Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation最新文献

{"title":"Reciprocal Interactions Between the Epithelium and Mesenchyme in Organogenesis.","authors":"Hisato Kondoh","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-39027-2_7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-39027-2_7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many organs are composed of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue components. These two tissue component types develop via reciprocal interactions. However, for historical and technical reasons, the effects of the mesenchymal components on the epithelium have been emphasized. Well-documented examples are the regionally specific differentiation of the endoderm-derived primitive gut tube under the influence of surrounding mesenchyme. In contrast to a pile of reports on mesenchyme-derived signaling mechanisms, few studies have depicted the epithelial action in depth. This chapter highlights an example of an opposite action from the epithelial side, which was found in esophagus development.</p>","PeriodicalId":39320,"journal":{"name":"Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation","volume":"72 ","pages":"119-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140176942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liver Macrophage Diversity in Health and Disease.","authors":"Paul Horn, Frank Tacke","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-65944-7_7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-65944-7_7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The liver fulfils a plethora of metabolic and immunological functions. Liver macrophages are a heterogeneous immune cell population with high plasticity and are important for maintaining normal liver function but are also critically involved in disease processes. In this chapter, we review the heterogeneity and multifaceted functions of hepatic macrophages in liver health and in disease conditions, including acute liver injury, chronic liver diseases, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Under homeostatic conditions, the tissue resident Kupffer cells are phagocytic cells that have important functions in immune surveillance, antigen presentation, and metabolic regulation while the roles of other populations such as capsular, peritoneal, or monocyte-derived macrophages in liver health are less clearly defined. Upon liver injury, Kupffer cell numbers are markedly reduced while monocyte-derived macrophages significantly expand and take critical roles in driving and resolving liver injury, including important pathogenic involvements in inflammation, fibrosis, and regeneration. They also create and maintain an immunosuppressive and immune-excluded microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Single-cell and spatial omics technologies are significantly expanding our understanding of the diversity and plasticity of macrophage populations under different conditions and enable the reliable identification of specific hepatic macrophage subsets. This knowledge can now be applied to dissect the exact contributions of distinct macrophage populations to disease processes and hopefully will pave the way for new therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":39320,"journal":{"name":"Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation","volume":"74 ","pages":"175-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intercellular Highways in Transport Processes.","authors":"Edina Szabó-Meleg","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Communication among cells is vital in multicellular organisms. Various structures and mechanisms have evolved over time to achieve the intricate flow of material and information during this process. One such way of communication is through tunnelling membrane nanotubes (TNTs), which were initially described in 2004. These TNTs are membrane-bounded actin-rich cellular extensions, facilitating direct communication between distant cells. They exhibit remarkable diversity in terms of structure, morphology, and function, in which cytoskeletal proteins play an essential role. Biologically, TNTs play a crucial role in transporting membrane components, cell organelles, and nucleic acids, and they also present opportunities for the efficient transmission of bacteria and viruses, furthermore, may contribute to the dissemination of misfolded proteins in certain neurodegenerative diseases. Convincing results of studies conducted both in vitro and in vivo indicate that TNTs play roles in various biomedical processes, including cell differentiation, tissue regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, immune response and function, as well as tumorigenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":39320,"journal":{"name":"Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation","volume":"73 ","pages":"173-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142146505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancer Arrays Regulating Developmental Genes: Sox2 Enhancers as a Paradigm.","authors":"Hisato Kondoh","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-39027-2_9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-39027-2_9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enhancers are the primary regulatory DNA sequences in eukaryotes and are mostly located in the non-coding sequences of genes, namely, intergenic regions and introns. The essential characteristic of an enhancer is the ability to activate proximal genes, e.g., a reporter gene in a reporter assay, regardless of orientation, relative position, and distance from the gene. These characteristics are ascribed to the interaction (spatial proximity) of the enhancer sequence and the gene promoter via DNA looping, discussed in the latter part of this chapter.Developmentally regulated genes are associated with multiple enhancers carrying distinct cell and developmental stage specificities, which form arrays on the genome. We discuss the array of enhancers regulating the Sox2 gene as a paradigm. Sox2 enhancers are the best studied enhancers of a single gene in developmental regulation. In addition, the Sox2 gene is located in a genomic region with a very sparse gene distribution (no other protein-coding genes in ~1.6 Mb in the mouse genome), termed a \"gene desert,\" which means that most identified enhancers in the region are associated with Sox2 regulation. Furthermore, the importance of the Sox2 gene in stem cell regulation and neural development justifies focusing on Sox2-associated enhancers.