Thyroid Research最新文献

{"title":"Allele frequency in thyroid cancer: mechanisms, challenges, and applications in cancer therapy.","authors":"Jiayu Huang, Jiazhi Wang, Guangzhi Wang, Yongfu Zhao","doi":"10.1186/s13044-025-00237-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13044-025-00237-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Allele Frequency (AF) is the percentage of sequence reads with a specific mutation relative to the read depth at that locus, reflecting the proportion of gene mutation. This review explores the AF characteristics of different mutations in thyroid cancer, investigating their connection with tumor features and clinical characteristics. BRAF mutation AF is associated with tumour malignancy and prognosis, exhibiting a relatively low peak value. TERT mutations in AF are associated with invasive characteristics, and the combination between BRAF and TERT mutations AF improved the diagnostic value in identifying patients' risk of recurrence and tumour malignancy. RET mutation is frequently observed in medullary carcinoma, and RET mutation AF is associated with partial tumour characteristics. RAS mutation is prevalent in follicular tumors, but the association between RAS mutation AF and tumour characteristics is relatively weak. TP53 mutation is more frequently occurred in poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinoma, and its AF might be associated with the dedifferentiation process. We also concentrated on the mutually exclusive and synergistic effect between different mutations. The mutation rate of TERT increases with the elevation of BRAF mutation AF. Finally, the detection and assessment of AF by NGS in clinical practice helps to provide a reference for individualised targeted therapy plans.</p>","PeriodicalId":39048,"journal":{"name":"Thyroid Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12054298/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144033064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new Tec family-based clinical model predicts survival in differentiated thyroid cancer patients via machine learning.","authors":"Ziyu Luo, Wenhan Li, Jianhui Li, Ying Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s13044-025-00234-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13044-025-00234-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Tec family of proteins has been identified as a key player in numerous diseases. However, no studies on the associations of Tec family proteins with overall survival (OS) in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients have been conducted.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and clinical data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. LASSO-Cox, random forest, and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) analysis methods were used to screen for the genes encoding Tec family proteins that were most closely associated with DTC. A predictive model was developed to estimate the OS of DTC patients. The validity of the prediction model was evaluated via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, decision curve analysis (DCA), and fivefold and 200-fold cross-validation. In addition, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed to investigate the biological functions of the most significant genes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The AC007494.3 and AC019226.2 genes were most strongly associated with the OS of DTC patients. Therefore, the model can be used to predict the OS of DTC patients. Functional annotation analysis revealed characteristics similar to those of other Tec kinases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We found that the TEC gene has significant predictive value for the prognosis of DTC patients. The TEC gene has potential value as a target for future drug development. In addition, we recommend more comprehensive treatment and closer monitoring of high-risk populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":39048,"journal":{"name":"Thyroid Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12044924/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144033061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are liquid levothyroxine formulations comparable? The LETI study.","authors":"Elisa Gatta, Virginia Maltese, Ilenia Pirola, Elena Gandossi, Irene Silvestrini, Massimiliano Ugoccioni, Riccardo Morandi, Claudio Casella, Carlo Cappelli","doi":"10.1186/s13044-025-00236-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13044-025-00236-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Liquid ethanol-containing levothyroxine (e-LT4) is known to circumvent malabsorption induced by food, drugs, or pathological conditions. Recently a new ethanol-free formulation of liquid levothyroxine (ef-LT4) has been commercialized. No studies have compared e-LT4 with ef-LT4. The aim of the present study is to compare thyroid hormone profile in patients treated with e-LT4 and ef-LT4.