European Historical Studies最新文献

{"title":"British “imperial federalism” in the vision of Canadian “loyalists” at the end of XIX century","authors":"M. Zapototskyi","doi":"10.17721/2524-048x.2019.14.73-82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2019.14.73-82","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the vision of the Canadian political elites of British “imperial federalism” concept, which resonated with the British Empire in the second half of the nineteenth century. This concept appeared in the circles of British politicians and public figures and, in the long run, should become a federal alliance between the colonies and the United Kingdom. Canada, which at that time was a full-fledged state entity, offered its own vision on this issue. The Canadian political elites, most of whom were supporters of a close relationship with the United Kingdom (the so-called “loyalists”), expressed broad support for the British Crown and a close alliance with Britain. In this article the author draws attention to the concept of “imperial federalism” and its origins, highlights the views of Canada’s major political figures who have expressed their thoughts about the imperial federation, and focuses on discussions about the vision of the future alliance of Canadian politicians. Separately analyzed are the colonial conferences of the late nineteenth century, which became the platform for solving colonial problems. They gave the opportunity to the Canadian “loyalists” to express their own position on the activity mechanism of the Imperial Federation in the future. The emergence of the idea of federalization of the British colonial system in the second half of the nineteenth century became a reaction to the outdated colonial system of the United Kingdom, which required updating and optimization of its work. This idea was geopolitical in its nature, because it was the result of the loss of a dominant position in the world colonial system by the United Kingdom and a desire to reclaim its former positions. The Canadian Loyalists’ vision of the concept of British “imperial federalism” is a clear example of Canadian politicians’ attitudes toward Britain at the end of the 19th century. It was to endorse the British idea by making its own adjustments to the future imperial federal system of the British Empire. The very concept of “imperial federalism” did not find its realization throughout the political debate, and its alternative was the imperial conferences that were held throughout the XX century. It was imperial conferences that served as a platform for solving common colonial problems and facilitated closer ties between the Metropolia and the colonies.","PeriodicalId":394953,"journal":{"name":"European Historical Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129072990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"JOINT CADET SCHOOL OF THE UPR ARMY IN THE FINAL STAGE OF ITS FUNCTIONING IN POLAND (1922–1924)","authors":"I. Sribnyak, M. Paliienko","doi":"10.17721/2524-048x.2021.20.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2021.20.8","url":null,"abstract":"The activity of the Joint Cadet School (JCS) in the camps of the interned military forces of the Ukrainian People’s Republic (URP) appears to be an outstanding example of self-sacrifice and devotion to duty among the majority of cadets and officers. Despite all difficulties of existence in camps along with resettlements, a lack of resources, funds, and facilities necessary for JCS proper functioning, cadets’ vocational training, and their national awareness had never ceased. Thanks to teachers’ endeavors, cadets acquired in-depth knowledge on special (tactics, artillery, fortification, military administration, etc.), as well as general education courses (history and geography of Ukraine, military history, jurisprudence, the Ukrainian and foreign languages, and so forth). Importantly, JCS students on service and off-duty spoke Ukrainian as a matter of principle and fought as best as they could against the dominance of the Russian language in camps. In the circumstances of JCS chronic underfunding, it’s almost sole source for humanitarian aid was financial contributions and gifts from benefactors who acted as Ukrainian charitable and non-governmental organizations, as well as individuals. Their support did not cover all JCS officers’ and cadets’ needs, but thanks to these payments, its permanent personnel had a possibility to teach while cadets had an opportunity to study. Consequently, the Joint Cadet School ceaselessly continued cadet training resulting in four class graduation of young officers (in total, 259 standard-bearers), thus, making its honorable contribution in the enlargement of the UPR Army officer corps. Each of the JCS graduates had a destiny of his own, but solid foundations of statehood awareness in terms of independent Ukraine’s needs decisively impacted the majority of them, determining the rest of their lives and activity.","PeriodicalId":394953,"journal":{"name":"European Historical Studies","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125630280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Approaches of Southern European countries in supporting Ukraine after the full-scale Russian invasion","authors":"Grygoriy Riy","doi":"10.17721/2524-048x.2022.22.