Open Microbiology Journal最新文献

{"title":"Molecular Characterization of <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> Clinical Isolates with Elevated Resistance to Carbapenems.","authors":"Rasha Barwa,&nbsp;Mona Shaaban","doi":"10.2174/1874285801711010152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285801711010152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Emergence of carbapenems-resistant <i>K. pneumoniae</i> represents a serious challenge for antimicrobial therapy.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this research is to determine different mechanisms mediating the emergence of <i>K. pneumoniae</i> isolates with high-level carbapenem resistance.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total of 80 <i>K. pneumoniae</i> isolates were purified from sputum and urine specimens. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of imipenem and meropenem were determined by broth microdilution method. Carbapenemases were detected by Modified Hodge test and PCR. Additionally, the copy numbers of the identified genes (<i>bla</i>_VIM-1, <i>bla</i>_NDM-1 and <i>bla</i>_OXA-48) were quantified by RT-PCR. The outer membrane proteins OmpK35 and OmpK36 of the resistant isolates were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight isolates were resistant to carbapenems; six of these isolates possessed elevated MICs to imipenem and meropenem (≥16 µg/ml). Carbapenem resistant isolates harbored <i>bla</i>_NDM-1 (n=5), <i>bla</i>_VIM-1 (n=4) and <i>bla</i>_OXA-48 (n=1) with some isolates had multiple carbapenemases genes. Six isolates with high MICs to imipenem contained multi-copies of the carbapenemases genes along with the lack of OmpK35. Isolates with intermediate resistance to carbapenems (MIC; 4-8 µg/ml) did not exhibit multiple carbapenemases but lacked the OmpK35. Random amplified polymorphic DNA exhibited three different patterns and indicated that five isolates encoded the same pattern P1.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study elucidated that multiple carbapenemases genes, high copy number of carbapenemases and loss of the porin OmpK35 could collectively contribute to the emergence of <i>K. pneumoniae</i> isolates with high resistance to carbapenems. Hence, more restrictions should be applied on the use of carbapenems to reduce the emergence of the resistant clones.</p>","PeriodicalId":38953,"journal":{"name":"Open Microbiology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5585459/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35428819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Prenatal Consumption of Caprine Milk Oligosaccharides on Mice Mono-associated with <i>Bifidobacterium Bifidum</i> (AGR2166).","authors":"Caroline Thum,&nbsp;Kikuji Itoh,&nbsp;Wayne Young,&nbsp;Adrian Cookson,&nbsp;Warren McNabb,&nbsp;Nicole Roy","doi":"10.2174/1874285801711010105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285801711010105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Prenatal consumption of oligosaccharides are associated with changes in the maternal gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota with health consequences for the offspring. It has previously been demonstrated that caprine milk oligosaccharides (CMO) stimulate the growth and fermentation rate of <i>Bifidobacterium bifidum</i> AGR2166.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to examine the effects of <i>B. bifidum</i> AGR2166 and prenatal consumption of CMO, alone or in combination, on the dam's large intestine, foetal development and ability of <i>B. bifidum</i> to translocate from the gastrointestinal lumen to organs and foetal membranes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Germ-free BALB/c mice, inoculated with <i>B. bifidum</i> AGR2166 or anaerobic phosphate buffer, were fed either diet supplemented with CMO or with galacto-oligosaccharide. Pregnant mice were euthanised 1 to 3 days before the expected delivery date and samples collected for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dietary CMO, regardless of bifidobacterial inoculation was shown to increase GIT weight and to reduce foetal weight compared to galacto-oligosaccharide-fed dams. <i>B. bifidum</i> AGR2166 DNA was detected in the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, plasma and placenta of the dam by amplification of the bifidobacterial 16S rRNA gene.