Annals of the ICRP最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of Effective Dose for Exposures in The Environment.","authors":"Kimiaki Saito","doi":"10.1177/0146645320916969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146645320916969","url":null,"abstract":"It is often said that radiological protection is a practical science and I quite agree. There are many cases where decisions must be made even if the scientific knowledge is imperfect. In such cases, the decision should be made using the best scientific knowledge available at the time. Effective dose is a typical example of a useful concept for such decisions in radiological protection as a practical science. The biological effect of exposure to radiation below 100mSv is, as well known, not thoroughly elucidated; nevertheless, radiological protection needs to be implemented appropriately for the safe use of radiation which provides huge benefits to human lives via various applications such as nuclear energy and medical use. The concept of effective dose was invented more than 40 years ago by Professor Wolfgang Jacobi (Jacobi, 1975), and since its adoption by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP, 1991) has played an essential role in radiological protection as the basic protection quantity. I was lucky to get the chance to meet Professor Jacobi while attending his 60th birthday party which was held in 1988 at the Gesellschaft für Strahlenforschung (GSF) (now Helmholtz Zentrum München). At that time, Professor Jacobi was serving as the director of one of the research institutes of GSF. He was so kind to smile and talk to the stranger who joined the party by chance while studying at GSF for a single year. During the party, a scientific journal with articles dedicated to him and his work was presented to him as a gift. It was quite an inspiring moment, and I decided to continue working in the field of radiological protection. I remember, after returning to Japan, arguments with my colleagues on how effective dose is useful in radiological protection. I was in favour of using effective dose, but could not argue sufficiently about its merits at that time. The fact that effective dose has been used for more than 40 years has proved its usefulness. Dose coefficients for external exposures in the environment have been studied for a long time. The first comprehensive studies on this subject were those by Dillman (1974), and Poston and Snyder (1974). Since then, many researchers, myself included, have tackled this subject, mainly using computer simulations, and several articles have been published. Before effective dose was established, dose coefficients were calculated for the whole body and specific organs. After the invention of effective dose, dose coefficients were estimated mainly in terms of effective dose, and have been an essential input for dose evaluation in the environment.","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":"49 2","pages":"7-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0146645320916969","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38641562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chinese Institute for Radiation Protection European Commission UAE Federal Authority for Nuclear Regulation US Department of Energy US Environmental Protection Agency","authors":"F. A. Kaabi, P. Allisy, Meshary Alnuaimi, K. Applegate, N. Ban, Catrin Bauréus Koch, Alistair Bell, T. Berris, É. Blanchardon, W. Bolch, S. Bouffler, M. Cantone, N. Caplin, K. Cho, R. Clarke, C. Clement, Kelsey Cloutier, D. Cool, C. Cousins, M. Cowie, K. Eckerman, A. Endo, Scott Foley, H. Fujita, Juan J. Burgos Gallego, E. G. Diaz, Julian Ginniver, D. Giuffrida, J. jónsdóttir, N. Hamada, G. Hammer, Naomi Harley, John D Harrison, Marcia Hartman, Dan Hibbing, T. Higuchi, T. Homma, Mark D. Hoover, M. Hosono, Chan Hyeong Kim, L. Jødal, D. Jokisch, M. Kai, Alexandra Kamp, K. Kang, I. Kawaguchi, P. Kazantsev, B. Kerr, L. Kratzwald, C. Larsson, D. Laurier, Lynn Lemaire, Chunsheng Li, J. Lochard, Stephen Long, R. Loose, M. A. López, Sigur ur Magnússon, Yahong Mao, J. Climent, Colin J. Martin, N. Martinez, P. Mattera, F. Mettler, Miguel Mota, Rock Neveau, A. Nisbet, J. O. Ramos, J. Pentreath, Nina Petoussi-Heinss, K. Potts, J. Preston, R. Puckett, M. Rehani, Julie Reyjal, M. Rosenstein, W. Rühm, M. Sasaki, Y. Sasa","doi":"10.1177/0146645320953807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146645320953807","url":null,"abstract":"Chinese Society for Radiation Protection Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety, Germany National Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, France Health Canada Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission American Academy of Health Physics Society for Radiological Protection, UK Radiation Effects Association, Japan International Radiation Protection Association American Association of Physicists in Medicine Dutch Society for Radiation Protection National Inspectorate for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection, Italy Canadian Radiation Protection Association Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency Centre d’étude sur l’Evaluation de la Protection dans le domaine Nucléaire, France Federal Agency for Nuclear Control, Belgium Société Française de Radioprotection, France Medical Physics Association, Italy Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology, Italy Danish Society for Medical Physics Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA International Organisation for Medical Physics Society for Radiation Protection, Israel EURAMED Nordic Society for Radiation Protection Nordic Nuclear Safety Research South African Association of Physicists in Medicine and Biology National Centre for Radiation Protection, Delft University, Netherlands Spanish Radiation Protection Society East Tennessee Chapter of the Health Physics