Arboriculture and Urban Forestry最新文献_第4页

How Tree Risk Assessment Methods Work: Sensitivity Analyses of Sixteen Methods Reveal the Value of Quantification and the Impact of Inputs on Risk Ratings 三种风险评估方法如何工作:16种方法的敏感性分析揭示了量化的价值和输入对风险评级的影响

Arboriculture and Urban Forestry Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2020.030

M. Norris, G. Moore

{"title":"How Tree Risk Assessment Methods Work: Sensitivity Analyses of Sixteen Methods Reveal the Value of Quantification and the Impact of Inputs on Risk Ratings","authors":"M. Norris, G. Moore","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2020.030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2020.030","url":null,"abstract":"Sixteen tree risk assessment methods were subjected to sensitivity analysis to determine which factors most influenced the output of each method. The analyses indicate the relative influence that the input variables exert on the final risk value. Excel was used to create a simple ± 25% or ± 1 rank change (depending on the method) for each criterion, with the change to the output recorded as a percentage. Palisade’s @Risk software was used to undertake a Monte Carlo (with Latin Hypercube sampling) simulation of 5000 iterations based on the input variables and output formula. From the simulation, multivariate stepwise regression was undertaken to determine the influence of each method’s input variables in determining the output values. Results from the sensitivity analysis indicate some clear and strong differences amongst the 16 methods, reflecting that the underlying mathematics, input categories, ranges, and scaling influence the way that different methods process and express risk. It is not surprising that methods perform differently in different circumstances and express risk level differently. The analyses demonstrated that most methods placed too great an emphasis on limited aspects of risk assessment. Most methods strongly focused on the hazard or defect aspects of assessment and the likelihood of failure rather than the consequence aspect of an assessment. While methods were uniquely different, they could be placed into 3 broad groups: Group 1 methods produced a normal distribution with most values around the mean; Group 2 methods produced outputs at the lower end of the risk scale; and Group 3 methods produced outputs evenly if not continuously across the risk scale. Users of tree risk assessment should understand the strengths and weaknesses of any method used, as it could be relatively simple to challenge the results of a risk assessment based on limitations inherent in the underlying methodology.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":"2013 1","pages":"402-431"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82678452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Optimizing Reduction Pruning of Trees Under Electrical Lines: The Influence of Intensity and Season of Pruning on Epicormic Branch Growth and Wound Compartmentalization 电线下树木优化减量修剪:修剪强度和季节对表皮分枝生长和伤口分区的影响

Arboriculture and Urban Forestry Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2020.031

G. Perrette, S. Delagrange, C. Messier

{"title":"Optimizing Reduction Pruning of Trees Under Electrical Lines: The Influence of Intensity and Season of Pruning on Epicormic Branch Growth and Wound Compartmentalization","authors":"G. Perrette, S. Delagrange, C. Messier","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2020.031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2020.031","url":null,"abstract":"Reduction pruning of the main stem is commonly used during the maintenance of power lines to encourage the establishment and development of scaffold limbs away from wires. Understanding the physiology of epicormic branch initiation and growth as well as wound compartmentalization following reduction pruning are important for optimizing the pruning cycle and maintaining healthy and safe trees. In this study, the influence of both intensity and time of year of pruning on epicormic branch response and wound compartmentalization was investigated on 56 11-year-old Pennsylvania ash trees (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) about 5 to 7 m in height within a controlled nursery environment. During the second growing season following reduction of the main stem, the number, height, and volume of epicormic branches, as well as tallest epicormic branches and the area of discolored wood, increased with pruning intensity. Pruning during the leaf-on season compared to the leaf-off season limited the establishment and development of epicormic branches without affecting wound-closure rate or the area of wood discoloration at the cutting point. Results are consistent with the known seasonal fluctuation of carbohydrates reserves. In the context of the electrical distribution network, where trees are subjected to pruning throughout the year, trees pruned in summer during a maintenance cycle could be pruned during the next cycle, in winter, and so on, to optimize the return interval of the pruning cycle.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":"42 1","pages":"432-449"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80553085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Editor’s Note: Seeing the Forest for the Trees 编者注:只见树木不见森林

Arboriculture and Urban Forestry Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2020.028

