Annals of the ICRP最新文献

{"title":"Data that revolutionise the fundamentals of radiation protection over 100 years and WAM model.","authors":"M Bando, Y Tsunoyama, Y Yonekura, H Toki","doi":"10.1177/01466453251412153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251412153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The main concern of the public is the risk of low dose rate radiation. While we recognise that we are continuously exposed to natural radiation as long as we live on this planet, it is natural to worry that the effects of additional exposure to man-made radiation will accumulate over our lifetimes and affect our children and grandchildren. According to the LNT/LQM on which radiation protection regulations are based, the risk of mutation is determined by the total cumulative exposure dose. The question is whether the risk accumulates. The latest data on genomic variation in low dose radiation exposure were reported by Gondo at the ICRP2023 conference. These groundbreaking data suggest changes in the formula that allow only mutant cells to accumulate. This report focuses on this and provides clear answers to the above questions by introducing a whack-a-mole (WAM) model that incorporates the organism's inherent ability to eliminate mutant cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251412153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148044097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-situ radiometric assessment of Ruru region in Gulmi, Nepal.","authors":"B V Khatri, H Kalakhety, O P Niraula, R Khanal","doi":"10.1177/01466453251412539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251412539","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we investigated the distribution of natural radiation and dose rates in the Ruru and Satyawati 1 regions of Gulmi district along the Kaligandaki River in Nepal, known for its abundance of Shaligram (fossil stones). The assessment of radioactivity levels in this region is crucial for evaluating potential radiological hazards to human health. Utilising the portable gamma-ray spectrometer PGIS-2 with a NaI(Tl) detector, we calculated various radiological hazard parameters associated with radionuclides, including radium equivalent activity, absorbed gamma dose rates in air, annual effective dose rate, external hazard index, and internal hazard index. The comparison was made among three wards: Ruru 1, Ruru 2, and Satyawati 1. The average absorbed dose rates in air for Ruru 1, Ruru 2, and Satyawati were 103.9, 104.2, and 118.2 nGy h^-1, respectively, all surpassing the world average value of 59 nGy h^-1. External hazard index values for Ruru 1, Ruru 2, and Satyawati were 0.60, 0.59, and 0.68, respectively, within the world-recommended safety limit. Importantly, no significant health issues were identified in the studied region, emphasising the importance of ongoing monitoring and assessment of natural radiation levels for ensuring community well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251412539"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148044118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haematopoietic stem cells in an organ-on-a-chip system for longterm ionising radiation studies.","authors":"L T L Tay, C E L Chua","doi":"10.1177/01466453251412554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251412554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Long-term, low-dose rate (LDR) ionising radiation has been found to increase the risk of leukaemia and other haematological effects. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these effects can be useful for guiding radiation protection policies. This study explores the utility of an organ-on-a-chip (OOC) system as a platform for prolonged LDR studies on haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Control samples exhibited a higher population of cells in the primitive state than irradiated samples, revealing a nuanced impact of prolonged LDR exposure on HSC behaviour. RNA profiling further identified differential expression in 166 genes between these samples, offering insights into molecular mechanisms underlying the radiation response. This study underscores the usefulness of OOC systems in advancing our understanding of longer-term responses to LDR irradiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251412554"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148044076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do not waste time and money for AOP: Admitting LNT as a scientific fact is the highest priority for revised general recommendation.","authors":"Y Hamaoka","doi":"10.1177/01466453251412610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251412610","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adverse outcome pathway (AOP) analysis is getting attention from radiation researchers. This study aims to examine the validity of AOP in the study of radiation health effects. For this purpose, a bibliometric analysis of previous research on AOP and a quantitative analysis of AOP-Wiki were conducted. A keyword search with 'adverse outcome pathway' in Web of Science (WoS) yielded 920 hits in 190 journals. The first article that related AOP to radiological protection was published in Health Physics in 2015 and proposed 'Integrating Basic Radiobiological Science and Epidemiological Studies' to reduce the uncertainty in risk estimates. Since that initial proposal, 31 radiation-related AOP articles have been published in four journals. Among them, 21 articles were published in the <i>International Journal of Radiation Biology</i>. Despite the wide range of knowledge necessary to complete links from radiation exposure to population responses, the contribution is biased toward biology. At the OECD AOP-Wiki, 437 AOPs have been registered, but only 29 were endorsed as reliable. Among the 14 radiation-related AOPs, AOP 272, 'Deposition of energy leading to lung cancer', reached the most advanced OECD approval status. It registered the following common sense link: 'Energy deposition (molecular initiating event)', 'Increase, DNA strand breaks (KE1)', 'Insufficient DNA repair (KE2)', 'Increase, mutations (KE3)', 'Increase, chromosomal abnormalities (KE4)', 'Increase, cell proliferation (KE5)', 'Increase, lung cancer (AO)'. According to NCRP's review on radiation epidemiology published in 2018, 'Most of the larger, stronger studies broadly supported