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong><i>B. bifidum</i> AGR2166 DNA was detected in maternal organs, however there is no indication that live bifidobacteria was able to translocate during pregnancy. Further studies using conventionally-raised mouse models will develop a deeper understanding of the interactions between dietary CMOF, the host, and bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":38953,"journal":{"name":"Open Microbiology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5543657/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35348092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity of Multidrug Efflux Genes and Phenotypic Evaluation of the <i>In vitro</i> Resistance Dynamics of Clinical <i>Staphylococcus Aureus</i> Isolates Using Methicillin; a Model β-lactam.","authors":"John F Antiabong,&nbsp;Marleen M Kock,&nbsp;Nontombi M Bellea,&nbsp;Marthie M Ehlers","doi":"10.2174/1874285801711010132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285801711010132","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) across the world often leave clinicians with little or no choice of treatment options. The multi-drug efflux (MDE) genes are bacterial survival mechanisms responsible for the pumping out of antibiotics and other biocides from the cytoplasm. Whilst effort is being made in the development of antibiotic adjuvants such as efflux pumps inhibitors, information is needed on the diversity of these MDEs in the circulating S. aureus and on the growth dynamics of the clinical isolates in response to antibiotics is not regularly examined. Methods: Here, we evaluated the diversity of MDEs in cinical S. aureus recovered in a tertiary academic hospital, Pretoria, South African hospital using PCR and also employed visual minimum inhibitory concentration and quantitative analysis of spectrophometric measurements of bacterial growth in the presence of a model β lactam antibiotic (methicillin), to phenotypically elucidate the resistance pattern of these isolates in response to methicillin. Results: Three major distribution patterns of MDEs were observed in the clinical isolates evaluated. Moreover, norA, nor B and tet38 were present in 98.9% of the isolates while other MDE were present in different proportions ranging from 40 to 98.6% of the isolates. In addition, S. aureus isolates, be it of MRSA or MSSA genotype did not habour the same set of MDEs despite being recovered from the same hospital setting. Finally, we showed that MSSA displayed phenotypic resistance to methicilllin despite the non-detection of the mecA resistance gene. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the growth of S. aureus may be enhanced by β lactams (methicillin) and that MSSA may also display resistance to methicillin and perhaps other β lactam antibiotics. The high prevalence of MDEs suggestive of resistance to a broad spectrum of biocides and fluoroquinolones are particularly disturbing.","PeriodicalId":38953,"journal":{"name":"Open Microbiology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5543611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35444186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Misinterpretation of Gram Stain from the Stationary Growth Phase of Positive Blood Cultures for <i>Brucella</i> and <i>Acinetobacter</i> Species.","authors":"Ali M Bazzi,&nbsp;Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq,&nbsp;Ali A Rabaan","doi":"10.2174/1874285801711010126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285801711010126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> and <i>Brucella</i> species are Gram-negative organisms that are vulnerable to misinterpretation as Gram-positive or Gram-variable in blood cultures.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We assess the random errors in gram stain interpretation to reduce the likelihood of such errors and therefore patient harm.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures from two patients in an acute care facility in Saudi Arabia were subjected to preliminary Gram-staining. In case 1, VITEK-2 Anaerobe Identification, repeat Gram staining from a blood agar plate, Remel BactiDrop™ Oxidase test, Urea Agar urease test and real-time PCR were used to confirm presence of <i>Brucella</i> and absence of <i>Coryneform</i> species. In case 2, repeat Gram- staining from the plate and the vials, VITEK-2 Gram-Negative Identification, real-time PCR and subculture on to Columbia agar, blood agar, and MacConkey agar were carried out to identify <i>A. baumannii</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In case 1, initially pleomorphic Gram-positive bacteria were identified. <i>Coryneform</i> species were suspected. Tiny growth was observed after 24 h on blood agar plates, and good growth by 48 h. Presence of <i>Brucella</i> species was ultimately confirmed. In case 2, preliminary Gram-stain results suggested giant Gram-positive oval cocci. Further testing over 18-24 h identified <i>A. baumannii</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Oxidase test from the plate and urease test from the culture vial is recommended after apparent identification of pleomorphic Gram-positive bacilli from blood culture, once tiny growth is observed, to distinguish <i>Brucella</i> from <i>Corynebacterium</i> species. If giant Gram-positive oval cocci are indicated by preliminary Gram-staining, it is recommended that the Gram stain be repeated from the plate after 4-6 h, or culture should be tested in Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) medium and the Gram stain repeated after 2-4 h incubation.