Society, USA Spanish Society of Medical Physics Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine, UK Icelandic Radiation Safety Authority ENUSA Industria Avanzandas, Spain Australasian Radiation Protection Association South Pacific Environmental Radioactivity Association RP Alba Limited","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":"49 1","pages":"146 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0146645320953807","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64982720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ICRP Publication 145: Adult Mesh-Type Reference Computational Phantoms.","authors":"C H Kim, Y S Yeom, N Petoussi-Henss, M Zankl, W E Bolch, C Lee, C Choi, T T Nguyen, K Eckerman, H S Kim, M C Han, R Qiu, B S Chung, H Han, B Shin","doi":"10.1177/0146645319893605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146645319893605","url":null,"abstract":"Following the issuance of new radiological protection recommendations in ICRP Publication 103, the Commission released, in ICRP Publication 110, the adult male and female voxel-type reference computational phantoms to be used for calculation of the reference dose coefficients (DCs) for both external and internal exposures. While providing more anatomically realistic representations of internal anatomy than the older stylised phantoms, the voxel phantoms have their limitations, mainly due to voxel resolution, especially with respect to small tissue structures (e.g. lens of the eye) and very thin tissue layers (e.g. stem cell layers in the stomach wall mucosa and intestinal epithelium). This publication describes the construction of the adult mesh-type reference computational phantoms (MRCPs) that are the modelling counterparts of the Publication 110 voxel-type reference computational phantoms. The MRCPs include all source and target regions needed for estimating effective dose, even the micrometre-thick target regions in the respiratory and alimentary tract organs, skin, and urinary bladder, assimilating the supplementary stylised models. The MRCPs can be implemented directly into Monte Carlo particle transport codes for dose calculations (i.e. without voxelisation), fully maintaining the advantages of the mesh geometry. DCs of organ dose and effective dose and specific absorbed fractions (SAFs) calculated with the MRCPs for some external and internal exposures show that while some differences were observed for small tissue structures and for weakly-penetrating radiations the MRCPs provide the same or very similar values as the previously published reference DCs and SAFs, which were calculated with the Publication 110 reference phantoms and supplementary stylised models, for most tissues and penetrating radiations. Consequently, the DCs for effective dose (i.e. the fundamental protection quantity) were not found to be different. The DCs of ICRP Publication 116 and the SAFs of ICRP Publication 133 thus remain valid.","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":"49 3","pages":"13-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0146645319893605","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38730367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addendum 1 to ICRP <i>Publication 128</i>: Radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals: a compendium of current information related to frequently used substances [Ann. ICRP 44(2S), 2015].","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/0146645320936035","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0146645320936035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"146645320936035"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38158107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/0146645320936626","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0146645320936626","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"146645320936626"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38133826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ERRATUM.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/0146645320916587","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0146645320916587","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"146645320916587"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37803617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chinese Institute for Radiation Protection European Commission UAE Federal Authority for Nuclear Regulation US Department of Energy US Environmental Protection Agency.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/0146645320937495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146645320937495","url":null,"abstract":"Chinese Society for Radiation Protection Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety, Germany National Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, France Health Canada Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission American Academy of Health Physics Society for Radiological Protection, UK Radiation Effects Association, Japan International Radiation Protection Association American Association of Physicists in Medicine Dutch Society for Radiation Protection National Inspectorate for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection, Italy Canadian Radiation Protection Association Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency Centre d’étude sur l’Evaluation de la Protection dans le domaine Nucléaire, France Federal Agency for Nuclear Control, Belgium Société Française de Radioprotection, France Medical Physics Association, Italy Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology, Italy Danish Society for Medical Physics Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA International Organisation for Medical Physics Society for Radiation Protection, Israel EURAMED Nordic Society for Radiation Protection Nordic Nuclear Safety Research South African Association of Physicists in Medicine and Biology National Centre for Radiation Protection, Delft University, Netherlands Spanish Radiation Protection Society East Tennessee Chapter of the Health Physics Society, USA Spanish Society of Medical Physics Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine, UK Icelandic Radiation Safety Authority ENUSA Industria Avanzandas, Spain Australasian Radiation Protection Association South Pacific Environmental Radioactivity Association RP Alba Limited","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":"49 1","pages":"298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0146645320937495","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38153020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Reference Computational Phantom Family.