an LNT model'. To explain this relationship, quantitative evaluation is necessary for each chain, for example, the probability of DNA break and repair considering the dependence on location in the organ. However, among the 14 key event relationships, 7 are rated low in quantitative understanding. The unified field theory that aims to integrate quantum mechanics and relativity is far from complete in physics. Integrating biology and epidemiology: A series of events at different levels, from molecular to population, seems impossible in principle. The fact that the OECD hosts the AOP-Wiki, which prioritises economic development rather than public health, causes a conflict of interest concern. In the case of the Minamata disease, despite it being clear that the cause was fish caught in Minamata Bay, the Japanese government did not regulate fishing and distribution of fish because the causality is unclear. Adherence to mechanisms could lead to delays in regulation and more significant health hazards. The LNT model should be confirmed as a scientific fact, and AOP studies should be separated from regulations for radiation protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251412610"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148044078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A survey of image-guided radiation therapy practices around the globe.","authors":"C J Martin","doi":"10.1177/01466453251412496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251412496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Improvements in conforming radiation fields to tumours in radiotherapy have increased the potential for successful treatment of cancer. However, achieving successful delivery requires the patient to be positioned on the treatment couch accurately. X-ray imaging using on-board imaging systems incorporated into linacs is performed to verify patient positioning, frequently at every treatment fraction. The x-ray imaging exposes normal tissues surrounding the tumour and carries a risk of inducing second cancers. The reductions in high-dose treatment margins achieved with image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) must be balanced against harm from additional imaging doses. ICRP Task Group 116 has been set up to prepare guidance on radiological protection aspects of IGRT. The task group has undertaken a survey of imaging practices in radiotherapy in nine countries across the world. This has shown that kilovoltage (kV) cone beam computed tomography (CT) is used widely, and the level of use increases with the Human Development Index for the country. The survey has shown that there is limited awareness of the doses from imaging in radiotherapy centres, a lack of expertise in diagnostic imaging, and limited recording of patient doses. This has informed the task group in the development of guidance.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251412496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148044093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-cancer effects of radiation exposure: Cataracts, diseases of the circulatory system, and beyond.","authors":"N Hamada, T V Azizova, M P Little","doi":"10.1177/01466453251412552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251412552","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For the purpose of radiological protection, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has categorised non-cancer effects having a threshold-type dose response as tissue reactions (formerly called deterministic effects), and recommended equivalent dose limits to prevent the occurrence of such tissue reactions. Accumulated evidence has demonstrated that some non-cancer effects arise years or decades following radiation exposure at doses and dose rates much lower than previously considered. In 2011, ICRP recommended a nominal threshold of 0.5 Gy to the ocular lens for cataracts and to the heart and brain for diseases of the circulatory system, independent of dose rate. Research published since continues to advance knowledge. Elevated risks of cataracts below 0.5 Gy have been reported in several cohorts, but limited evidence is available for the risk of cataract removal surgery. For diseases of the circulatory system, increased risks have been reported in various cohorts, in many with a mean dose <0.2 Gy, and in various medically and occupationally exposed groups for doses <0.5 Gy, but the existence or otherwise of a threshold dose is unclear. There is mounting evidence for the radiation risk of normal-tension glaucoma and neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system (e.g. Parkinson's disease). In this article, we briefly review recent developments in such late-occurring non-cancer effects and consider the potential implications for radiological protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251412552"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148044102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking tissue reactions to radiation exposure: The tissue-sparing effect as a threshold for radiation-induced male infertility.","authors":"H Fukunaga, K M Prise","doi":"10.1177/01466453251412161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251412161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The principle of microbeam radiotherapy (MRT) is the delivery of a single high-dose fraction to a large treatment area divided into several smaller fields, to reduce the treatment's overall toxicity. Since the fundamental concept of MRT was first established, a notable tissue-sparing effect (TSE) has been confirmed in a large variety of species and tissue types, although the underlying biological mechanism in this process remains unclear. By coupling high-precision MRT with an ex-vivo mouse spermatogenesis model, we demonstrated the significant testicular TSE for maintaining spermatogenesis following MRT. To our knowledge, this was the first TSE identified in reproductive tissue. Our high-precision microbeam analysis also revealed that an efficient TSE for spermatogenesis relies on the size of the non-irradiated germ stem cell pool in the irradiated testicular tissues, suggesting the involvement of stem cell migration/competition. These findings of testicular TSE indicate that radiation infertility is not dose-dependent, but instead depends on micro-dosimetric conditions, and that the limit of the TSE is a potential threshold for radiation-induced male infertility.