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2022.22.7","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to reviewing the government’s response of Southern European countries (Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece) to the full-scale invasion of Russia in Ukraine on 24 February 2022, which is based on the analysis of the researches, analytical papers, and official reports of the state authorities and mass media. Coverage of this topic is explained by the necessity of the full exploration of the Sothern European governments’ key approaches in supporting Ukraine in the struggle with the Russian army, as well as, discovering some new perspectives, using the comparative and transnational methodology. It is defined the term “Southern Europe”, and also outlined the main historiographical interpretations of the countries of the region. Preference is given to a pragmatic approach for characterising the countries of Southern Europe. The central studies of Ukrainian-Italian, Ukrainian-Spanish, Ukrainian-Portuguese and Ukrainian-Greek relations, official reports and mass media used in the study are analysed. It also analyses and compares the changing Southern European governments’ attitudes towards their supporting Ukraine after the Revolution of Dignity, the illegal annexation of Crimea, and the beginning of war in Donbas in 2014, with the united international response after the full-scale Russian invasion on 24 February 2022. In general, the governments of Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece changed completely their policy of supporting or non-supporting Ukraine in the war. If after 2014 they tried to be pragmatic in the question of cutting ties with the Russian Federation in their foreign policy activity, then after the full-scale invasion in 2022 they strongly condemned Putin’s regime and agreed to provide assistance to Ukraine to the extent of their military and financial capabilities. The study found that the assistance of Southern European countries has been provided on the Atlantic (through NATO) and European (through EU) levels, as well as national. Defence ministers of the governments of Southern Europe are among the members of the “Ramstein” meetings, where the provision of military aid to Ukraine is coordinated. The countries of the region have so far given priority to humanitarian, financial aid and lethal weapons assistance (but not heavy ones), and have also accepted a large number of Ukrainian refugees. The assistance provided at each of the levels is illustrated by specific examples. Otherwise, Russian influence on domestic policy, national populistic parties and single members of the government or parliament is still strong. For instance, the Italian governmental crisis that happened in the mid-summer was the result of the unpopular and strong position of the prime minister Mario Draghi in his unwavering support of Ukraine. The countries of the region also see the Russian-Ukrainian war as an opportunity for them to strengthen their influence in the Mediterranean.","PeriodicalId":394953,"journal":{"name":"European Historical Studies","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131408992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EUROPEAN INTEGRATION CHALLENGES IN THE CRIMINAL LAW POLICY OF UKRAINE IN WAR REGIME","authors":"L. Timofeyeva","doi":"10.17721/2524-048x.2022.21.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2022.21.2","url":null,"abstract":"Ukraine’s European integration direction has led to a set of significant changes in legislation and practice. Obviously, this is a high price, but the war has brought Ukraine closer to joining the European Union than ever before. On February 28, 2022, President Volodymyr Zelensky signed an application for Ukraine’s membership in the European Union. On April 8, 2022, during a visit to Kyiv by the President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen, a questionnaire was personally handed over to the Ukrainian side to obtain Ukraine’s candidate status for membership in the European Union. The war in Ukraine showed the effectiveness of European values. It showed their importance not only in the documents, but in concrete steps towards Ukraine’s meeting with European countries, in particular in sanctions against the Russian Federation, its oligarchs, diplomats and high-ranking officials. At the same time, harmonization with the legislation of the European Union still requires comprehensive changes in the legislation of Ukraine, in particular criminal legislation. Moreover, necessity of movement to European values and principles has been identified. Each state is sovereign and unique in the peculiarities of its legal regulation. However European countries are united with the values. The Association Agreement highlights in particular the following values: respect for the rule of law, human rights and fundamental freedoms, non-discrimination, and respect for diversity. The last but not the least, it should be noted that Ukraine has already taken some steps towards such an approximation, but there are still many unresolved issues, including methodological. The draft of the new criminal legislation of Ukraine, which is being developed by the Working Group from 2019, should take into account the peculiarities of European law, but also preserve national peculiarities. European sanctions are not so fast, but over time they will prove effective as a response to war crimes by another state.","PeriodicalId":394953,"journal":{"name":"European Historical Studies","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133877132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biographical Traditions in European Countries and the USA During the Modern and Contemporary