</p>","PeriodicalId":38953,"journal":{"name":"Open Microbiology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874285801711010126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35444185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Coding RNAs are Differentially Expressed by <i>Nocardia brasiliensis in Vitro</i> and in Experimental Actinomycetoma.","authors":"Josué S Cruz-Rabadán,&nbsp;Juan Miranda-Ríos,&nbsp;Guadalupe Espín-Ocampo,&nbsp;Luis J Méndez-Tovar,&nbsp;Héctor Rubén Maya-Pineda,&nbsp;Francisca Hernández-Hernández","doi":"10.2174/1874285801711010112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285801711010112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Nocardia</i> spp. are common soil-inhabiting bacteria that frequently infect humans through traumatic injuries or inhalation routes and cause infections, such as actinomycetoma and nocardiosis, respectively. <i>Nocardia brasiliensis</i> is the main aetiological agent of actinomycetoma in various countries. Many bacterial non-coding RNAs are regulators of genes associated with virulence factors.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this work was to identify non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) expressed during infection conditions and in free-living form (<i>in vitro</i>) in <i>Nocardia brasiliensis</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods and result: </strong>The <i>N. brasiliensis</i> transcriptome (predominately < 200 nucleotides) was determined by RNA next-generation sequencing in both conditions. A total of seventy ncRNAs were identified in both conditions. Among these ncRNAs, 18 were differentially expressed, 12 were located within intergenic regions, and 2 were encoded as antisense of 2 different genes. Finally, 10 of these ncRNAs were studied by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and/or quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Interestingly, 3 transcripts corresponded to tRNA-derived fragments (tRNAs^{Cys, Met, Thr}), and one transcript was overlapped between an intergenic region and the 5´end of the 23S rRNA. Expression of these last four transcripts was increased during <i>N. brasiliensis</i> infection compared with the <i>in vitro</i> conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this work suggest a possible role for these transcripts in the regulation of virulence genes in actinomycetoma pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":38953,"journal":{"name":"Open Microbiology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5543724/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35348093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations of Rifampicin Strongly Stimulated Biofilm Production in <i>S. aureus</i>.","authors":"Agostinho Alves Lima-E-Silva,&nbsp;Renato Geraldo Silva-Filho,&nbsp;Henry Marcel Zalona Fernandes,&nbsp;Carmen Soares Meirelles Saramago,&nbsp;Alice Slotfeldt Viana,&nbsp;Maria José Souza,&nbsp;Eduardo Matos Nogueira","doi":"10.2174/1874285801711010142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285801711010142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is an important pathogen and a frequent cause of infections associated with biofilm production in implantable medical devices. Biofilm production can be induced by sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of certain antibiotics, but few studies have researched this occurrence in <i>S. aureus</i>. In this study, we investigated the effect of sub-MICs of rifampicin and minocycline on biofilm production by five clinical and five non-clinical <i>S. aureus</i> isolates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Microtiter Plate assay and Congo Red Agar Test were used to analyze the biofilm production. The biofilm composition was evaluated by the detachment assay with sodium metaperiodate and proteinase K.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Rifampicin sub-MICs induced very high biofilm formation in seven isolates that were non-producers in Tryptic Soy Broth. In one producer isolate, the biofilm formation level was not affected by sub-MICs of this drug. Sub-MICs of minocycline did not induce biofilm production in all isolates tested and in two producer isolates, instead, MIC/2 and MIC/4 inhibited biofilm production. The results of the drugs in combination were similar to those with rifampicin alone. The biofilm matrix was identified as polysaccharide, except for one producer isolate, classified as proteinaceous. Polysaccharide biofilm producer isolates, when grown on Congo Red Agar without sucrose, but with sub-MICs of rifampicin, showed results in agreement with those obtained in Microtiter Plate Test.