Nano Energy最新文献

{"title":"Thermoelectric-driven self-powered microneedle sensor for continuous interstitial fluid glucose monitoring","authors":"Jun-Hsuan Chung ,&nbsp;Jaba Roy Chowdhury ,&nbsp;Kai-Po Fan ,&nbsp;Kuei-Lin Liu ,&nbsp;Bishal Kumar Nahak ,&nbsp;Anindita Ganguly ,&nbsp;Manish Kumar Sharma ,&nbsp;Parag Parashar ,&nbsp;Sangmin Lee ,&nbsp;Zong-Hong Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The demand for continuous, non-invasive biomarker monitoring in personalized healthcare has accelerated the development of energy-autonomous biosensing systems. Herein, we present a fully self-powered, wearable glucose biosensor that integrates microneedle (MN)-based electrochemical sensing with flexible thermoelectric energy harvesting. The platform employs a skin-conformable thermoelectric generator (TEG) composed of p-n bismuth telluride (Bi₂Te₃) thermoelements embedded within a stretchable Ecoflex matrix, which effectively converts skin-ambient thermal gradients into electrical power. A custom-designed miniaturized voltage regulation circuit regulates the harvested voltage, delivering a stable 0.4-0.8 V output sufficient to operate a chronoamperometric sensing module without external power sources. The MN working electrode is engineered with a hierarchical graphene interface and a conformal bimetallic Au/Pt thin film to enhance electroactive surface area, electron transfer kinetics, and enzyme immobilization capacity. Glucose oxidase (GOx) is subsequently immobilized onto the electrode surface to enable selective enzymatic oxidation of glucose, generating a quantifiable electrochemical signal. Among three evaluated MN geometries, the 1 mm tip height configuration demonstrated optimal dermal interfacing and electrochemical performance, yielding the highest current response. In vitro assessments in artificial interstitial fluid demonstrated a linear detection range of 4-24 mM glucose with high sensitivity and minimal cross-reactivity to interfering analytes. <em>In vivo</em> validation in a rat model confirmed strong correlation with blood glucose levels, demonstrating effective diabetes monitoting, excellent biocompatibility, and robust tissue integration. This work presents a potential platform for self-sustained, robust non-invasive glucose monitoring and sets a foundation for next-generation wearable biosensors in personalized medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":394,"journal":{"name":"Nano Energy","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 111505"},"PeriodicalIF":17.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145229293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-performance and humidity-resilient cement-based triboelectric nanogenerators (CBTENGs) via surface functionalisation","authors":"Wenkui Dong ,&nbsp;Allen J. Cheng ,&nbsp;Caiyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Justin Prabowo ,&nbsp;Shuhua Peng ,&nbsp;Hengyu Guo ,&nbsp;Yuan Chen ,&nbsp;Wengui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cement-based triboelectric nanogenerators (CBTENGs) are promising for enabling sustainable energy harvesting in intelligent civil infrastructure. However, performance degradation in humid and wet environments remains a critical challenge. This study presents a comprehensive strategy that combines functional fillers and surface modification to enhance both the electric output performance and environmental adaptability of CBTENGs. Recycled graphitic carbon materials derived from hydrogen production are incorporated into cement matrices to optimise charge-trapping and dielectric behavior. Two cementitious surface techniques – oxygen plasma treatment and perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (POTS) coating via chemical vapor deposition – were systematically compared. While oxygen plasma treatment introduces polar functional groups that increase hydrophilicity and suppress output, POTS coatings render the cementitious surface highly hydrophobic, significantly improving charge retention in moist conditions. The optimised CBTENG (containing 0.5 wt% graphitic carbon and a POTS coating) achieves a peak open-circuit voltage of ∼480 V and a short-circuit current of ∼3 µA, and can sustain performance in wet conditions with over 75 % output retention. Several practical applications are demonstrated, including capacitor charging, LED powering, wind-driven energy harvesting from a house roof, and pavement-based energy collection under wet traffic conditions. The results provide an innovative approach to achieving durable and high-performance CBTENGs, advancing the integration of energy-harvesting concrete into smart and self-powering infrastructure systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":394,"journal":{"name":"Nano Energy","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 111503"},"PeriodicalIF":17.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145226758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaporation meets gravity: Natural-force-driven fabrication of multifunctional flexible sensors for pressure, proximity, and material recognition","authors":"Peihua Xu ,&nbsp;Lida Zhu ,&nbsp;Baoquan Chang ,&nbsp;Song Wang ,&nbsp;Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Zhongtan Zhang ,&nbsp;Huanyu Yang ,&nbsp;Chengkuo Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multifunctional flexible sensors play a pivotal role in applications requiring intelligent tactile, such as soft robotics and prosthetics. However, their development is often hindered by complex fabrication processes and high costs. This study presents a simple, scalable strategy for fabricating a multifunctional flexible sensor by harnessing natural forces—evaporation and gravity. A thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer/carbon nanotube (CNT) sensing dielectric with a hollow dome structure is prepared via natural evaporation. Subsequently, gravity-driven sedimentation of liquid metal (LM) in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/CNT solution is employed to fabricate a Janus-structured PDMS/CNT/LM film<strong>.