Times","authors":"A. Kosheliev","doi":"10.17721/2524-048x.2019.12.92-106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2019.12.92-106","url":null,"abstract":"The article investigates the process of formation of modern direction in historical researches – biographical studies. In particular, attention is focused on the development of a biographical genre in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United States. The biographical genre is being considered in the context of various historical processes during the modern and contemporary times. The research is dedicated to the substantiation of the interconnection between socio-cultural reality, which formed certain norms and value orientations in Western societies. On the example of listed countries, the author demonstrates that the culture of creating biographies has both common and distinct roots of origin in different historical and social conditions. Biographical research in this context serves as an indicator of social values and their changes. In order to demonstrate the interrelation of social norms with the promotion of certain personalities through their biographies author turn to the historical roots of the development of this genre. Also it allows revealing the theoretical and methodological approaches to writing biographies.\u0000\u0000The article traces the connection between the value orientations of different categories of the population and the formation of their heroes and antiheroes. In this direction journalistic investigations played an important role in various countries of Europe and the United States. These investigations have been and continue to influence the public opinion, describing the lifestyle of different individuals in the past and present. In the article also assumes the existence of a phenomenon of a broad “biographical culture” within which developed specialized academic fields of research.","PeriodicalId":394953,"journal":{"name":"European Historical Studies","volume":"486 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131657718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EUROPEAN UNION AND GREAT BRITAIN IS SEEKING NEW FORMS OF COOPERATION\u0000Review of the monograph by A.V. Grubinko, A. Yu. Martynov “The European Union after BREXIT: a continuation of history” (Ternopil – Kyiv, 2021. 258 p.).","authors":"Oleh Mashevskyi","doi":"10.17721/2524-048x.2021.19.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2021.19.8","url":null,"abstract":"The authors of the monograph focused on the scientific analysis of an actual scientific and applied topic, which concerns the problem of adaptation of the European Union to the new conditions that have emerged since the UK left the EU. It is symbolic that this process coincided with the crisis of the globalization process due to the pandemic and its challenges to international security. The modern European Union is both an international and a state-like entity, which combines the features of at least three state unions: an international intergovernmental organization, a confederation and a federation. This not only determines the complexity of the subject of study, but also its inconsistency. In conditions of radical social change, it is always difficult to track and adequately analyze them. This titanic task is further complicated by the presence of an in-house methodological crisis in the family of social sciences. Therefore, given all these objective difficulties, we can only welcome attempts to find a new theoretical and methodological synthesis, which should help society to understand the essence of historical time and act in it as rationally and efficiently as possible.\u0000\u0000The pages of the monograph raise questions about the heuristic potential of the study of the problem of European historical experience; in addition, significant attention is paid to the coverage of a systematic approach to the social vector of European policy. It also addresses the issue of solving key social problems that stand in the way of qualitative deepening of European integration while maintaining the basic guidelines of social market economy. Among these issues, the authors highlight and analyze the most important aspects, which relate primarily to overcoming poverty and combating unemployment.\u0000\u0000The monograph outlines the range of methodological problems of transformational historical period, involved in its study synthesizing approach, which consists in the use of historical, socio-philosophical, economic, political science, legal approaches. This approach allows to restore the synthesis of scientific knowledge, which is often disrupted not only by the tendency to specialized fragmentation of complex objects of study, but also allows to take into account the specifics of the transitional historical period.\u0000\u0000In a geographical sense, not all European regions are equally developed, due to their different economic specialization, which has developed as a result of the historical division of labor. Eventually, there is a tendency to shifting responsibility for solving the problems of poor regions to themselves. The same German experience with the unification of East and West of the country has shown that even huge investments in infrastructure development, introduction of new technologies, efforts to increase productivity – all this together do not solve quickly enough the problem of social convergence. The leveling of the social space of richer and poorer federal stat","PeriodicalId":394953,"journal":{"name":"European Historical Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132164009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"«CULTURAL AND ЕDUCATIONAL SECTION» IN THE CAMP FOR INTERNED SOLDIERS OF THE UGA AT JOZEFOV, CZECHOSLOVAKIA (1921-1922): ORGANIZATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES","authors":"Іhor Sribnyak, Anna Chlebina","doi":"10.17721/2524-048x.2023.24.