Annals of the ICRP最新文献

{"title":"Intermediate risk factors in ionising radiation cataractogenesis.","authors":"K Neriishi, R B Richardson","doi":"10.1177/01466453251412608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251412608","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent reports indicate a new concept of low-dose ionising radiation cataractogenesis. In 2020, a two-stage aetiology of initiation and maturation was proposed by Richardson and colleagues for posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) and perhaps cortical cataract development. The mechanisms involve various oxidative stress and biochemical factors, some of which are relevant to A-bomb survivors, such as ocular ion imbalance, inflammation, and maybe oxygen level changes. An example of a known, specific cataractogen is hypoparathyroidism and associated hypocalcaemia. However, a recent report indicated calcium overload in situ is also a cataractogen. In fact, Neriishi and colleagues in 2003 reported a preliminary analysis of the serum in A-bomb survivors, finding persistent inflammation and calcium levels that were statistically significant as indirect systemic effects in the dose response of PSC and cortical cataract. Therefore, the above reports linking cataractogenesis to 'intermediate variables' and perhaps insulin resistance strongly support the preliminary results in A-bomb survivors. US astronauts display similar excess cataracts and serum-derived biomarkers. Thus, further analyses of updated datasets from A-bomb survivors and astronauts allowing for these intermediate risk factors and retinal/uveal pathologies are required to test these new concepts in ionising radiation cataractogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251412608"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148399541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Summary of the WNA-ICRP workshop on optimisation of risk based on the all-hazards approach.","authors":"M Lips","doi":"10.1177/01466453251412147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251412147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ICRP initiated a review of the System of Radiological Protection. Contributing to this the World Nuclear Association (WNA) organised a workshop in collaboration with ICRP covering optimisation and communication as main topics. This article summarises the outcome of the optimisation part. ICRP and WNA addressed the expectations referred to the review and corresponding challenges. In this context ICRP mentioned the TG114 work, whereas WNA underpinned the need to include industry expertise in the review. A regulatory perspective and several examples of successful applications of the optimisation principle were presented. As an outcome, four main areas were identified, which need to be looked at more closely. These were the all-hazards approach as radiation was not always the primary hazard, graded approach as too much focus on very low doses doesn't deliver reasonable 'value for money' for society, balanced regulations for the different hazards as over-conservatism in one field hampers an all-hazards approach, and simplicity as the existing system in some parts confuses society and practitioners. ICRP isn't expected to develop an all-embracing 'all-hazards approach' to protection. A clear upfront top-tier statement in the revised Recommendations recognising that radiation cannot be considered in isolation would allow authorities to implement such an approach into the national regulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251412147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Specific absorbed fractions for reference individuals for the current and next general recommendations.","authors":"D W Jokisch","doi":"10.1177/01466453251411688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251411688","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The calculation of doses to organs and tissues of interest due to internally emitting radionuclides requires knowledge of, amongst other quantities, the fraction of energy emitted from a source region which is absorbed per mass of a target region. This quantity is the specific absorbed fraction (SAF). <i>Publication 133</i> contains SAF values for the reference adults, and the <i>Publication 155</i> contains the same for the reference paediatric individuals along with explanations for their derivation and use. Computation of SAF values involves simulating radiation transport in computational models which represent the geometry of the reference individuals. The reference voxel phantoms of <i>Publications 110</i> and <i>143</i> were used for photon and neutron transport and most of the electron transport. Additional computational models were used for charged particles in small, overlapping, or interlaced geometries. SAF values developed for the next general recommendations will benefit from the development of mesh phantoms including those in <i>Publication 145</i>. Finally, additional opportunities for improvements to SAF values will be discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251411688"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To leave or not to leave: a tiered assessment of the impacts of scale residue from decommissioned offshore oil and gas infrastructure in australia.","authors":"A E MacIntosh, T Cresswell, D J Koppel, G A Hirth, R A Tinker, K A Dafforn, A Chariton, B Penrose, A D Langendam","doi":"10.1177/01466453251412155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251412155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current liability for decommissioning offshore oil and gas infrastructure in Australia is estimated to exceed US$ 31 billion over the next 50 years. This is founded on the base-case regulatory position of complete removal of all infrastructure, with over half the liability occurring in the next 10 years. Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) are ubiquitous in oil and gas reservoirs worldwide and may form contamination products including scales and sludges in production infrastructure. Globally, assessment of the ecological impact of in-situ decommissioning typically fails to consider the long-term effects of exposure to potential contaminants contained within pipelines. There remain broad gaps in our understanding of NORM contaminants in the marine environment and how to effectively assess and measure the risk of NORM to marine organisms. This article discusses the application of a tiered assessment process to determine potential radioecological impacts of pipeline scale related to decommissioning practices using real-world NORM scale: (1) advanced nuclear and imaging techniques to characterise NORM-contaminated scale; (2) conducting radiological biota dose modelling using MicroShield and ERICA for different decommissioning scenarios; and (3) performing a series of marine infauna-exposure tests to understand the bioaccumulation and organ biodistribution of scale-associated constituents. This research provides a methodological approach that contributes valuable insights to inform infrastructure decommissioning planning. Several research gaps remain in our understanding of the fate of NORM contaminants in subsea oil and gas systems relative to decommissioning risk assessments including investigating radiobiological effects in marine organisms at elevated NORM levels and the establishment of a NORM inventory to better understand its characteristics and formation from different types of infrastructure.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251412155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Doses and risks in common medical examinations-impact of age and sex.","authors":"R Wakeford, J D Harrison","doi":"10.1177/01466453251411996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251411996","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 2007 Recommendations of ICRP set out a system of radiological protection that is scientifically based, prudent in its assumptions, and practicable in its application. The system is designed to be straightforward in its use around the world, enabling the control of doses and risks arising from differing exposure situations, but it is not directed at specific individual circumstances. Effective dose is a fundamental concept in the ICRP system. It is a measure of dose that relates to risks of stochastic health effects in the context of a globally averaged population but is often applied, without sufficient thought, to particular exposures experienced by particular individuals. However, using the methodology used to derive risk coefficients for the ICRP 2007 Recommendations, an effective dose can be associated with a risk estimate that results from appropriate adjustments for sex, age-at-exposure, and (broadly speaking) population group. This process is illustrated by considering the risks associated with effective doses for a range of medical diagnostic procedures. In comparison with the aggregated detriment to health set out in the 2007 Recommendations for a population of all ages, enhancement factors of 2-3 are appropriate for exposure of a young boy and of 3-4 for a young girl. The aggregated detriment applies without enhancement to men aged in their mid-20s and women in their mid-30s but steadily reduces for increasing age-at-exposure, reaching a factor of 0.5 for men in their early-50s and women in their early-60s, and so on. It is debatable whether anything beyond such broad-brush adjustments of stochastic risk per effective dose is required for routine protection purposes, but this remains a central question for ICRP as the evolution of the system is considered. It is a question that will be explored by ICRP Task Group 128.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251411996"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multidisciplinary challenge to assess the next-generation risks of low-dose-rate long-term gamma-ray exposure by whole-genome sequencing in the mouse model.","authors":"Y Gondo, A Uchimura, M Yoneya, S Tanaka, J Komura, M Kimura, M Ohno, H Toki, M Bando, Y Tsunoyama, Y Matsumoto, H Maki, Y Shimada","doi":"10.1177/01466453251412152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251412152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To assess the biological risks of low-dose/low-dose-rate long-time radiation exposure, we have been conducting the multigenerational accumulation of de-novo mutations. We have succeeded in detecting spontaneous and radiation-induced mutations in the control and exposed mice, respectively, by using the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technology. We have already identified over 4000 de-novo mutations in a total of 42 offspring mice compared to the original common pair of mice. It took less than 2 years from the first mating of the original pair to the completion of WGS; thus, it is very quick and cost-effective compared to the specific-locus test which is one of the representative risk assessment methods. According to the number of detected mutations, the precision and statistical power to detect de-novo mutations are extremely higher than any conventional risk assessment methods in the mouse model. We have detected a significant increase in the 20 mGy day^-1-induced base substitutions, which is the lowest dose rate ever detected in radiation-induced base substitutions. The mouse mutagenesis model based on the WGS technology, therefore, should provide a powerful tool to the risk assessment system, particularly on the low-dose/low-dose-rate long radiation exposures.