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>We retrospectively retrieved thyroid hormonal profile and clinical data of 48 patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism who had been on stable treatment with an e- LT4 formulation at the same dosage for at least one year and who decided to switch to ef-LT4 for tasting issue.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant increase in TSH levels was observed after 6 months on ef-LT4 treatment (2.5 ± 0.8 mIU/ml vs. 3.1 ± 1.0 mIU/ml, respectively, p < .001), while fT4 decreased [1.2 ng/dl (IQR 1.1-1.4) vs. 1.1 ng/dl (1.0-1.2), respectively, p = .047], maintaining the same dosage of LT4. In 31 patients, for whom data were available 12 months after the switch, TSH further increased (2.50 ± 0.9 mIU/ml at baseline vs 3.2 ± 0.9 mIU/ml after 6 months vs 3.5 ± 0.9 mIU/ml at 12 months, p < .001) and fT4 decreased [1.2 ng/dl (IQR 1.1-1.4) vs. 1.1 ng/dl (IQR 0.9-1.3) vs 1.0 ng/dl (IQR 0.9-1.1), p = .008].</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ef-LT4 formulation seems to be less effective compared to e-LT4 over time. However, further prospective cross-sectional studies, performed in large sets of patients, even on concomitant therapy with interfering drugs, are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":39048,"journal":{"name":"Thyroid Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12020242/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144003327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving fine needle aspiration in value-based thyroid cancer care: an interrupted time series analysis.","authors":"Esmée K J van der Poort, Nicky Stam-Thelosen, M Elske van den Akker-van Marle, Lieke Welling, Marieke Snel, Menno J P Toirkens, Wilbert B van den Hout","doi":"10.1186/s13044-025-00232-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13044-025-00232-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Value-Based Health Care (VBHC) implementation motivates providers to reduce unnecessary procedures to improve outcomes and costs, i.e.</p><p><strong>Value: </strong>In thyroid cancer care, adequate use of Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) may prevent downstream diagnostics, costs, and delays in the care process. This study aims to evaluate the impact of needle selection in FNA on Bethesda I classifications, duration of FNA appointments, and care utilization.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In October 2021, a Modified Menghini-type needle needle replaced the regular syringe needle used for FNA. An interrupted time series (ITS) analysis using generalized linear models was conducted with data from radiology and pathology reports coupled with care utilization data at the patient level. Outcomes included frequency of Bethesda I classifications per month, appointment time, and health care utilization in the first patient year (in 2024€).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between July 2020 and May 2022, 345 FNA in 224 patients were included. Implementation of the Modified Menghini-type needle needle was associated with a 78% level decrease in the odds of Bethesda I classification during FNA (OR (95% CI) 0.22 (0.06;0.71)), and, on average, a 4% (1.25 min) reduction in FNA appointment time. Despite a higher FNA unit cost postintervention (additional cost of €17.56 per FNA), there were no changes in the diagnostic and overall costs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>VBHC implementation provides the tools to identify and monitor improvement projects that enhance the value of thyroid nodule diagnostics and management. Implementing a Modified Menghini-type needle needle in FNA resulted in increased adequate diagnostic results, time savings, and no changes in diagnostic and care costs.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial number: </strong>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":39048,"journal":{"name":"Thyroid Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12004626/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144057146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systems biology approach delineates critical pathways associated with papillary thyroid cancer: a multi-omics data analysis.","authors":"Febby Payva, Santhy K S, Remya James, Amrisa Pavithra E, Venketesh Sivaramakrishnan","doi":"10.1186/s13044-025-00230-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13044-025-00230-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most prevalent follicular cell-derived subtype of thyroid cancer. A systems biology approach to PTC can elucidate the mechanism by which molecular components work and interact with one another to decipher a panoramic view of the pathophysiology.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>PTC associated genes and transcriptomic data were retrieved from DisGeNET and Gene Expression Omnibus database respectively. Published proteomic and metabolomic datasets in PTC from EMBL-EBI were used. Gene Ontology and pathway analyses were performed with SNPs, differentially expressed genes (DEGs), proteins, and metabolites linked to PTC. The effect of a nucleotide substitution on a protein's function was investigated. Additionally, significant transcription factors (TFs) and kinases were identified. An integrated strategy was used to analyse the multi-omics data to determine the key deregulated pathways in PTC carcinogenesis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pathways linked to carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism, along with the immune response, signaling, apoptosis, gene expression, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and disease onset, were identified as significant for the clinical and functional aspects of PTC. Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism and citrate cycle were the most common pathways among the PTC omics datasets. Commonality analysis deciphered five TFs and fifty-seven kinases crucial for PTC genesis and progression. Core deregulated pathways, TFs, and kinases modulate critical biological processes like proliferation, angiogenesis, immune infiltration, invasion, autophagy, EMT, and metastasis in PTC.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Identified dysregulated pathways, TFs and kinases are critical in PTC and may help in systems level understanding and device specific experiments, biomarkers, and drug targets for better management of PTC.</p>","PeriodicalId":39048,"journal":{"name":"Thyroid Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11987294/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144028916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular alteration patterns predict tumor behavior in papillary thyroid carcinoma independent of tumor size: insights from an international multicenter retrospective study.","authors":"Grégoire B Morand, Idit Tessler, Simon E Thurnheer, Kayla E Payne, Maxine Noik, Josh Krasner, Tzahi Yamin, Marc P Pusztaszeri, Richard J Payne, Galit Avior","doi":"10.1186/s13044-025-00231-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13044-025-00231-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Molecular testing is a well-established tool that assists in the management of thyroid nodules and allows classification in distinct molecular alteration patterns: BRAF-like, RAS-like and non-BRAF-non-RAS (NBNR). Yet classical TNM classification and ATA guidelines currently rely on tumor size for risk stratification. In this study, we compared tumor behavior according to molecular alteration patterns versus tumor size.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective multicenter multinational study of thyroid nodules that underwent preoperative molecular profiling with ThyGenX/ThyGeNEXT or ThyroSeq V3 between 2015 and 2022. Clinical characteristics, including demographics, cytology results, tumor size, surgical pathology, and molecular alterations, were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 718 patients who underwent surgery for papillary thyroid cancer, with a majority of 556 (77.4%) being female. The distribution of molecular alteration patterns was as follows: BRAF-like in 227 (31.6%), RAS-like in 171 (23.8%), NBNR in 59 (8.2%), BRAF/RAS overlap 8 (1.1%) and no detectable mutation in 224 (31.2%) cases. The median tumor size was 15 mm (IQR 10-24). Extrathyroidal extension (ETE) was observed in 6.2% of cases with gross ETE and 5.6% with minimal ETE. Notably, nodules with BRAF-like molecular alterations were more likely to exhibit ETE compared to those with RAS-like or NBNR alterations (P < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between ETE and median tumor size (P > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Molecular testing of thyroid nodules provides a more accurate prediction of tumor behavior compared to tumor size alone. These findings suggest that future staging systems could benefit from incorporating molecular alteration patterns into their algorithms.</p>","PeriodicalId":39048,"journal":{"name":"Thyroid Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11978079/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143804327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association of thyroid hormone levels and incidence of chronic kidney disease: the Tehran thyroid study (TTS).","authors":"Atoosa Motaghedi Larijani, Safdar Masoumi, Hengameh Abdi, Atieh Amouzegar, Fereidoun Azizi","doi":"10.1186/s13044-025-00228-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13044-025-00228-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Evidence regarding the relationship between thyroid hormone levels within the normal range and the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adults is scarce. This study aimed to identify the association between thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels with the incidence of CKD in a large cohort study over long-term follow-up.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective cohort study, with an 18-year follow-up, included 4118 adults without CKD from the Tehran thyroid Study (TTS). Participants were categorized by tertiles of normal TSH levels (low-normal, middle-normal, and high-normal) and abnormal TSH. The study outcome was incident CKD, defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m². Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for CKD incidence based on thyroid hormone levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The HR for CKD development was 1.08 (95%CI: 1.01-1.15) per 1 SD increase in the TSH levels. Compared with participants with low-normal TSH levels, those with high-normal (HR:1.37; 95%CI: 1.03-1.84) and abnormal TSH (HR:1.24; 95%CI: 1.05-1.46) had a significantly higher risk of developing CKD. In subgroup analyses, the association between TSH level and CKD was significant in participants younger than 60 years, females, non-obese, non-smokers, and those without diabetes and hypertension. No association was observed between FT4 levels and incident CKD (HR: 0.92; 95%CI: 0.79-1.09). However, a significant association was observed between FT4 levels within the normal range and CKD development in those younger than 60 years old (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.61-0.98).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Increased TSH levels, even within the normal range, linearly increased the risk of CKD even after adjustment for important risk factors. As a result, TSH may potentially be an independent risk factor for incident CKD.</p>","PeriodicalId":39048,"journal":{"name":"Thyroid Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963448/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143765280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thyroid hormone use in clinical practice by Israeli endocrinologists: a THESIS* questionnaire survey : *Treatment of hypothyroidism in Europe by specialists: an international survey.","authors":"Liat Sasson, Keren Kaminer, Chagit Adler Cohen, Laszlo Hegedüs, Roberto Negro, Endre V Nagy, Enrico Papini, Petros Perros, Roberto Attanasio, Eyal Robenshtok","doi":"10.1186/s13044-024-00219-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13044-024-00219-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Several thyroid hormone formulations are available for treatment of hypothyroidism. This study aimed at evaluating the use of these treatment options by Israeli endocrinologists in various clinical scenarios.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Israeli Endocrine Society members were invited to participate in a web-based questionnaire, Treatment of Hypothyroidism in Europe by Specialists: An International Survey.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>99.2% of respondents used LT4 tablets as first line therapy for hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone replacement options considered by respondents included LT4 tablets (100%), soft-gel capsules (4.0%), liquid solution (15.4%), combined LT4 + LT3 (2.4%) and LT3 tablets (17.8%). In cases of impaired absorption or persistent symptoms, most would continue LT4 tablets (86.1% and 95.1%, respectively), of whom 39.0% noted that only tablets are available in Israel. In patients with normal serum TSH and persistent symptoms, 95.1% would continue LT4 tablets, 57.5% would consider the addition of LT3 whereas 24.4% stated that LT4/LT3 combination should never be used. In euthyroid patients, LT4 therapy was considered in infertile women with high levels of thyroid antibodies (33.6%) and for simple goiter growing over time (11.4%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In Israel, LT4 tablets are the treatment of choice for hypothyroidism in most clinical scenarios, including in patients with impaired absorption or with persistent symptoms, for whom a combination therapy with LT4 + LT3 is considered by half of respondents. Other LT4 formulations are not widely available in Israel, thus are infrequently considered compared to other European countries. These data suggest that international guidelines regarding the use of various thyroid hormone formulations in specific clinical scenarios are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":39048,"journal":{"name":"Thyroid Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11934791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of hemorheology in patients with hyperthyroidism via blood viscosity, erythrocyte deformability and aggregation.","authors":"Sena Ebru Caglar, Yunus Karakoc, Alpaslan Tanoglu, Refik Demirtunc, Seher Tanrikulu, Hande Kilickaya, Muhterem Ercan","doi":"10.1186/s13044-025-00227-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13044-025-00227-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Hyperthyroidism's impact on cardiovascular, hematopoietic systems and metabolism might lead to hemorheological changes. This study aimed to investigate the changes in hemorheological properties via erythrocyte deformability and aggregation, whole blood viscosity (WBV) and plasma viscosity (PV) in hyperthyroid patients. The effect of anti-thyroid treatment on hemorheology was also studied. MATERIAL METHODS: Thirty-six patients with overt hyperthyroidism, 19 patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism and 66 controls were included in the study. Hematocrit, erythrocyte deformability and aggregation, plasma and whole blood viscosity values were measured before treatment. Hemorheological parameters of the patients were compared with the control. Before and after treatment results of overt hyperthyroidism were analyzed. Methimazole was given as anti-thyroid treatment. Deformability and aggregation measurements were conducted using a laser ektacytometer (LORRCA) while viscosity measurements were performed with a cone-plate viscometer (Brookfield DV-III).