J. Grabosky

引用次数: 1

The Effects of Integrated Vegetation Management on Richness of Native Compatible Flowering Plants and abundance of Noncompatible Tree Species on a Right-of-Way in Central Pennsylvania, USA 植被综合管理对美国宾夕法尼亚州中部一条路权上原生相容开花植物丰富度和非相容树种丰富度的影响

Arboriculture and Urban Forestry Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2020.029

Carolyn G. Mahan, Brad Ross, R. H. Yahner

{"title":"The Effects of Integrated Vegetation Management on Richness of Native Compatible Flowering Plants and abundance of Noncompatible Tree Species on a Right-of-Way in Central Pennsylvania, USA","authors":"Carolyn G. Mahan, Brad Ross, R. H. Yahner","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2020.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2020.029","url":null,"abstract":"We examined the effects of integrated vegetation management (IVM) and nonselective mechanical removal techniques (hand cutting and mowing) on the richness and abundance of native compatible flowering plants and noncompatible trees on an electric transmission line right-of-way in central Pennsylvania, USA. Our study focused on native flowering plants to help determine how different vegetation management techniques may affect native wildlife communities. We found no correlation between amount of herbicide applied and native flowering plant species richness or tree abundance. We found that the richness of native flowering plants did not differ between plots treated with an IVM herbicide approach and those that were mechanically treated (t = 1.06, df = 1, p = 0.31). However, mechanically treated plots had significantly higher abundance of trees than IVM plots (t = 3.10, df = 1, p = 0.009). We found that plots that were treated with herbicide mixtures that contained glyphosate in 2012 had lower native flowering plant species richness in 2016 than those treated with herbicide mixtures that did not contain glyphosate (t = −2.44, df = 1, p = 0.04). Our study indicates that long-term IVM approaches support native flowering plant species richness while limiting tree abundance under electric transmission line right-of-way. However, further study is needed to determine if the herbicide type and method (selective versus broadcast) of application affects species richness of native flowering plant communities.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48196994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Is the radial growth of irrigated urban trees more strongly correlated to light and temperature than water? 灌溉城市树木的径向生长与光照和温度的关系是否比与水分的关系更强?

Arboriculture and Urban Forestry Pub Date : 2020-10-30 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.29.361121

K. Griffin, Thomas G. Harris, S. Bruner, Patrick F. McKenzie, Jeremy Hise

{"title":"Is the radial growth of irrigated urban trees more strongly correlated to light and temperature than water?","authors":"K. Griffin, Thomas G. Harris, S. Bruner, Patrick F. McKenzie, Jeremy Hise","doi":"10.1101/2020.10.29.361121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.29.361121","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time monitoring of tree growth can provide novel information about trees in urban/suburban areas and the myriad ecosystem services they provide. By monitoring irrigated specimen trees we test the hypothesis that in trees with sufficient water, growth is governed by environmental factors regulating energy gain rather than by factors related to water use.Internet enabled, high-resolution dendrometers were installed on three trees in Southampton, NY. The instruments, along with a weather station, streamed data to a project web page that was updated once an hour. (https://ecosensornetwork.com). Growing periods were determined using a Hidden Markov Model based on Zweifel et al.’s (2016) zero-growth model. Linear models and conditional inference trees correlated environmental variables to growth magnitude and rate of growth.Growth was governed by the interacting environmental variables of air temperature, soil moisture, VPD and took place primarily at night. Radial growth of spruce began April 14 after the accumulation of 69.7 °C growing degrees days and ended September 7th. Cedar growth began later (April 26th), after the accumulation of 160.6 °C and ended later (November 3rd). During the observation period, these three modest suburban trees sequestered 108.3 kg of CO2.Though irrigated, residential tree growth in our experiment was affected by environmental factors relating to both water use and energy gain through photosynthesis. Linking tree growth to fluctuations in environmental conditions facilitates the development of a predictive understanding useful for ecosystem management and growth forecasting across future altering climates.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78216122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Influence of Inducing Agents Applied by Soil Drenches on Disease Severity of Apple and Pear Scab 土壤淋施诱导剂对苹果、梨赤霉病严重程度的影响

Arboriculture and Urban Forestry Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2020.026

