defence’ in all three countries, separately but simultaneously, serves as a good example of such innovations (since innovation is considered a well-forgotten old) in defence. The ‘total defence’ concept, as Dr. Ieva Berzina writes, is closely linked with the defence posture of neutral, nonaligned states during the Cold War. For these states, neutrality implied a necessity to deal with defence issues, since they could not explicitly rely on outside help. As these states (Finland, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, etc.) were less populous and militarily viable than their potential adversaries, there arose an idea of multiplying their strength through societal engagement; this would serve the purpose of defending their countries from possible aggression. The purpose of this type of defensive posture was both to deter the aggressor and, if this deterrence failed, to use these societal capabilities to resist aggression. The end of the Cold war also led to an eclipse of this model of defence. As threats came to be located in the farflung regions of the world and countries became more engaged in expeditionary, peacekeeping operations rather than focusing on the self-protection, there seemed to be little need for territorial defence and even less need for the total defence. The situation again changed in 2014 due to Russian aggression in Ukraine and a more forceful posture towards European countries, leading to a renaissance in the concept of total defence as well. The Baltic countries had some engagements with the concept of total defence through their collaboration with their Swedish and Finnish counterparts after their restorations of independence took place. These two countries had significant influence on the thinking of defence policymakers, especially in Latvia and Estonia, and through them, some of the conceptual thinking on the model of ‘total defence’ found its way into the policies of these countries as well. The Lithuanian trajectory was somewhat different, yet, at the very beginning of the 1990s, its toying with neutrality also led to discussions of a suitable defence model ","PeriodicalId":395627,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Baltic Security","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126124538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive defence in Latvia – rebranding state defence and call for society's involvement","authors":"Kristine Atmante","doi":"10.2478/jobs-2020-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jobs-2020-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores how comprehensive defence has been introduced in Latvia, and focuses on society's involvement and tasks in the state defence. This approach envisages a significant change in society's relationship with the armed forces and state defence. Differently from many other countries, Latvia maintains its system without introducing conscription and instead puts efforts towards youth education in defence. Additionally, the Ministry of Defence involves different society groups and NGOs in defining their role in state defence. This article also discusses the concepts of resistance and non-collaboration as part of comprehensive defence.","PeriodicalId":395627,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Baltic Security","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125615707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening Resilience of Lithuania in an Era of Great Power Competition: The Case for Total Defence","authors":"Liudas Zdanavičius, Nortautas Statkus","doi":"10.2478/jobs-2020-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jobs-2020-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In response to the power redistribution in the international system, the United States prepares for long-term Great power competition. It is aiming at strengthening America's network of alliances and partnerships in order to counter a rising China and revisionist Russia. The other states react to greater or lesser extent to the changing constraints and opportunities in the international system. The article examines how Lithuania, being a small state that belongs to the North Atlantic Alliance, is adapting to these systemic pressures. Current NATO's deterrence posture in the Baltic region is something akin to deterrence by the assured response – NATO is sending a signal that if the Russians attacked, NATO would respond in the Baltics. Lithuania, as well as other Baltic countries, has undertaken many legal, procedural, financial and technical measures to boost resilience and deterrence. However, there are not enough national or NATO military forces that would be able to counter conventional Russian forces deployed in the region. There are challenges such as air defence and control of the Baltic Sea. Also land forces are not present in adequate quantities. As a result, Lithuania has to strengthen its own capabilities with the help of the allied countries. It argued in the article that building up a total defence system in Lithuania would be a right effort in this regard.","PeriodicalId":395627,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Baltic Security","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123628463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From ‘total’ to ‘comprehensive’ national defence: the development of the concept in Europe","authors":"I. Bērziņa","doi":"10.2478/jobs-2020-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jobs-2020-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article discusses the idea of comprehensive national defence from a wide historical and geographical perspective. Countries facing different security challenges have used the concept of involving the entire society in state defence. From a historical perspective, ‘total defence’, with an emphasis on military components, was used primarily by non-aligned states during the Cold War; the breakdown of the Soviet Union reduced the importance of ‘total defence’; however, the emergence of hybrid threats in the 21st century has contributed to the rebirth of the concept in the form of ‘comprehensive national defence’, for application in circumstances wherein potential adversaries use military and non-military means in an integrated manner.","PeriodicalId":395627,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Baltic Security","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115420716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}