African Journal of Infectious Diseases最新文献

{"title":"SIBLING PAIR ANALYSIS IN THE IDENTIFICATION PROCESS OF THE MADURESE POPULATION USING STR CODIS LOCI.","authors":"Ahmad Yudianto,&nbsp;Arofi Kurniawan,&nbsp;Fery Setiawan,&nbsp;Egita Windrianatama Puspa,&nbsp;Racy Youngest","doi":"10.21010/Ajid.v16i2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/Ajid.v16i2.5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The most common problem in forensic personal identification, particularly in paternity tests, is the availability of information originating from a mother or a father that can be used as a comparison in the forensic DNA examination process. The use of sibling analysis in paternity tests is still not widely known.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The respondents of this study were 25 families of the Madurese population with 6, 9, and 10 sibling pairs categorized as female-female, male-male, and male-female siblings. The kinship relationship was analyzed by using 13 STR CODIS loci technique (TPOX, D3S1358, FGA, D5S818, CSFIPO, D7S820, D8S1179, THOI, vWA, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11), and Amelogenin (Amel) x: 106bp,y: 112bp).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of DNA contents and purity examination of the extracted DNA sample showed that the average value of DNA contents was 675±5.35 ng/μL with a purity range of 1.05-1.86. The findings proved that the male-male siblings of the Madurese population had the highest allele sharing percentage at the loci of D13S317, D16S539, and D21S11. The highest allele sharing percentage for female-female siblings was at the loci of TPOX and D21S11. Meanwhile, the male-female siblings had the highest allele sharing percentage at the loci of TPOX, D5S818, vWA, D7S820, THO1, vWA, and D13S317.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The main STR loci recommended in the male-female siblings of Madurese population identification are TPOX, D13S317, and D21S11.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"16 2","pages":"42-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9097306/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10252839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EMERGENCE OF NEW STRAINS OF SARS-COV-2: AFRICA'S FATE AND ITS PREPAREDNESS AGAINST COVID-19 INFECTION WAVES.","authors":"Ohia Chinenyenwa M D,&nbsp;Bakarey Adeleye Solomon,&nbsp;Ahmad Tauseef,&nbsp;Haroon Haroon,&nbsp;Ana Godson R E E,&nbsp;Sridhar Mynepalli K C","doi":"10.21010/Ajid.v16i2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/Ajid.v16i2.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2) has infected over 100million individuals worldwide with diverse impacts on nations. The rising cases of new strains and resultant infection waves create an urgent need to assess the readiness of countries especially in Africa to mitigate the impact on community transmission. This paper delivers a brief synopsis of the novel SARS-CoV-2, emerging cases of new variants reported worldwide, and implications for genetic surveillance of disease transmission in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) especially Africa.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Literature search used keywords like SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 epidemiology; pandemic waves; corona outbreak, clinical syndromes, treatments, prevention and control. Cross-sectional and observational studies published on COVID-19 from 2019 till date of study provided main information sources. Databases such as Web of Science, Embase, PubMed and Google Scholar were utilised.</p><p><strong>Main findings: </strong>Over 220 countries have documented COVID-19 cases with varied severity till date. Before the spikes in resurgence, a highly virulent mutated (>90% fatality rate) novel strain of COVID-19 had been documented. There is very little data to ascertain the impact of the COVID-19 infection waves in LMICs.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>LMICs especially African countries still grapple with significant challenges like inefficient surveillance mechanisms, inadequate vaccination coverage, inadequate enforcement of environmental health strategies, poor health systems etc. Hence, Africa's fate remains dicey in the face of the dynamic evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 and other identified challenges.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The adoption of a multidisciplinary approach to mitigate the impact of emergence of mutant SARS-CoV-2 variants and resurgence of infection spike is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"16 2","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9097310/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10252843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE APPLICATION OF CELL-FREE FETAL DNA (cff-DNA) AND SIBLINGS DNA METHODS IN THE PROCESS OF PATERNITY TEST THROUGH CODIS STR LOCI (CSF1PO, THO1, TPOX, AND vWA).","authors":"Ahmad Yudianto,&nbsp;Arofi Kurniawan,&nbsp;Toetik Koesbardiati,&nbsp;Achmad Faisol,&nbsp;Fery Setiawan,&nbsp;Abdul Hadi Furqoni,&nbsp;Yessi Andriani Fauziah","doi":"10.21010/Ajid.v16i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/Ajid.v16i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The non-invasive cff-DNA and siblings DNA methods are the latest breakthroughs in the forensic identification process. The use of cff-DNA and siblings DNA as non-invasive techniques in the forensic identification process has, hitherto, not been widely proven.