</strong> The components are assembled into a sandwich-type sensor integrating multiple sensing mechanisms: piezoresistive/piezocapacitive effect, fringing effect, and triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). The sensor exhibits considerable pressure sensitivity (0.044 kPa⁻¹), a fast response time of TENG (&lt; 20 ms), and a non-contact sensing range of approximately 20 cm. Dual-mode capacitive–resistive sensing enables seamless detection of approach, touch, and pressure without crosstalk. Moreover, the synergistic between the TENG and the piezoresistive/capacitive responses allows for dynamic and static pressure perception and enables intelligent material identification with over 93 % accuracy when assisted by a Random Forest algorithm. This work highlights the potential of natural forces in the design and fabrication of flexible sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":394,"journal":{"name":"Nano Energy","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 111501"},"PeriodicalIF":17.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic repulsion-assisted hybrid breeze wind energy harvester with non-contact triboelectric sensor for self-sustainable device conditioning and environmental monitoring applications","authors":"Aklesh Teli ,&nbsp;Trilochan Bhatta ,&nbsp;Shital Sharma ,&nbsp;Gagan Bahadur Pradhan ,&nbsp;Sagar Sapkota ,&nbsp;Moon Seong Jo ,&nbsp;Jae Yeong Park","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Generating substantial energy from slow and inconsistent breezy wind is a major challenge for conventional wind energy harvesters. Herein, a magnetic repulsion-assisted hybrid breeze wind energy harvester (MR-HWEH) is proposed, comprising an electromagnetic generator to harvest low and stochastic ambient wind and non-contact single electrode self-powered triboelectric sensors (NC-SPTS) to detect wind speed, direction, and self-maintenance alerting for monitoring device condition. The magnetic repulsion-based levitation supports the weight of the turbine and rotating layer, thereby reducing its effective mass, savonius turbine offers higher drag force on the blade, allowing it to rotate at low stochastic wind efficiently, and the repulsive force extends the rotational duration by 2.5 times. The top moving and bottom stationary layers have eight magnets in repulsive configuration, a middle stationary coil layer, and four sets of NC-SPTS across the perigee of moving layer and inside wall of enclosure. The fabricated electromagnetic generator (EMG) can deliver an average power density of 14.08 Wm⁻³ at low stochastic wind speed of 3 ms⁻¹. Additionally, NC-SPTS comprising Nylon (6/6) and PVDF-HFP pairs can effectively detect wind speed (2.91 V/ms⁻¹; 1.5–5 ms⁻¹ and 0.642 V/ ms⁻¹; 6–14 ms⁻¹) and wind direction. Moreover, the changes in non-contact gap owing to the inconsistent and random high wind speed can be detected to estimate the device failure using self- maintenance alert signals. Finally, the energy harvesting and wind monitoring functionalities were integrated together with MCU, BLE, and multifunctional environment monitoring sensors (air quality, humidity, temperature) to successfully demonstrate the self-sustainable outdoor IOT monitoring system for future autonomous environment monitoring applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":394,"journal":{"name":"Nano Energy","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 111500"},"PeriodicalIF":17.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NiOx nanoparticles as p-dopants for instant oxidation of Spiro-OMeTAD enabling high-performance and stable perovskite solar cells","authors":"Weina Zhang ,&nbsp;Ludmila Cojocaru ,&nbsp;Haruko Tamegai ,&nbsp;Satoshi Uchida ,&nbsp;Jotaro Nakazaki ,&nbsp;Takeru Bessho ,&nbsp;Xiao Liu ,&nbsp;Hiroshi Segawa","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated remarkable advancements, achieving power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 26 %. A critical component in these devices is 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), which serves as the conventional hole transport material (HTM) in “n-i-p” structural PSCs. However, the optimal functionality of Spiro-OMeTAD necessitates doping with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) and 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP), both of which introduce stability challenges. Li-TFSI is highly hygroscopic, leading to moisture-induced degradation, while tBP exhibits high volatility, compromising the long-term integrity of the hole transport layers (HTLs). Additionally, the preparation of Spiro-OMeTAD typically requires a prolonged oxidation process (8–72 h) to achieve a sufficiently oxidized state with enhanced charge transport properties. In this study, stable oleyl amine (OAm) ligand nickel oxide nanoparticles (noted as the oil-NiO_x NPs) were employed as p-type dopants and instantaneous oxidization agents to accelerate the oxidation of Spiro-OMeTAD. This