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The high biofilm production induced by sub-MICs of rifampicin has potential clinical relevance, because this is one of the drugs commonly used in the impregnation of catheters. In addition, it is used adjunctively to treat certain <i>S. aureus</i> infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":38953,"journal":{"name":"Open Microbiology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5543614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35444187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Physicochemical and Microbiological Quality of Public Swimming Pools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.","authors":"Kokebe Yedeme,&nbsp;Melese Hailu Legese,&nbsp;Almaz Gonfa,&nbsp;Somson Girma","doi":"10.2174/1874285801711010098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285801711010098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>From swimming pools, bathers may acquire many potential pathogens or may be affected by the physicochemical characteristics of water used during bathing. Hence, this study aimed at assessing the physicochemical and microbiological quality of public swimming pools located at different hotels and recreation center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross sectional study was carried out from February to May, 2016. Nine hotels and one recreation center which recognized to have public swimming services were included. A total of 60 swimming pool water samples from 10 swimming pools were collected at deeper, shallow and intake point twice on a weekly basis using a 250 ml sterile bottle containing sodium thiosulphate. PH, residual chlorine and temperature of samples were recorded at the time of collection. Sample containing bottles were transported in ice box to microbiological laboratory and analyzed on the same day. Standard cultural and biochemical methods were used for isolation and characterization of the main microbial groups. Total viable count, total coliform count, fecal coliform count and <i>E. coli</i> were determined. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 20.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Average PH and temperature of swimming pool water samples were 7.1 and 29^oC respectively. Of all analyzed water samples, 58.4% (n=35/60) of them had PH range of 7.2-7.8, 58.3% (n=35/60) of samples had temperature in the range of 21^oC-32^oC and 25% (n=15/60) of water samples had residual chlorine in the range of 2-3mg/l. 73.3% (n=44/60) of the samples had a total viable count below 200 MPN/ml and 70% (n-42/60) of the samples had Total Coliform Count values less than 2 MPN/100 ml. Moreover, 66.7% (n=40/60) of the samples had fecal coliform counts falling below 1 MPN /100 ml. <i>E. coli</i> was absent in 70% (n=42/60) of the samples while it was present in 30% (n=18/60) of the samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PH, residual chlorine and temperature value of majority of the swimming pools' water samples were within the acceptable limit. Regarding microbial quality, most swimming pools' water samples complied to the WHO standard. Swimming pools that did not comply to the standard both in physicochemical levels and microbial quality need improvement due to their significant health implication.</p>","PeriodicalId":38953,"journal":{"name":"Open Microbiology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874285801711010098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35278545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a Probe-Based PCR-ELISA System for Simultaneous Semi Quantitative Detection and Genotyping of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Infection in Clinical Specimens.","authors":"Majid Talkhabifard,&nbsp;Naeme Javid,&nbsp;Abdolvahab Moradi,&nbsp;Amir Ghaemi,&nbsp;Alijan Tabarraei","doi":"10.2174/1874285801711010083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285801711010083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common opportunistic pathogen that causes serious complications in immunosuppressed patients and infected newborns. In this study, PCR-ELISA was optimized for semi-quantitative detection of infection in clinical specimens and simultaneous genotyping of glycoprotein B for 4 major genotypes, due to its significance.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>During DIG-labeling PCR, a pair of primers amplifies a fragment of variable region of the glycoprotein B encoding sequence. Under optimized conditions, labeled Target amplicons hybridize to biotinated specific probes and are detected in an ELISA system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PCR-ELISA system showed specific performance with detection limit of approximately 100 copies of CMV DNA. The linear correlation was observed between the PCR-ELISA results (OD) and logarithmic scale of CMV (r=0.979). Repeatability of PCR-ELISA detection system for intra-assay and inter-assay was evaluated for negative and positive samples. In optimized conditions of hybridization, differentiation between genotypes of glycoprotein B was feasible using genotype-specific probes in PCR-ELISA genotyping system. In comparison with sequencing method, genotyping system was confirmed with kappa index of 1.