{"title":"Multi-objective optimization of a long-haul truck hybrid operational strategy and a predictive powertrain control system","authors":"M. Fries, M. Kruttschnitt, M. Lienkamp","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2017.7935872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2017.7935872","url":null,"abstract":"An optimum operating strategy is mandatory for early amortization of the expensive Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) powertrain parts. Especially in the operation of long-haul trucks, fuel costs have a huge impact on the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), which is the key entrepreneurial figure in the transportation business. Combined with route information, a Predictive Cruise Control (PPC) System increases the fuel-saving effects. In a MATLAB/Simulink model-based generic approach, the operating strategy and the PPC are optimized using a Genetic Algorithm (GA). The contradiction between minimizing the fuel consumption and simultaneously maximizing the vehicle speed in order to decrease time-related fixed costs has to be solved. This leads to a Multi-Objective Problem (MOP). The operating strategy is developed for a parallel hybrid topology that includes the fuel-saving functions of recuperating, boosting, shifting the load point (SLP) and electric drive only. The following methodology helps to answer the search for an optimum control parameter setup combining the operational strategy and the PPC System in long-haul operations. This paper describes the model building, simulation and optimization of a rule-based control strategy. The route profile and fuel consumption of an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) truck were measured in a real-life test run. The recorded data are used for model building and to validate the simulation tool. With an optimized parameter setup, fuel-saving effects of up to 11 % with simultaneously increasing the vehicle speed were accomplished","PeriodicalId":395329,"journal":{"name":"2017 Twelfth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"s1-8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127199305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influence of the drive train topology and the center of mass on the regenerative braking in electric vehicles","authors":"P. Spichartz, C. Sourkounis","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2017.7935897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2017.7935897","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicles offer the capability to recover energy by electric braking and therefore to extend the range. Due to the dynamic axle load shift during brake applications and corresponding brake force distributions, drive train topologies with single front drive and single rear drive have different potentials with regard to recuperation. The axle load shift of a vehicle is significantly influenced by the position of the center of mass. Chances for an increase of recuperation by shifting the center of mass in consideration of the consequences for handling performance and stability of the vehicle are analyzed and illustrated with simulations.","PeriodicalId":395329,"journal":{"name":"2017 Twelfth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132707239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"EV charging scheduling for cost and greenhouse gases emissions minimization","authors":"Rentao Wu, G. Tsagarakis, A. Collin, A. Kiprakis","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2017.7935877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2017.7935877","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the potential impact of a fleet of electric vehicles charging on the cost of electricity generation, greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and power system demand through low voltage residential demand-side management (DSM). The proposed optimisation algorithm is used to shift electric vehicles charging loads to minimize the combined impact of three key parameters: financial, environmental, and demand variability. The results show that it is effective to reshape the power demand and reduce electricity cost and GHG emissions without affecting people's driving patterns.","PeriodicalId":395329,"journal":{"name":"2017 Twelfth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125412322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Franzò, F. Frattini, V. M. Latilla, F. Foiadelli, M. Longo
{"title":"The diffusion of electric vehicles in Italy as a means to tackle main environmental issues","authors":"S. Franzò, F. Frattini, V. M. Latilla, F. Foiadelli, M. Longo","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2017.7935890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2017.7935890","url":null,"abstract":"Today there is a huge debate about the diffusion of electric vehicles (EV) to reduce air pollution and the countries' dependence on fossil fuels. The aim of this work is to estimate the environmental impact that the diffusion of EV may have in Italy. Notwithstanding the penetration of EV in the Italian market is still negligible, policy makers consider the massive diffusion of EV as a valid answer to tackle pollution issues (especially at city level). The scenario analysis conducted in this work shows how the diffusion of EVs would dramatically reduce CO2 emissions, with particular reference to some Italian regions which offer a higher margin for intervention in terms of number of traditional vehicles that can be replaced with EV.","PeriodicalId":395329,"journal":{"name":"2017 Twelfth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134317600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lieselot Vanhaverbeke, Dries Schreurs, Quentin De Clerck, M. Messagie, J. Van Mierlo
{"title":"Total cost of ownership of electric vehicles incorporating Vehicle to Grid technology","authors":"Lieselot Vanhaverbeke, Dries Schreurs, Quentin De Clerck, M. Messagie, J. Van Mierlo","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2017.7935931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2017.7935931","url":null,"abstract":"High purchase prices of electric vehicles (EV) currently still limit market adoption. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) could provide an opportunity to make profit on EV grid connectivity, and thus reduce the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) in comparison with conventional vehicle technologies. This study is a first step towards integrating V2G benefits in TCO modelling. Our Belgian case study on the city, medium and premium car segment illustrates that the benefits according to the current market conditions are very limited, more specifically the total cost decreases through V2G with 1%–2,59% over the lifetime of a vehicle. Through a Monte Carlo analysis on energy prices and the V2G contract conditions, it is shown that currently mainly in the premium market there is potential for a shift towards cleaner vehicles based on lowest total cost of vehicle technology.","PeriodicalId":395329,"journal":{"name":"2017 Twelfth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132972137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of a flexible battery module bracing on cell aging","authors":"Fabian