</p>","PeriodicalId":39320,"journal":{"name":"Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation","volume":"72 ","pages":"145-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140176936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple Cell Lineages Give Rise to a Cell Type.","authors":"Hisato Kondoh","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-39027-2_5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-39027-2_5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It has long been assumed that a specific cell type arises following stepwise specification of cells corresponding to the branching of cell lineages. However, accumulating evidence indicates that multiple and even remote cell lineages can lead to the development of the same cells. Four examples giving different yet new insights will be discussed: skeletal muscle development from precursors with distinct initial histories of transcriptional regulation, lens cell development from remote lineages yet sharing basic transcription factors, blood cell development under intersectional pathways, and neural tissue development from cardiac precursors through the manipulation of just one component of epigenetic regulation. These examples provide flexible and nondogmatic perspectives on developmental cell regulation, fundamentally revising the old model relying on cell lineages.</p>","PeriodicalId":39320,"journal":{"name":"Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation","volume":"72 ","pages":"83-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140176940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macrophage Cell Cycle.","authors":"Louis Dillac, Leon El Dika, Rahim Ullah, Jacek Z Kubiak, Malgorzata Kloc","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-65944-7_4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-65944-7_4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Macrophages are dynamic and plastic immune cells essential for tissue homeostasis and pathogen defense. Their cell cycle regulation is highly influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic signals facilitating rapid responses to infections and tissue damage. Dysregulation of their cell cycle leads to diseases like cancer and HIV. This chapter highlights aspects of the macrophage cell cycle crucial for the development of targeted therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":39320,"journal":{"name":"Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation","volume":"74 ","pages":"119-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of Cell Fusion in Cancer.","authors":"Felicite K Noubissi, Oluwatoyin V Odubanjo, Brenda M Ogle, Paul B Tchounwou","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_19","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cell-cell fusion is a normal physiological mechanism that requires a well-orchestrated regulation of intracellular and extracellular factors. Dysregulation of this process could lead to diseases such as osteoporosis, malformation of muscles, difficulties in pregnancy, and cancer. Extensive literature demonstrates that fusion occurs between cancer cells and other cell types to potentially promote cancer progression and metastasis. However, the mechanisms governing this process in cancer initiation, promotion, and progression are less well-studied. Fusogens involved in normal physiological processes such as syncytins and associated factors such as phosphatidylserine and annexins have been observed to be critical in cancer cell fusion as well. Some of the extracellular factors associated with cancer cell fusion include chronic inflammation and inflammatory cytokines, hypoxia, and viral infection. The interaction between these extracellular factors and cell's intrinsic factors potentially modulates actin dynamics to drive the fusion of cancer cells. In this review, we have discussed the different mechanisms that have been identified or postulated to drive cancer cell fusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":39320,"journal":{"name":"Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation","volume":"71 ","pages":"407-432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10893907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138300243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial Infections in Patients Living with HIV.","authors":"Zin Mar Htun, Muhammad H Gul, Ruxana T Sadikot","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_21","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pneumonia, as well as other types of acute and chronic lung injuries, remain the leading causes of death in individuals living with HIV. Individuals with HIV who are on antiretroviral therapy continue to have a greater risk for pneumonia, including bacterial and mycobacterial infections. Alveolar macrophages and lung epithelial cells constitute the first line of host defense against invading pathogens. The predisposition of individuals living with HIV to infections despite ante-retroviral therapy is mechanistically related to HIV pro-viruses integrating