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251412161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148044068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The investigation of the impact of new ICRU95 operational quantities on the reference fields at JAEA-FRS in terms of the type-testing of the dosimeters.","authors":"H Yoshitomi, T Tsuji, S Nishino, Y Tanimura","doi":"10.1177/01466453251411986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251411986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ICRU has published Report 95 jointly with ICRP in 2020 proposing new operational quantities. This will impact dosimetry in radiological protection especially for the dosimeters' performance of energy and angular dependence. To test the performance in detail, it is important to establish radiation reference fields corresponding to the new quantities. The Facility of Radiation Standards (FRS) of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency is a comprehensive Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory in Japan equipped with various reference fields for x-, gamma-, beta-, and neutron radiations. We evaluated the conversion coefficients in terms of the new quantities in the FRS fields and demonstrated type-testing of commercial dosimeters based on the new quantities, which made it possible to conduct the performance tests of the dosimeters in terms of the new quantities at the FRS. Significant differences between the conversion coefficients for new and existing operational quantities were found for some FRS fields, especially for x-ray fields with low energies and large angles, beta-ray fields on the operational quantities for eye lens monitoring, and neutron radiation fields. The <i>H</i>* and <i>H</i>_p responses of the dosimeters were found to be affected at low-energy photon region accordingly.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251411986"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148044059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promoting digital tool usability for supporting everyday life in reconstruction areas after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station accident: Results of a pilot study.","authors":"T Ohba, A Goto, H Nakano, Y Koyama, K Honda, Y Fujita, Y Hirofuji, K Yoshida, K E Nollet, M Murakami, K Tanigawa","doi":"10.1177/01466453251412101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251412101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Comprehensive support for the everyday life of people in reconstruction areas around the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station should include access to specialists. This prompted the original development and recent user satisfaction survey of the 'Mimamoru Health Application' (MHApp), a digital tool connecting people to specialists and their expertise. To improve MHApp user satisfaction, user data from April 2021 to January 2023 were collected and analysed. Participants included affected populations (evacuees and returnees), unaffected residents, and local healthcare workers living in Fukushima Prefecture. Data included MHApp's system usability on a 0-100 scale [system usability scale (SUS)], user background characteristics, and free-text comments about using MHApp. In total, 47 participants joined this study. The number of days participants used MHApp was 17.3 ± 14.7 (mean ± SD). The SUS mean ± SD was 57.4 ± 13.2. Age-specific SUS scores were higher among users 20-40 years old than among users 50 + years old (<i>p</i> = 0.03). These results, along with free-text comments, suggest that improving the visualisation of various data and addressing the needs of users aged 50 years and older were key to better usability of MHApp.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251412101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148044105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classification of harmful radiation-induced effects on human health for radiological protection purposes: history and concepts.","authors":"F Zölzer, L Vaillant, L Ainsbury, O Azimzadeh, C Badie, D Brown, A Francois, N Hamada, S Jacob, C Li, M Sasaki, C Zervides, D Laurier, T Schneider, H Carpenter, H Essop, V Hande, M Kocemba, J Lopes, A Valenti, A Woerner","doi":"10.1177/01466453251412089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251412089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The classification of harmful radiation-induced effects into 'stochastic' and 'deterministic' or 'cancer/heritable effects' and 'tissue reactions' has played a significant role in the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) over a number of decades. More recently, however, there has been a debate regarding the adequacy of the current scheme for classification of health effects with current scientific evidence. While these scientific aspects are discussed in greater detail in a parallel article, we will emphasise the practical importance of the classification itself here. The setting of dose limits is quite different for 'deterministic' and 'stochastic' effects. In the first case, provided reliable data regarding the threshold doses for radiation effects on a particular tissue are available, the dose limit is supposed to avoid harm altogether. With 'stochastic effects', the expected risks at the dose limit are supposed to be 'tolerable'. Below the dose limit, optimisation must be aimed for based on the 'prudent' assumption that the stochastic risks linearly depend on the dose and that there is no threshold. If the distinction between the two kinds of harmful effects is drawn into question, possible consequences for the system of radiological protection need to be considered, especially in the context of its aims as they currently apply, namely, 'to manage and control exposures to ionising radiation so that deterministic effects are prevented, and the risks of stochastic effects are reduced to the extent reasonably achievable'. It may be necessary, moreover, to discuss if and how the terminology used by ICRP (and others), in particular the terms 'deterministic effects' and 'tissue reactions', should continue to be used for the classification of radiation effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251412089"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148036218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}