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2023.24.7","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the organizational and educational activities of the «Cultural and Educational Section» in the Jozefov camp (Czechoslovakia), and especially its teachers’ unit. Thanks to the efforts of its members, the work of several educational centers (literacy schools, gymnasiums, and seminaries) was organized, and the teaching of educational courses aimed at different groups of internees was started. The main task of all educational courses was the preparation of the internees for their future life activities in civilian conditions – after the liquidation of the Jozefov camp. The campers without complete secondary education got the opportunity to attend educational courses, and after graduation (provided they successfully pass the final exams) they could apply for admission to high schools in Czechoslovakia. At the same time, in addition to secondary school courses, the members of the teachers’ unit conducted a range of general educational and special lectures, which were attended by hundreds of interned Ukrainian soldiers. The internees had a lot of opportunities to organize their self-education, including the using of the camp library. The intensity of the turnover of books borrowed by the internees testified to their knowing of the impermanence of their stay in the camp and the need to acquire additional knowledge. With a view to facilitate access to books for certain groups of internees, some groups (such as the Subaltern’s section or the Lawyer’s section) founded and maintained their own libraries, which were intended exclusively for the needs of their members. The education and self-education became a consolidating factor for camp residents and a kind of «tool» that allowed them to overcome all the disadvantages of camp existence. At the same time, the internees, by acquiring knowledge in its various fields, received a lot of opportunities for adaptation to the new life’s conditions in Czechoslovakia. The acquisition of high school education by the former internees (after they left the camp) allowed them to successfully integrate into the Czechoslovak society at that time and provide themselves with a decent life and living conditions.","PeriodicalId":394953,"journal":{"name":"European Historical Studies","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127938607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EURO-ATLANTIC INTEGRATION OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC AS A FACTOR OF MODERNIZATION AND NATIONAL SECURITY","authors":"Svitlana Motruk","doi":"10.17721/2524-048x.2021.19.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2021.19.3","url":null,"abstract":"On the basis of a wide range of documents the article analyzes main stages and factors of the Czech Republic integration with the North Atlantic Treaty Organizations. The author emphasizes that transition into a full NATO member in March 1999 was the result of a long, complicated and controversial process of «European Come Back», which started in the beginning of 1990’s and allowed the state’s government to solve a number of problems in the military-political and military-technical spheres. The article draws special attention to the results and consequences of the Czechia NATO membership, its participation in the structures and activities of the Alliance. Numerous facts provided in the paper allow to evaluate the state’s gains from the integration processes and to emphasize key tendencies, main challenges and new opportunities for the country. The study proves that Euro-Atlantic integration has contributed to the institutional and legal reconstruction of the entire system of foreign relations of the Czech Republic, has become an important stimulus to the transition to a democratic model of political system, stability and national security. The article examines the defense strategy of the Czech Republic, reveals its goals and objectives in the field of European security and defense at the present stage. It is noted that NATO Allies supported the proposal to update the 2010 Strategic Concept. Since its adoption the Alliance has faced a new security environment and Russia has turned from a potential strategic partner into an aggressor state. The Czech experience has revealed the advantages and vulnerabilities of the Euro-Atlantic vector. Last but not lease the article studies the causes of polyvariety of the Euro-Atlantic realities and prospects for Alliance enlargement. Based on the results of public opinion polls conducted by the Czech research organizations, the article examines the attitude of Czech political parties and citizens towards their country’s membership in NATO, the role of the North Atlantic Alliance in ensuring the security of the Czech Republic and international relations in general.","PeriodicalId":394953,"journal":{"name":"European Historical Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126201891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"POLITICAL REFORMS OF THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT OF ADOLFO SUAREZ (JULY 1976 – JUNE 1977)","authors":"Yehor Tsetsulnikov","doi":"10.17721/2524-048x.2023.24.