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/0146645320945216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146645320945216","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":"49 1","pages":"299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0146645320945216","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38541927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ICRP Publication 143: Paediatric Reference Computational Phantoms.","authors":"W E Bolch,&nbsp;K Eckerman,&nbsp;A Endo,&nbsp;J G S Hunt,&nbsp;D W Jokisch,&nbsp;C H Kim,&nbsp;K-P Kim,&nbsp;C Lee,&nbsp;J Li,&nbsp;N Petoussi-Henss,&nbsp;T Sato,&nbsp;H Schlattl,&nbsp;Y S Yeom,&nbsp;M Zankl","doi":"10.1177/0146645320915031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146645320915031","url":null,"abstract":"An important new feature in the 2007 Recommendations was a change in the way that doses from internal and external sources of ionising radiation were calculated. Previously, relatively simple mathematical models of the human body were used to calculate how energy from exposure to radiation is deposited in the various organs and tissues. With Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007), more sophisticated reference computational phantoms based on medical tomographic images replaced the simpler models.","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":"49 1","pages":"5-297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0146645320915031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38541924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ICRP Publication 142: Radiological Protection from Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) in Industrial Processes.","authors":"J-F Lecomte,&nbsp;P Shaw,&nbsp;A Liland,&nbsp;M Markkanen,&nbsp;P Egidi,&nbsp;S Andresz,&nbsp;J Mrdakovic-Popic,&nbsp;F Liu,&nbsp;D da Costa Lauria,&nbsp;H B Okyar,&nbsp;P P Haridasan,&nbsp;S Mundigl","doi":"10.1177/0146645319874589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146645319874589","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this publication is to provide guidance on\u0000 radiological protection in industries involving naturally occurring radioactive material\u0000 (NORM). These industries may give rise to multiple hazards and the radiological hazard is\u0000 not necessarily dominant. The industries are diverse and may involve exposure of people and\u0000 the environment where protective actions need to be considered. In some cases, there is a\u0000 potential for significant routine exposure of workers and members of the public if suitable\u0000 control measures are not considered. Releases of large volumes of NORM may also result in\u0000 detrimental effects on the environment from radiological and non-radiological constituents.\u0000 However, NORM industries present no real prospect of a radiological emergency leading to\u0000 tissue reactions or immediate danger for life. Radiological protection in industries\u0000 involving NORM can be appropriately addressed on the basis of the principles of\u0000 justification of the actions taken and optimisation of protection using reference levels. An\u0000 integrated and graded approach is recommended for the protection of workers, the public, and\u0000 the environment, where consideration of non-radiological hazards is integrated with\u0000 radiological hazards, and the approach to protection is optimised (graded) so that the use\u0000 of various radiological protection programme elements is consistent with the hazards while\u0000 not imposing unnecessary burdens. For workers, the approach starts with characterisation of\u0000 the exposure situation, and integration, as necessary, of specific radiological protective\u0000 actions to complement the protection strategy already in place or planned to manage other\u0000 workplace hazards. According to the characteristics of the exposure situation and the\u0000 magnitude of the hazards, a relevant reference level should be selected and appropriate\u0000 collective or individual protective actions taken. Exposure to radon is also treated using a\u0000 graded approach, based first on application of typical radon prevention and mitigation\u0000 techniques, as described in <italic>Publication 126</italic>. A similar approach should be\u0000 implemented for public exposure through the control of discharges, wastes, and residues\u0000 after characterisation of the situation. If the protection of non-human species is\u0000 warranted, it should be dealt with after an assessment of radiological exposure appropriate\u0000 for the circumstances, taking into account all hazards and impacts. This should include\u0000 identification of exposed organisms in the environment, and use relevant derived\u0000 consideration reference levels to inform decisions on options for control of exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":"48 4","pages":"5-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0146645319874589","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37475938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}