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251412152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148254021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geiger-Müller counter tube survey metres with resolving times greater than approximately 2000 µs should not be used for contamination inspection at Operational Intervention Level 4.","authors":"K Kakuta, A Hasegawa","doi":"10.1177/01466453251412162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251412162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The International Atomic Energy Agency sets standards for the decontamination of radioactive materials adhering to the body surface at Operational Intervention Level 4. Contamination is determined using instruments designed to measure surface contamination, such as the Geiger-Müller counter tube survey metre (GM survey metre). This study was performed to evaluate the validity of using GM survey metres to inspect the surface contamination of evacuees during a nuclear disaster. We measured the resolving time (RT) of GM survey metres and examined the relationship between the corrected count rate and surface contamination density. The RTs of all objects were longer than the Japanese Industrial Standards standard value of 250 μs. Our study suggests that the RT should be maintained at <2000 µs to avoid overestimation during contamination inspection. Close attention is required to maintain the RT within this time, and GM survey metres with long RTs should be excluded from inspections to maintain the adequacy of contamination estimation.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251412162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148253981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establish facility DRLs based on clinical indication and BMI categories for CT scan.","authors":"A Jouini, S Al Mohannadi, A Barah, S AlKhazzam","doi":"10.1177/01466453251412024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251412024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This retrospective study explored the impact of patient size, as characterised by body mass index (BMI), on CT dose indices [CTDI_vol and dose-length product (DLP)] across five clinical indications. Analysing 1743 CT scan exams within five BMI categories defined by the Qatar obesity guidelines and covering five clinical indications, data were collected from two CT models of the same manufacturer. The results consistently demonstrated a proportional increase in CTDI_vol values with rising BMI: ∼140% for overweight individuals, ∼180% for obese class I, ∼240% for obese class II, and ∼310% for obese class III. Notably, grossly overweight patients received approximately 140% more dose than that of those with normal weight, and obese class I patients required twice the standard dose. These findings underscore the influence of BMI, clinical indication, and machine model on CT scan radiation, highlighting the crucial need for personalised dose considerations. It contributes valuable insights into the nuanced correlation between BMI and radiation dose, guiding the development of a tailored facility dose reference level to improve optimisation process within the RDM software. It identifies factors in high-alert cases beyond obesity or multiple scans, facilitating the monitoring and comparison of doses across healthcare facilities, and support implementation of new scanning protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251412024"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148044047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data that revolutionise the fundamentals of radiation protection over 100 years and WAM model.","authors":"M Bando, Y Tsunoyama, Y Yonekura, H Toki","doi":"10.1177/01466453251412153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251412153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The main concern of the public is the risk of low dose rate radiation. While we recognise that we are continuously exposed to natural radiation as long as we live on this planet, it is natural to worry that the effects of additional exposure to man-made radiation will accumulate over our lifetimes and affect our children and grandchildren. According to the LNT/LQM on which radiation protection regulations are based, the risk of mutation is determined by the total cumulative exposure dose. The question is whether the risk accumulates. The latest data on genomic variation in low dose radiation exposure were reported by Gondo at the ICRP2023 conference. These groundbreaking data suggest changes in the formula that allow only mutant cells to accumulate. This report focuses on this and provides clear answers to the above questions by introducing a whack-a-mole (WAM) model that incorporates the organism's inherent ability to eliminate mutant cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251412153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148044097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-situ radiometric assessment of Ruru region in Gulmi, Nepal.","authors":"B V Khatri, H Kalakhety, O P Niraula, R Khanal","doi":"10.1177/01466453251412539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01466453251412539","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we investigated the distribution of natural radiation and dose rates in the Ruru and Satyawati 1 regions of Gulmi district along the Kaligandaki River in Nepal, known for its abundance of Shaligram (fossil stones). The assessment of radioactivity levels in this region is crucial for evaluating potential radiological hazards to human health. Utilising the portable gamma-ray spectrometer PGIS-2 with a NaI(Tl) detector, we calculated various radiological hazard parameters associated with radionuclides, including radium equivalent activity, absorbed gamma dose rates in air, annual effective dose rate, external hazard index, and internal hazard index. The comparison was made among three wards: Ruru 1, Ruru 2, and Satyawati 1. The average absorbed dose rates in air for Ruru 1, Ruru 2, and Satyawati were 103.9, 104.2, and 118.2 nGy h^-1, respectively, all surpassing the world average value of 59 nGy h^-1. External hazard index values for Ruru 1, Ruru 2, and Satyawati were 0.60, 0.59, and 0.68, respectively, within the world-recommended safety limit. Importantly, no significant health issues were identified in the studied region, emphasising the importance of ongoing monitoring and assessment of natural radiation levels for ensuring community well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453251412539"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148044118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}