Ebert, G. Sextl, M. Lienkamp","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2017.7935871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2017.7935871","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium-ion battery cells consist either of a stacked or a wound configuration of a separator between two coated electrodes. The expansion of the graphite anode due to lithium intercalation, when charging, leads to a macroscopic expansion of the cell. State of the art rigid battery module bracing causes a periodic pressure build-up over a full charge/discharge cycle and therefore a compression of the battery separator. Furthermore, this results in a reduced diffusivity of the lithium-ions, which can cause lithium plating. Lithium plating is considered as the main cause of (premature) battery aging. In our paper, we present for the first time the investigation of a flexible spring-loaded cell bracing on cell aging by maintaining a nearly constant pressure. In comparison with the rigid bracing, a different aging speed can be observed in favour of the flexible bracing method.","PeriodicalId":395329,"journal":{"name":"2017 Twelfth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122553207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Murray, P. Gallagher, Ben Duffy, Vincent Mccormack
{"title":"Energy storage solutions for offshore wave and tidal energy prototypes","authors":"D. Murray, P. Gallagher, Ben Duffy, Vincent Mccormack","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2017.7935944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2017.7935944","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the motivations for energy storage solutions for offshore Wave Energy Converters (WEC) and tidal energy prototypes. It examines the power and energy storage solutions on offer for developers to aid them during the design stage. Energy storage solutions examined include lead acid batteries, lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, lithium ion capacitors and diesel for diesel generators. A focus is placed on key installation, operation and maintenance requirements associated with the apparent suitable technologies which are often overlooked. A case study examining a tidal developer's energy storage needs is then presented.","PeriodicalId":395329,"journal":{"name":"2017 Twelfth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115575317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A new hybrid method for the fast computation of airgap flux and magnetic forces in IPMSM","authors":"M. Hecquet, E. Devillers, J. Le Besnerais","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2017.7935904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2017.7935904","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a new hybrid method is developed for the fast and accurate computation of air gap flux density in the open-circuit Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (IPMSM). The rotor magnetomotive force is estimated using a single non-linear FEA simulation. Then, rotor motion and stator slotting effect are included without loss of calculation performance using the semi-analytical subdomain method initially developed for Surface Permanent Magnet Machines. This hybrid method calculates the time and spatial distribution of radial and tangential airgap flux in a few seconds. It can be used to quickly estimate electromagnetic quantities (cogging torque, back emf) as well as magnetic forces for the electromagnetic and vibroacoustic design optimization of electric motors. The method is applied to the vibroacoustic analysis of the IPM machine of the Toyota Prius 2004 at open-circuit state and variable speed. Results show that the maximum sound power level occurs when the air gap magnetic pressure harmonics excite the breathing mode of the stator structure.","PeriodicalId":395329,"journal":{"name":"2017 Twelfth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"346 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123187754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An evaluation of the car-free city potential for the city of Munich regarding mobility data","authors":"Johannes Betz, Sophia Prottung, M. Lienkamp","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2017.7935875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2017.7935875","url":null,"abstract":"The challenges for the city of tomorrow are a sustainable local economy, a holistic environmental and energy political concept, attractive public places and a sustainable mobility concept. One possibility to reach this goals is the development of car-free cities. Today a flatly expulsion of vehicles from the city is not possible because the mobility demands of the people have to satisfied. For this reason, this paper presents an evaluation of the car-free city potential for the city of Munich regarding collected mobility data. The evaluation is done by using different methods in order to determine the car-free potential: Analysis of ring zones and parcels in the city, the analysis of the street utilization and a time analysis of the recorded trips. The discussion of the results display that it is possible to integrate car-free zones, car-free areas or car-free days in the inner city of Munich.","PeriodicalId":395329,"journal":{"name":"2017 Twelfth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131733590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Insulating sandwich housing structures for the thermal management of battery packs","authors":"F. Weidmann","doi":"10.1109/EVER.2017.7935955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2017.7935955","url":null,"abstract":"Modern electric vehicle battery thermal management systems provide sophisticated means to control the temperature of its battery cells within the optimal temperature range. This is crucial as Lithium-Ion battery cells result in reduced lifespans if exposed to temperatures above 50°C. On the other hand, temperatures below 10°C lead to a reduced capacity and with respect to electric vehicles in reduced driving ranges. The OPTEMUS project therefore develops a thermal insulating battery module housing that thermally disconnects the battery cells from the ambient temperature, providing a more stable temperature profile and more efficient thermal management of the battery. Different housing materials and designs have been developed to provide thermal insulating properties while also withstanding mechanical forces. Based on a concept module design of Fraunhofer LBF, two different fiber reinforced plastic sandwich structures have been manufactured with insulating foam cores and analyzed with respect to their cellular structures and resulting thermal properties. The cellular structure was detected three-dimensionally via computer tomography analysis. The manufactured sub-module housings were tested in a climatic chamber at −10°C and compared to a benchmark housing design based on aluminum as construction material. Results showed that the cell temperatures decrease 250 to 400 % slower using foam core sandwich structures as housing material compared to an aluminum housing while providing large scale manufacturability via the injection molding process.","PeriodicalId":395329,"journal":{"name":"2017 Twelfth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129799387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}