substitution enhances the dispersion of Li-TFSI in chlorobenzene (CB) and promotes the formation of a uniform HTL film, while simultaneously introducing an immediate oxidation pathway that markedly accelerates the oxidation of Spiro-OMeTAD. In this process, Li⁺ interacts with the NiO_x lattice to generate Ni³⁺ species, which act as transient oxidizing agents and drive the rapid oxidation of Spiro-OMeTAD. Consequently, power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.20 % was achieved, along with enhanced stability under moisture (55 % RH), thermal (85°C), and light exposure conditions, maintaining 94 %, 61 %, and 80 % of their initial efficiency after more than 800 h of continuous operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":394,"journal":{"name":"Nano Energy","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 111499"},"PeriodicalIF":17.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fully self-powered memristor crossbar array with pressure-driven multilevel switching and pattern encoding","authors":"Dong-eun Kim ,&nbsp;Yoonsang Ra ,&nbsp;Yu Min Lee ,&nbsp;Akendra Singh Chabungbam ,&nbsp;Chaeseon Hong ,&nbsp;Minjae Kim ,&nbsp;Hong-Sub Lee ,&nbsp;Dongwhi Choi ,&nbsp;Hyung-Ho Park","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The demand for energy-efficient data processing is driving the development of self-powered systems for next-generation electronic devices. Among these, memristors that operate without external power are especially promising for neuromorphic and edge-computing applications, because their resistive states can be controlled by mechanically harvested energy. This work demonstrates a fully self-powered memristor system that integrates a high-sensitivity triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with a nitrogen-doped TaO_x-based self-rectifying memristor crossbar array. The memristor shows interface-type resistive switching with a high rectification ratio (&gt; 10⁵), stable endurance over 10⁴ cycles, and reliable 3-bit multilevel data storage. The TENG converts mechanical stimuli into electrical signals and produces sufficient voltage and current to operate the memristor without any external power source. Optimization of the external circuit allows highly reproducible, pressure-controlled multilevel resistive switching. A 6 × 6 memristor crossbar array achieves spatially resolved data encoding and pattern recognition, which demonstrates its potential for low-power neuromorphic computing. The memristor’s intrinsic self-rectifying behavior suppresses sneak currents and enables stable performance under high-density integration. This scalable, self-powered memory platform offers promising applications in artificial tactile sensing, physical AI systems, and next-generation neuromorphic hardware.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":394,"journal":{"name":"Nano Energy","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 111497"},"PeriodicalIF":17.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145203488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulating spin configuration of Mn single atoms/Mn atomic clusters catalysts for high-performance zinc-air batteries","authors":"Yingqiang Li,&nbsp;Xinmiao Yu,&nbsp;Yifan Liu,&nbsp;Chao Liu,&nbsp;Jing Jin,&nbsp;Libin Hao,&nbsp;Tao Zhang,&nbsp;Xiang Tang,&nbsp;Pan Xiong,&nbsp;Junwu Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Single-atom catalysts exhibit high efficiency and durability in oxygen reduction reactions (ORR). Among the factors influencing ORR activity, the spin configuration of single-atom catalysts can be effectively tuned through heteroatom doping, diatomic synergy, and coordination number regulation. However, systematic investigations into how atomic clusters modulate the spin configuration and catalytic behavior of single atoms in electrocatalysis remain scarce. Herein, Mn atomic clusters are employed to regulate the spin configuration of Mn single atoms, thereby enhancing their intrinsic activity as the primary active sites for high-performance zinc-air batteries. A porous carbon-based two-dimensional (2D) nanosheet (Mn_SA/Mn_AC-NSC) was synthesized, featuring co-existence of Mn atomic clusters and Mn single atoms. The involvement of Mn clusters induces a spin-state transition of Mn single atoms from high-spin to low-spin, which leads to σ* orbital occupation, facilitated OH⁻ desorption, and consequently accelerated reaction kinetics of the rate-determining step. Mn_SA/Mn_AC-NSC exhibited a high half-wave potential (0.85 V) for ORR, surpassing that of the Mn single atom counterpart (Mn-NSC) (0.81 V) and commercial Pt/C (0.75 V). Besides, a zinc-air battery with the Mn_SA/Mn_AC-NSC cathode could deliver a power density of 152.8 mW cm^⁻² and maintain enduring stability for over 80 h. This work paves the way for designing high-performance single-atom catalysts through cluster-induced spin-state modulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":394,"journal":{"name":"Nano Energy","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 111498"},"PeriodicalIF":17.