</p><p><strong>Methods and materials: </strong>This was an analytic observational study. The sample of this study consisted of peripheral blood of women in the second trimester of pregnancy and their two biological children. The kinship analysis was carried out through siblings' DNA and cff-DNA from the mothers through CODIS STR loci (CSF1PO, THO1, TPOX, and vWA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The means of allele sharing between full siblings in loci CSF1PO, THO1, TPOX, and vWA were 0 (13.75%), 1 (44.75%), and 2 (41.50%). The allele sharing found in the study is in line with the one in previous research conducted by Wenk (1998) and the theory proposed by O'Connor (2011), indicating that one allele sharing dominates, contrasting with the finding of previous research conducted by Sosiawan (2020) revealing that 2-allele sharing was more superior. The variation is caused by the ethnicity having a different genetic contribution among the population. The variation can be attributed to historical and demographical processes leading to genetic drift.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The mean of SI in 1 allele sharing in CODIS STR loci (CSF1PO, THO1, TPOX, and vWA) has the highest value of 44.5%. The use of cff-DNA of pregnant women as one of the non-invasive techniques can serve as an alternative material in a paternity test.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"6-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8751391/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39924483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE USE OF ARCHIVED GIEMSA-STAINED BLOOD SMEARS AND RDT FOR PCR-BASED GENOTYPING OF <i>Plasmodium</i> v<i>ivax</i> MEROZOITE SURFACE PROTEIN-1 IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN PROVINCE, INDONESIA.","authors":"Trilianty Lestarisa,&nbsp;Heny Arwati,&nbsp;Yoes Prijatna Dachlan,&nbsp;Soedjajadi Keman,&nbsp;Din Safruddin","doi":"10.21010/Ajid.v16i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/Ajid.v16i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Plasmodium vivax</i> is transmitted most across the country of Indonesia. The country has set out a malaria elimination program by 2030. The information on genetic diversity of malarial parasites relates to malaria transmission in an endemic area may provide the information that can help the malaria control program to achieve the target. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of the Pvmsp-1 gene in Central Kalimantan Province.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Samples were 140 of archived Giemsa-stained blood smear and rapid detection test. Samples were divided into the indigenous and migrant populations. After confirmation by single-step PCR, only <i>P. vivax</i> and mixed infection samples were amplified to nested PCR for genotyping of Pvmsp-1 allelic variation in segments F1, F2, and F3.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Genotyping of 23 PCR positive samples resulted in 13 genotypes. In segment F1, three allelic variants type A containing subtype A1 (1,050 bp), A2 (350 bp), A3 (150 bp), and type B (100 bp). In segment F2, mono genotypes were detected as variant type A (1,050 bp) and type B3 (150 bp), multiple genotypes were detected as type B containing subtype B1 (250 bp), B2 (200 bp), and B3 (150bp). In segment F3, three allelic variants generated from four mono genotypes were type A (350 bp), type B (300 bp), and two type C (250 bp).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The low allelic variation of Pvmsp-1 gene may reflect the actual situation of the low malaria endemic status of the study sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"13-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8751392/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39924484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COMPARISON OF PROPOLIS EFFECTS ON TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA AND MALONDIALDEHYDE BETWEEN INHALATION AND CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX ANIMAL MODELS.","authors":"Dhani Redhono Harioputro, Wisnu Sanjaya, Yulyani Werdiningsih","doi":"10.21010/Ajid.v16i1.1","DOIUrl":"10.21010/Ajid.v16i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Inflammatory response and oxidative stress can be found in anthrax characterized by increased level of serum Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and Malondialdehyde (MDA). The use of antibiotics in anthrax has been known to cause some disturbing side-effects, such as allergic reaction, nausea, vomiting, and antibiotic resistance. Thus, ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) might be the alternative regimen, due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to compare the effects of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) on TNF-α and MDA between the inhalation and cutaneous anthrax animal model.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was an experimental study with a post-test-only control group design on 40 samples of <i>Rattus norvegicus</i>. Samples were randomized into 5 groups: control, inhalation anthrax model, inhalation anthrax model + EEP, cutaneous anthrax model, and cutaneous anthrax model + EEP. After 14 days, the level of TNF-α and MDA were measured. To compare the data, we used the <i>ANOVA</i> test continued by the <i>post-hoc Turkey test</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results obtained showed that the level of TNF-α and MDA between the inhalation and cutaneous anthrax animal models treated with EEP were statistically different (p < 0.05). The P5 group showed the lowest level of TNF-α (6.822 ± 0.383 pg/ml) and MDA (2.717 ± 0.383 nmol/ml).