into host cells, including airway epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. Alveolar macrophages harbor latent HIV even when individuals appear to have complete suppression on ART. In parallel, pneumonia can irreversibly impair lung function in HIV-infected individuals. Cells that Macrophages exposed to HIV or HIV-related proteins have been shown to secrete exosomes that contain miRNAs. These exosomes can regulate several innate and acquired immune functions by stimulating cytokine production and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, these secreted exosomal miRNAs can shuttle between cells, causing cellular dysfunction in the case of epithelial cells; they disrupt lung epithelial barrier dysfunction, which leads to a predisposition to bacterial infections. We discuss the common bacterial infections that occur in patients living with HIV and provide mechanistic insights into how the intercellular communication of miRNAs results in cellular dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":39320,"journal":{"name":"Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation","volume":"73 ","pages":"537-549"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11841656/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142146501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macrophages and the Extracellular Matrix.","authors":"William Meza-Morales, Maria Jimenez-Socha, Donald O Freytes, Camilo Mora","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-65944-7_2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-65944-7_2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Macrophages are critical to the immune response, serving multiple essential roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis and providing immune protection. These cells also interact with and influence the extracellular matrix (ECM) by sensing and responding to its components. Such interactions between macrophages and the ECM are mediated through the secretion and uptake of various biomacromolecules, such as cytokines and the extracellular vesicles, including exosomes and microvesicles. These vesicles are pivotal in regulating cellular behaviors that affect the organism's overall function. Moreover, macrophages are integral to the repair mechanisms that alter tissue structure and functionality during tissue remodeling. This chapter will delineate how macrophages interact with the ECM and discuss potential therapeutic strategies leveraging these interactions. It will conclude with a discussion of the challenges ahead, highlighting the importance of understanding macrophage-ECM dynamics for advancing basic biology and clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":39320,"journal":{"name":"Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation","volume":"74 ","pages":"55-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intercellular Molecular Transfer Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer.","authors":"Lata Adnani, Janusz Rak","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_14","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_14","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Among multiple pathways of intercellular communication operative in multicellular organisms, the trafficking of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and particles (EP) represents a unique mode of cellular information exchange with emerging roles in health and disease, including cancer. A distinctive feature of EV/EP-mediated cell-cell communication is that it involves simultaneous short- or long-range transfer of numerous molecular constituents (cargo) from donor to recipient cells. EV/EP uptake by donor cells elicits signalling or metabolic responses, or else leads to EV-re-emission or degradation. EVs are heterogeneous membranous structures released from cells via increasingly defined mechanisms involving either formation of multivesicular endosomes (exosomes) or budding from the plasma membrane (ectosomes). EPs (exomeres, supermeres) are membraneless complex particles, smaller than EVs and of less defined biogenesis and function. EVs/EPs carry complex assemblies of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids (RNA, DNA), which they shuttle into intercellular milieu, body fluids and recipient cells, via surface contact, fusion and different forms of internalization (endocytosis, micropinocytosis). While the physiological functions of EVs/EPs communication pathways continue to be investigated, their roles in cancer are increasingly well-defined. For example, EVs are involved in the transmission of cancer-specific molecular cargo, including mutant, oncogenic, transforming, or regulatory macromolecules to indolent, or normal cells, sometimes triggering their quasi-transformation-like states, or phenotypic alterations. Conversely, a reciprocal and avid uptake of stromal EVs by cancer cells may be responsible for modulating their oncogenic repertoire, as exemplified by the angiocrine effects of endothelial EVs influencing cancer cell stemness. EV exchanges during cancer progression have also been implicated in the formation of tumour stroma, angiogenesis and non-angiogenic neovascularization processes, immunosuppression, colonization of metastatic organ sites (premetastatic niche), paraneoplastic and systemic pathologies (thrombosis, diabetes, hepatotoxicity). Thus, an EV/EP-mediated horizontal transfer of cellular content emerges as a new dimension in cancer pathogenesis with functional, diagnostic, and therapeutic implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":39320,"journal":{"name":"Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation","volume":"73 ","pages":"327-352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142146506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}