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145203487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexoelectric enhanced photovoltaic by charge transport modulation in 2D α-MoO3","authors":"Xinyi Hu ,&nbsp;Guan Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Liguo Chen ,&nbsp;Yange Luan ,&nbsp;Li Li ,&nbsp;Junya Huang ,&nbsp;Yinfen Cheng ,&nbsp;Xiao Sun ,&nbsp;Tao Tang ,&nbsp;Yi Liang ,&nbsp;Jinghao Zhuang ,&nbsp;Haibo Huang ,&nbsp;Mingsheng Ma ,&nbsp;Zhifu Liu ,&nbsp;Jian Zhen Ou","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photovoltaic effects in two-dimensional (2D) materials leverage atomic-scale quantum phenomena, enabling ultrathin energy-converting architectures beyond the limits of conventional semiconductors. The strong in-plane bonding combined with the interlayer van der Waals interactions in 2D metal-oxide semiconductors facilitates enhanced strain gradients for generating flexoelectric polarization. The polarization-induced built-in electric field further modulates the metal-semiconductor Schottky barrier, thereby controlling the material's photoresponse performances. Leveraging this mechanism, we synthesized single-crystalline 2D MoO₃ via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) confirmed its robust flexoelectric properties, while conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) induced large strain gradients to enhance photovoltaic response. This work establishes a pathway for flexoelectricity-driven photovoltaic control and performance augmentation in monolithic materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":394,"journal":{"name":"Nano Energy","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 111493"},"PeriodicalIF":17.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145188495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellulose functional materials for moisture-electric generators: Advantages, strategies, and perspectives","authors":"Jilong Mo,&nbsp;Mingjun Chen,&nbsp;Xijun Wang,&nbsp;Xuejiao Lin,&nbsp;Pinhong Chen,&nbsp;Haisong Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cellulose-based materials have emerged as promising candidates for moisture-electric generators (MEGs) due to their renewable nature, biodegradability, and versatile structural adaptability. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advancements in functional cellulose materials for MEGs, focusing on their molecular characteristics, modification strategies, and performance optimization. Cellulose, with its abundant hydroxyl groups and hierarchical structure, facilitates ion gradient diffusion and streaming potential mechanisms for moisture-electric conversion. The critical strategies such as chemical functionalization (e.g., carboxylation, sulfonation), physical modulation (e.g., laser-induced graphitization, blending), and pore structure engineering are systematically discussed to enhance surface charge density, ion transport efficiency, and environmental adaptability. Notably, optimized cellulose-based MEGs achieve voltages exceeding 1 V and power density up to 10⁶ nW cm^-², enabling applications in direct-current sources, self-powered sensors, and smart IoT systems. Challenges such as low-humidity performance, environmental adaptability, and sustainability are prospected, with future perspectives highlighting the need for mechanistic studies, multifunctional integration, and sustainable energy ecosystems. This work underscores cellulose’s potential to drive green energy technologies, offering insights for advancing next-generation, eco-friendly MEGs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":394,"journal":{"name":"Nano Energy","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 111492"},"PeriodicalIF":17.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145188346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Print-compatible morphology optimization strategy reduces the lab-to-module performance gap in organic photovoltaics","authors":"Qiang Wu ,&nbsp;Jintao Yang ,&nbsp;Yiyu Chen ,&nbsp;Ke Zhou ,&nbsp;Qunping Fan ,&nbsp;Long Jiang ,&nbsp;Guanghao Lu ,&nbsp;Wei Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spin-coating technology remains extensively employed in laboratory settings for processing high-efficiency small-area organic photovoltaics. However, when scaling up from cell-level to module-scale fabrication, the spin-coating process-influenced by interfacial wetting behavior and film formation kinetics-produces non-uniform morphological characteristics across both macro- and micro-scales within active-layer films. To address this challenge, we introduce a co-solvent strategy incorporating chloroform (CF), a secondary solvent with lower boiling point and higher surface tension, into chlorobenzene (CB). This formulation optimizes interfacial wetting dynamics, enhances Marangoni velocity, and regulates film formation kinetics. Rheological analysis of the active-layer solution coupled with morphological characterization demonstrates that the co-solvent system enables effective regulation of the film deposition process, which yields uniform large-area films (25 cm²) with optimal phase-separated network structures. The resultant PM6:L8-BO:BTP-eC9 modules processed with co-solvent not only exhibit a notable efficiency of 16.52 % and a fill factor of 74.13 %, which is better than both pure CB- and CF-processed counterparts, but also present the impressive stability. Crucially, slot-die-coated modules fabricated using this co-solvent strategy maintain a competitive PCE exceeding 16 %, underscoring the critical importance of interfacial wetting optimization and kinetic control in developing high-performance, industrially viable photovoltaic modules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":394,"journal":{"name":"Nano Energy","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 111494"},"PeriodicalIF":17.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145188494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}