G. Percival

{"title":"The Influence of Inducing Agents Applied by Soil Drenches on Disease Severity of Apple and Pear Scab","authors":"G. Percival","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2020.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2020.026","url":null,"abstract":"Apple and pear scab are foliar diseases of ornamental and fruiting apple and pear trees. Unmanaged, yield and aesthetic losses can be severe. Overreliance on synthetic fungicides means novel means of disease management are required. Field trials were conducted using apple (Malus cv. Crown Gold) and pear (Pyrus communis ‘Williams Bon Chrétien’) to assess the efficacy of a range of commercially available inducing resistance (IR) agents (harpin protein, potassium phosphite, salicylic acid derivative, and chitosan) as root drenches against both scab diseases. A synthetic fungicide (penconazole) spray program used within the UK for apple and pear scab control was included for comparison. Each IR agent was applied four times, (i) before the visible appearance of scab (April through June, i.e., preventatively) or (ii) after symptoms of scab were visibly observed (June through August, i.e., curatively). Limited efficacy as scab protectants was demonstrated when IR agents were applied curatively. Likewise, limited efficacy was recorded when IR agents were applied once or twice as a preventative measure. However, when IR agents were applied as root drenches greater or equal to three times, efficacy as scab protectants was confirmed (increased leaf chlorophyll content, increased fruit yield, reduced leaf and fruit scab severity). A synthetic fungicide penconazole spray program provided the greatest protection against apple and pear scab in all trials when sprayed preventatively rather than curatively. Results suggest application of at least three root drenches from April through June with an appropriate IR agent provides a useful addition to existing methods of apple and pear scab management under field conditions.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":"13 2 1","pages":"358-370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78380957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Another Look at Systemic Neonicotinoid Applications for Emerald Ash Borer Suppression 系统应用新烟碱类药物抑制绿灰螟虫的研究

Arboriculture and Urban Forestry Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2020.025

David G. Olson, L. Townsend, Eric Roemmele, L. K. Rieske

{"title":"Another Look at Systemic Neonicotinoid Applications for Emerald Ash Borer Suppression","authors":"David G. Olson, L. Townsend, Eric Roemmele, L. K. Rieske","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2020.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2020.025","url":null,"abstract":"Emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis) is an invasive phloem feeder from East Asia that has killed millions of ash trees in North America. Currently, effective options for individual tree protection are limited to systemic insecticides, in particular neonicotinoids, which have come under increased scrutiny for their nontarget effects. In this study, green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) trees were treated with two neonicotinoid insecticides, imidacloprid and dinotefuran, at full and half label rates based on trunk diameter to evaluate residues and efficacy. Analyzing the leaf, stem, and root tissues, there was no difference in insecticide residues between application rates within each tissue type. However, there were significantly higher residues of imidacloprid in root tissue compared to other plant tissues, and dinotefuran applied at the full label rate resulted in lower residues in stem phloem tissue. Additionally, insecticide-treated stems were artificially infested with EAB eggs to measure larval success (survival and growth). EAB larvae consumed less phloem in treated trees compared to untreated controls. These findings suggest that, in small-diameter ash, lower than label-recommended doses may be a viable component of an integrated management plan for EAB.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":"67 1","pages":"347-357"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81175127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Strain Patterns Across the Root-Stem Transition Zone in Urban Trees 城市乔木根干过渡区的应变模式

Arboriculture and Urban Forestry Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2020.023

K. Beezley, G. Dahle, Jason W. Miesbauer, D. DeVallance

{"title":"Strain Patterns Across the Root-Stem Transition Zone in Urban Trees","authors":"K. Beezley, G. Dahle, Jason W. Miesbauer, D. DeVallance","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2020.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2020.023","url":null,"abstract":"Trees are subjected to mechanical loading during their life span or face premature mortality. The strain resulting from loads intercepted by the canopy and transferred throughout the tree is of significant importance, not only for the survival of the tree, but for the safety and well-being of the human population found in close proximity. To test the function of tree orientation to an applied load, static load tests were conducted on 15 mature pin oak trees (Quercus palustris Muenchh.). We applied the static load tests to tilt the trees 0.1° from natural position. We used a digital image correlation system to map strain in the leeward, windward, and tangential roots in the root-stem transition zone. Results indicate that mean maximum strain magnitudes are similar in the leeward and windward orientations and lower on the tangential orientation. The leeward orientation experienced compressive strain, the windward orientation experienced tensile strain, and the tangential orientation had both tensile and compressive strain. This information provides the arboricultural and plant science sectors with a better understanding of how loading force moves through trees and will further enhance tree risk assessment and root zone management protocols.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":"61 1","pages":"321-332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87048160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Evaluation of Stem-Injected TREE-äge® (4% Emamectin Benzoate) for Protecting Western White Pines (Pinus monticola) from Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) 茎注射TREE-äge®(4%苯甲酸Emamectin Benzoate)保护西部白松(Pinus monticola)免受山松甲虫(Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins)(鞘翅目:松科:Scolytinae)侵袭的评价