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PCR-ELISA is proposed as an applicable and reliable technique for semi-quantitative diagnosis and typing of the infection. This technique is flexible to apply in a variety of molecular fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":38953,"journal":{"name":"Open Microbiology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5481617/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35158928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Factors for Acquisition of Fluoroquinolone or Aminoglycoside Resistance in Addition to Carbapenem Resistance in <i>Pseudomonas Aeruginosa</i>.","authors":"Kosuke Kosai,&nbsp;Norihito Kaku,&nbsp;Naoki Uno,&nbsp;Tomomi Saijo,&nbsp;Yoshitomo Morinaga,&nbsp;Yoshifumi Imamura,&nbsp;Hiroo Hasegawa,&nbsp;Taiga Miyazaki,&nbsp;Koichi Izumikawa,&nbsp;Hiroshi Mukae,&nbsp;Katsunori Yanagihara","doi":"10.2174/1874285801711010092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285801711010092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Carbapenems, fluoroquinolones (FQs), and aminoglycosides (AGs) are key drugs for treating <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> infections, and accumulation of drug resistances make antibiotic therapy difficult.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We evaluated 169 patients with imipenem (IPM)-resistant <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and compared patient background and microbiological characteristics between groups with or without FQ resistance. Similar analyses were performed for AG.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 169 IPM-resistant strains, 39.1% showed resistance to FQs and 7.1% to AGs. The frequency of exposure to FQs within 90 days previously was higher in the group with FQ resistance (45.5%) than in the group without FQ resistance (13.6%). Similarly, 33.3% of patients in the group with AG resistance had been previously administered AGs, higher than the 7.6% of patients without AG resistance. Frequencies of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) production were higher in the group with FQ or AG resistance (16.7% or 33.3%) than in the group without FQ or AG resistance (2.9% or 6.4%). Multivariate analyses showed exposures to FQs or AGs were related to the respective resistances. MBL production was a common factor for resistance to FQs or AGs, in addition to IPM-resistant <i>P. aeruginosa</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>As well as promoting appropriate use of antibiotics, MBL production should be detected as a target of intervention for infection control.</p>","PeriodicalId":38953,"journal":{"name":"Open Microbiology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5481610/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35158929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Immunomodulatory Effect of <i>Trichophyton Rubrum</i> Exoantigens in the Treatment of Experimental Septic Arthritis.","authors":"Seyed A Ghiasian,&nbsp;Amir H Maghsood,&nbsp;Asadollah Abniki,&nbsp;Abbas Mirshafiey","doi":"10.2174/1874285801711010072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285801711010072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Understanding the nature and function of fungal exoantigens might lead to novel approaches in the treatment and prophylaxis of some infectious diseases. Septic arthritis represents a serious problem for medicine due to the high incidence rate and severe complications.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study aimed at assessing the immunomodulatory effects of <i>Trichophyton rubrum</i> culture filtrate as a novel compound in experimental septic arthritis.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The septic arthritis was haematogenously induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by a single intravenous injection of 10⁹ colony forming units of the human clinical isolate <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> producing toxic shock syndrome toxin-1. <i>Trichophyton rubrum</i> culture filtrate at two different doses 20 and 40 mg/kg was administered intraperituneally two days after bacterial inoculation in the treatment groups and concurrently with the appearance of clinical signs in the patient groups. The administration of <i>Trichophyton rubrum</i> solution was continued every other day for 10 injections.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The clinical evaluation showed that <i>Trichophyton rubrum</i>-treated rats were significantly protected from disease development compared with untreated controls. This finding was correlated with results of radiological evaluation of the involved joints. Although, the inflammatory cell infiltration, cartilage/bone destruction and synovial hypertrophy had been decreased in the treatment groups in comparison with arthritic controls however, the histological changes were not significant in these two groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is possible that <i>Trichophyton rubrum</i> antigens may play a role in modulating the immune responses and would be efficient in septic arthritis treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":38953,"journal":{"name":"Open Microbiology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5470064/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35127302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}