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The maximum elongation index (EImax) decreased significantly from 0.664 (0.01) pre-treatment to 0.657 (0.01) post-treatment (p = 0.04). The aggregation index was significantly higher in both the subclinical hyperthyroidism group [68.05 (7.66), p = 0.001] and the overt hyperthyroidism group [66.78 (8.815), p = 0.001] compared to the control group. Additionally, the aggregation half-time was significantly shorter in the subclinical hyperthyroidism group [1.9 (1.21-2.27), p = 0.001] and the overt hyperthyroidism group [1.91 (1.43-2.46), p = 0.001] relative to the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The hemorheological status of patients was influenced by excessive thyroid hormones in both subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism groups. Additionally, anti-thyroid therapy with methimazole may play a role in the observed decrease in the maximum elongation index following treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":39048,"journal":{"name":"Thyroid Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11924651/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143664865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The development of thyroid autoimmunity is potentially associated with the deficiency of vitamin D3 rather than vitamin D2 in euthyroid men.","authors":"Dongdong Luo, Chenxi Zhang, Bingrui Gao, Deping Wang, Zhaoying Chen, Kan Chen, Bojuan Li, Song Leng, Jing Li","doi":"10.1186/s13044-025-00226-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13044-025-00226-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Vitamin D(VitD) deficiency has been found prevalent among patients with thyroid autoimmunity (TAI). This study aimed to investigate whether low VitD2 or VitD3 potentially contributed to the development of TAI in euthyroid male patients, which had not been reported before.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 2882 euthyroid male petroleum workers were recruited from those participants in the healthcare program at the second affiliated hospital of Dalian Medical University in 2021, whose serum VitD levels, thyroid functions, and autoantibody titers were all examined at the same time. Among them, 2587 (89.8%) individuals received the second health follow-up in 2022. Serum VitD including 25(OH)D2 (VitD2) and 25(OH)D3 (VitD3) levels were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Thyroid functions and autoantibody titers were quantified using chemiluminescent immunoassays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The serum levels of VitD and VitD3 were pronouncedly lower in the male euthyroid subjects with TAI (n = 195) than those non-TAI men (n = 2687, P < 0.05), whereas serum VitD2 was not significantly different based on the data from the initial investigation in 2021. The prevalence of subjects with TAI among the total male euthyroid subjects with TAI population was markedly increased with the decreasing levels of serum VitD and VitD3, respectively (P for trend < 0.05), but not significantly changed with that of serum VitD2. The binary logistic regression analysis revealed that either the deficiency of VitD (serum VitD < 20 ng/mL, VDD) or low VitD3 level was an independent risk factor for the development of TAI, which had been further demonstrated by the follow-up observation in 2022. Among the non-TAI men in 2021, 6.52% (n = 157) individuals became TAI patients after a one-year follow-up, and their serum VitD and VitD3 levels both exhibited significantly more reduction as compared with those of the remained non-TAI ones in 2022. More of those with VDD developed TAI than the non-VDD ones did in 2022 (8.5% vs. 5.6%, P<0.05). Additionally, the change in serum VitD over the two years was more strongly correlated with serum VitD3 (rs = 0.971, P < 0.001) when compared with that of VitD2 (rs = 0.085, P < 0.001) in the whole euthyroid male population.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the cross-sectional and prospective investigations, our findings further indicate that VDD may be an independent risk factor for TAI development. Moreover, the latter is potentially associated with the deficiency of VitD3 rather than VitD2 in the euthyroid male population although the related mechanisms await in-depth exploration. Our findings also suggest that VitD3 supplementation might provide more potential benefits than VitD2 among VDD men in terms of preventing TAI development.</p><p><strong>Study registration: </strong>the Dalian Health Management Cohort (DHMC) ChiCTR2300073363.</p>","PeriodicalId":39048,"journal":{"name":"Thyroid Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11916962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143651306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}