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>EEP has a better effect on reducing TNF-α and MDA in cutaneous anthrax animal models compared to the inhalation anthrax animal model.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8751393/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39834972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ANTI-FUNGAL ACTIVITY OF <i>ACALYPHA WILKESIANA</i>: A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF FUNGAL ISOLATES OF CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE.","authors":"Katibi Oludolapo Sherifat,&nbsp;Aboh Mercy Itohan,&nbsp;Salawu Oluwakayinsola Adeola,&nbsp;Kola-Mustapha Adeola,&nbsp;Olatunji Lawrence Aderemi","doi":"10.21010/Ajid.v16i1.4","DOIUrl":"10.21010/Ajid.v16i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Acalypha wilkesiana</i> (AW, a popular medicinal plant has been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of skin disorders including pityriasis versicolor and seborrheic dermatitis. As a prelude to clinical trials in humans, an experimental study was carried out to determine the spectrum of antifungal activity of 2 variants of the <i>Acalypha wilkesiana</i> plant.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The ethanol extract and herbal cream formulation of the dried leaves of 2 cultivars (Macrophylla & Hoffmani) of <i>Acalypha wilkesiana</i> were investigated for <i>in-vitro</i> antifungal activity by disc diffusion and micro-broth dilution techniques. Organisms tested were typed cultures of <i>Malassezia furfur</i>, <i>Candida albicans</i> and <i>Trichophyton rubrum</i>; and clinical strains of <i>Microsporum canis</i> and <i>Epidermophyton floccosum</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both cultivars (Macrophylla and Hoffmanii) of the plant showed good activity against all the fungi tested except <i>Microsporum canis</i> (8.0±0.00; 7.00±0.00 mm). The greatest activity was observed against <i>Trichophyton rubrum</i> (22.0±0.00; 24.00±0.00 mm). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the crude extract ranged between 0.25 and 8 mg/ml for all organisms, while that of the herbal cream was 0.31-8mg/ml. The lowest MIC was seen with <i>Candida albicans</i> for both varieties of the plant. The <i>Acalypha wilkesiana</i> Hoffmanii demonstrated a greater activity against <i>Candida albicans</i> and <i>Malassezia furufur</i> than the <i>A. wilkesiana</i> Macrophylla.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study reveals <i>Acalypha wilkesiana leaf extract</i> has potential for development as a cream that can be used to treat superficial fungal skin infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"16 1","pages":"21-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8751394/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10677045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A SIMPLE METHOD OF DNA EXTRACTION OF <i>MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS</i> FROM SPUTUM CULTURES FOR SEQUENCING ANALYSIS.","authors":"Maharani Pertiwi Koentjoro,&nbsp;Adyan Donastin,&nbsp;Endry Nugroho Prasetyo","doi":"10.21010/ajidv15i2S:2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/ajidv15i2S:2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Concern has been raised about DNA extraction from <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> due to its complex procedure. This study demonstrates a simple and fast DNA extraction method of mycobacterial genome to subsequent molecular investigation, such as Polymerization Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification, with species-specific primers and sequencing.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Total DNA was isolated from <i>M. tuberculosis</i> cultured by using boil method. DNA was evaluated via measures of DNA quantity and quality (absorbance at 230, 260 and 280 nm), DNA integrity (electrophoresis). Molecular tests were tested namely PCR and sequencing.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The quality of DNA obtained is acceptable for PCR and sequencing analysis. These findings demonstrate that the method used is inexpensive and suitable for minimum infrastructure facilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"15 2 Suppl","pages":"19-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8457349/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39476326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INCIDENCE OF HIGH GRADE QTCF PROLONGATION AND ITS MANAGEMENT AMONG PATIENTS UNDERGOING TREATMENT FOR DRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS (DR-TB): CASE SERIES.","authors":"Meseret T Asfaw, David L Holtzman, Gene F Kwan, Lawrence T Oyewusi, Carole D Mitnick, Kwonjune J Seung","doi":"10.21010/ajidv15i2S.5","DOIUrl":"10.21010/ajidv15i2S.5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The World Health Organization (WHO) has approved the use of two new drugs, namely Bedaquiline (Bdq) and Delamanid (Dlm), for treatment of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB). One of the concerns raised with the use of these drugs was QT-interval prolongation. This condition could be serious and life threatening. Hence, knowing the magnitude and its management is very important. This case series identifies the incidence and discusses the management of clinically significant QT-interval prolongation amongst a cohort of patients who have been on these medicines.