Arboriculture and Urban Forestry Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2020.024

Joseph J. Doccola, S. Smith, J. Fischer, B. Strom

{"title":"Evaluation of Stem-Injected TREE-äge® (4% Emamectin Benzoate) for Protecting Western White Pines (Pinus monticola) from Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)","authors":"Joseph J. Doccola, S. Smith, J. Fischer, B. Strom","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2020.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2020.024","url":null,"abstract":"The protection of high-value trees against bark beetles and the development of alternatives to bole sprays is a priority for the tree manager. The objective of this study was to evaluate stem-injected TREE-äge® (emamectin benzoate [EB]) as a protective treatment for western white pines (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) against mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins). Treatment efficacy was based solely on tree mortality as per Shea protocols (i.e., ≥ 60% check vs. ≤ 20% treated tree mortality). Our first experiment was installed in 2007 and included trees stem-injected with TREE-äge and untreated controls. Bole application of S-(-)-verbenone and green leaf volatile (GLV) blend was included for observational comparison. Pressure from MPB was heavy, as indicated by the number and timing of control tree mortality (90%). Strip attacks by MPB in TREE-äge trees indicated that the impacts of EB, and by inference its distribution, were inconsistent. In 2009, the injection protocol was revised to improve EB distribution in the phloem via closer injection points. In the 2009 TREE-äge-treated trees, adult beetle mining stopped when they contacted phloem and was insufficient to cause tree death by girdling. Blue-stain fungi colonized the sapwood of trees in both studies. Isolates from autopsied trees treated with TREE-äge alone were subsequently identified as Grosmannia clavigera and Leptographium longiclavatum (Ophiostomatales: Ascomycota), species that can incite tree mortality. In 2013, we revised our protocol to include GLV plus verbenone or propiconazole with TREE-äge, wherein these treatments proved effective in protecting trees against MPB and their associated pathogenic fungi.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":"52 1","pages":"333-346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91264896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

A Tree Selection Survey of Tree City USA Designated Cities in the Pacific Northwest 美国西北太平洋指定城市的树木选择调查

Arboriculture and Urban Forestry Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2020.027

Joshua Petter, P. Ries, A. D’Antonio, R. Contreras

{"title":"A Tree Selection Survey of Tree City USA Designated Cities in the Pacific Northwest","authors":"Joshua Petter, P. Ries, A. D’Antonio, R. Contreras","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2020.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2020.027","url":null,"abstract":"As urban areas expand, there are a greater number of urban trees; however, development often leads to a reduction in urban trees in many areas. A reduction in the canopy volume of trees results in a reduction in the number of benefits. Additionally, urban trees can have additional stressors and must be more actively managed to maintain those services. Selecting tree species for the right site can lead to greater benefits and longer-lived trees. Increasing diversity of urban trees can help to mitigate some of the threats facing urban forests, such as invasive pests and climate change. We surveyed Tree City USA designated cities across Oregon and Washington to explore how they are selecting tree species for their municipalities. Responses were recorded for 79 out of 151 municipalities for a 52.3% response rate. Both open-ended questions and descriptive statistics were used to triangulate how managers are selecting tree species. Emergent themes in open-ended responses indicate a variety of justifications for tree species selection and the challenges of balancing those criteria. There is evidence to suggest that these municipalities are actively diversifying the urban forest; however, there are still 10 municipalities that reported ash (Fraxinus spp.) in their top 5 most frequently planted species in 2016. Many municipalities are still planting large quantities of maple (Acer spp.). Overplanting certain genera and species can lead to an increase in susceptibility to pests and pathogens. We recommend an increase in consideration for the diversification of tree species in urban areas.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":"2 5","pages":"371-384"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72612560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3