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2023.24.8","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to explore the political reforms of the government of Adolfo Suarez from July 1976, after his appointment by King Juan Carlos, to June 1977, when the democratic elections for the General Cortes were held by the government. The main prerequisite for the appointment of Adolfo Suarez as Prime Minister was the personality factor. He belonged to a new generation of politicians that was formed in the conditions of economic liberalization during the last 15 years of Francisco Franco’s rule. This contributed to his awareness of the obsolescence of existing institutions, and his readiness to implement real, not declarative, changes. Belonging to the ruling party, high reputation among representatives of the conservative part of the political community, made his candidacy for the position of the head of the government worthy of trust. In addition, the impossibility of taking a hard course against the democratic opposition played a role, which could end with unpredictable consequences for Spain. From July 1976 to June 1977, significant political transformations took place in Spain. Appointed by King Juan Carlos to the position of President of the Government (Prime Minister), Adolfo Suarez initiated the liquidation of political institutions that existed under the authoritarian regime of Francisco Franco. During Suarez’s tenure, the Spanish Cortes (legislative assembly under Franco) adopted the “Political Reform”. It became a legal instrument that allowed the government to legally change the previous state structures and appoint democratic elections. Thus, the way to the creation of a democratic state was paved. During Suarez’s rule, the social and political climate in Spain was liberalized. This was facilitated by the government’s dialogue with representatives of the democratic opposition, amnesty and the legalization of parties, in particular the communist party. In the first democratic elections after decades of dictatorship, a party system of “imperfect bipartisanship” was formed, on which subsequent Spanish governments relied.","PeriodicalId":394953,"journal":{"name":"European Historical Studies","volume":"270 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126704708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE EVOLUTION OF THE POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION REGARDING THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR (2014–2022)","authors":"A. Martynov","doi":"10.17721/2524-048x.2022.23.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2022.23.2","url":null,"abstract":"The problems of forming a common foreign policy of the European Union are caused by the difficulties of reconciling national interests and the dynamics of adapting the common policy to the chaos of international relations. In the early 1990s, the common foreign policy of the European Union suffered a fiasco in the Balkans during the disintegration of the former Yugoslavia. Russia expected that the example of the EU’s excessively sluggish reaction to the annexation of Crimea and the start of a «hybrid war» against Ukraine would provide an opportunity to annex the entire territory of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to study the cause-and-effect relationships that influenced the actual formation of the European Union’s common policy aimed at protecting democracy in Ukraine against Russian aggression. The European Union was critical of the annexation of Crimea and the start of Russia’s «hybrid war» against Ukraine. But at that time, the conviction of the European elites prevailed that it was possible to appease the Russian Federation, even at the cost of concessions to Ukraine and at the expense of Ukrainian sovereignty and territorial integrity. The so-called “Minsk Agreements” worked for this. Even Russian interference in the 2016 US presidential election and the information campaign for the British referendum on leaving the EU in 2016 could not convince European elites of the opposite. The Russian Federation consistently crossed «red lines» until it made the mistake of deciding that the EU was «ripe» for a Russian attempt to change the government in Ukraine and deprive it of its sovereignty. The Kremlin was counting on its «fifth column» in the countries of the European Union. Only Hungary fulfilled these expectations. But in the matter of assistance for the defence of Ukraine, the European Union refused the principle of veto. This does not prevent Hungary from blocking the allocation of EU macro-financial assistance to Ukraine at the time of writing this article. The most radical supporters of Ukraine in the EU remain the Baltic countries, the countries of the «Visegrad bloc» with the exception of Hungary. Russian aggression helped Sweden and Finland to reconsider their traditional neutral policy and to get as close as possible to joining NATO. In October 2022, again without the participation of Hungary, the European Union launched a military training mission for the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Russian aggression against Ukraine, instead of splitting the European Union, contributed to the consolidation of the common foreign and security policies of the European Union. But this does not mean that the Russian Federation will stop putting pressure on the «weak links» in the European Union system.","PeriodicalId":394953,"journal":{"name":"European Historical Studies","volume":"139 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115095071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}