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Patients with reports of high grade QT-Interval prolongation (i.e. Grade-3 and Grade-4) were identified from the cohort of 265 patients enrolled on bedaquiline and/or delamanid and discussion is made on the pattern, severity and management of each cases identified.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only 4 (1.5%) out of all 265 patients enrolled on Bedaquiline and/or Delamanid have developed high grade QT-Interval prolongation. And all are managed without permanent discontinuation of both drugs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Incidence of clinically significant QTcF-interval prolongation among DR-TB patients taking bedaquiline and /or delamanid in Lesotho is low. And almost all cases can be managed with more frequent Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring and management of other possible causes of QT-interval prolongation without the need to stop one or both drugs permanently.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"15 2 Suppl","pages":"38-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8457348/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39476329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A CASE REPORT: RESPIRATORY MANIFESTATIONS OF COVID-19 STARTING WITH A GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLAINT: A COINCIDENCE OR A CORRELATION?","authors":"Anna Surgean Veterini,&nbsp;Lucky Andriyanto,&nbsp;Hamzah Hamzah","doi":"10.21010/ajidv15i2.4","DOIUrl":"10.21010/ajidv15i2.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>SARS COV-2 is the cause of the current outbreak of COVID-19. The infection of SARS COV-2 causes changes in the gut-lung axis and the intestinal microbiota pro-inflammatory cytokines interaction which leads to the injury of the gastrointestinal tract. One of the symptoms of COVID-19 outside the respiratory system is a complaint in the GIT.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We present a COVID-19 case report that begins with a complaint of abdominal pain.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no previous suspicion of COVID-19, but after a radiological examination and SARS-COV2 positive PCR result, the patient was proven to be suffering from COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>After hospitalization in the ICU for about 14 days, a recovery occurred and the patient was able to go home in a very good clinical condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"15 2 Suppl","pages":"31-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8457346/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39476327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GENERATING RESPONSES IMMUNE IN CELLULAR AND HUMORAL TREATMENT WITH EPITOPE SPIKE, EPITOPE ENVELOPE PROTEIN, AND EPITOPE MEMBRANE PROTEIN SARS-COV-2, HONEY, <i>SAUSSUREA LAPPA</i>, AND <i>NIGELLA SATIVA</i>.","authors":"Sumarno Reto Prawiro,&nbsp;Meike Tiya Kusuma,&nbsp;Reyhan Amiruddin,&nbsp;Irma Nur Sukmawati,&nbsp;Yuyun Kusnaningrum,&nbsp;Jayshri Davi S Nadarajah,&nbsp;Khoirul Anam,&nbsp;Tri Yudani Mardining Raras,&nbsp;Sri Winarsih","doi":"10.21010/ajidv15i2S.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/ajidv15i2S.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Covid-19 has become pandemic in the World, including Indonesia. Our last study showed that HSF could serve as an immunomodulator. Using the exact search, we found that the most immuno-dominant SARS-COV2 epitope, namely A spike protein epitope, B envelope protein epitope, and C membrane protein epitope, we concise to be HF.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We used to post only control design study and mice as an animal model. The research divided mice into four groups, and the first group as control received PBS as a placebo. The second, three, and last four groups gave HF, HSN, and HFHSN (combine HF and HSN). All of the regiment enters the mouth with a special sonde to reach the gastrointestinal organ. We gave HF every week three times and HSN once a day. After administration regiments for a long three weeks, we sacrificed the mice. We evaluated cellular immune responses that are Th-2, Th-17, and NK cells. We check for humoral immune response, TGF-β,IL-17A, IL-4, IgG,IL-4, β-defensin, and s-IgA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Highest profile cellular immunity HF, HSN, and HFHSN were NK cell, Th-2 and Th-17, and the last NK cell, respectively. After that which in humoral immunity, the domination response IgG and IL-4 were HF. But HSN and HFHSN dominated for s-IgA and β-defensin production. By using the study Bio-Informatica, we found HF.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>If the results of this study are continued to the clinical trial level, it is necessary to recommend additional markers such as CTL (s-IgA and β-defensin in lung tissue)and CPE assay.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"15 2 Suppl","pages":"23-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8457347/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39476328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}