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A Review of Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans and Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins in Sediments in the United States and International Waterways 美国和国际水道沉积物中多氯二苯并呋喃和多氯二苯并二恶英的研究进展
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1994-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1994.11.253
A. N. Clarke, M. Megehee, D. L. Lowe, J. Clarke
{"title":"A Review of Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans and Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins in Sediments in the United States and International Waterways","authors":"A. N. Clarke, M. Megehee, D. L. Lowe, J. Clarke","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1994.11.253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1994.11.253","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, PCDDs, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, PCDFs, have the potential to accumulate in sediments given their low water solubilities and correspondingly high sorbent potential to solids. There are numerous sources of these compounds which include not only waste products from current or past manufacturing of specific industrial and agriculture chemicals but also a variety of combustion processes including municipal incinerators, automobile and truck exhaust, and wood-burning stoves, among others. Consequently, there has been a corresponding interest in the potential presence of PCDDs and PCDFs in the sediments of major harbors, rivers, and lakes. This paper presents a comprehensive review of sediment quality data for PCDDs and PCDFs for major surface water bodies in the US and abroad. The data sources include interviews with government agencies in the US and Canada as well as peer reviewed literature and technical reports. The paper includes Type I data which provide o...","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124687161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Emissions of metal and organic compounds from cement kilns using waste derived fuels 使用废料衍生燃料的水泥窑排放的金属和有机化合物
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1994-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1994.11.169
A. Sarofim, D. W. Pershing, B. Dellinger, M. Heap, W. D. Owens
{"title":"Emissions of metal and organic compounds from cement kilns using waste derived fuels","authors":"A. Sarofim, D. W. Pershing, B. Dellinger, M. Heap, W. D. Owens","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1994.11.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1994.11.169","url":null,"abstract":"Research completed to date suggests that the use of waste as a substitute fuel in cement kilns is fundamentally sound in theory, and in a number of cases, has been demonstrated sound in practice. Analysis of the database generated in certificate of compliance tests clearly demonstrate that cement plants burning waste-derived fuel (WDF) can employ existing technology to meet and in some cases exceed current emission regulations. With the exception of cement kilns using raw materials with high levels of hydrocarbons, the emission of organics can be controlled by applying well-established good-combustion practices. Metals emissions from cement plants burning WDF can be predicted based upon input metal flow rates, provided that plant-specific information on the collection efficiency of air pollution control equipment and by-pass flow rates are available. 23 refs., 11 figs., 3 tabs.","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"409 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124344036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
Physicochemical limitations to the biotransformation of pentachlorophenol in soil 五氯酚在土壤中生物转化的理化限制
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1994-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1994.11.479
M. Mcfarland, A. Ramaprasad, Ishwar P. Muraka
{"title":"Physicochemical limitations to the biotransformation of pentachlorophenol in soil","authors":"M. Mcfarland, A. Ramaprasad, Ishwar P. Muraka","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1994.11.479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1994.11.479","url":null,"abstract":"A chemical mass balance approach was employed to monitor rates and extent of pentachlorophenol (PCP) removal, mineralization, volatilization and bound residue formation in biologically active soils. For soils having an initial PCP mass loading of 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg, the extent of contaminant removal after 45 days of treatment was 93%, 63%, 51%, and 26% respectively. Over the same period, abiotic controls snowed an average PCP removal of 19%. Modeling PCP removal using first order kinetics resulted in rate constants of 0.065 ± 0.002, 0.019 ± 0.003, 0.015 ± 0.003, and 0.009 ± 0.001 day-1 for soils with initial PCP mass loadings of 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg, respectively. Volatilization of PCP or its organic chemical intermediates was insignificant over the 45 day treatment period. The extent of PCP mineralization after 45 days of treatment was 8.8, 6.6, 3.0, and 1.3% for soils having initial PCP loadings of 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg, respectively. By estimating the aqueous solubility of...","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128399137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Analysis of Incinerator Performance and Metal Emissions from Recent Trial and Test Burns 最近试验和试验燃烧的焚化炉性能和金属排放分析
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1994-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1994.11.53
T. Ho, H. Lee, T. Kuo, D. Chen, W. D. Bostick
{"title":"Analysis of Incinerator Performance and Metal Emissions from Recent Trial and Test Burns","authors":"T. Ho, H. Lee, T. Kuo, D. Chen, W. D. Bostick","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1994.11.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1994.11.53","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recent trial- and test-burn data from five rotary kiln incinerator facilities were analyzed for combustion performance and metal emissions. The incinerator facilities examined included: DuPont's Gulf Coast Regional Waste Incinerator in Orange, Texas; Chemical Waste Management's Incinerator in Port Arthur, Texas; Rollins Environmental Service's Incinerator in Deer Park, Texas; Martin Marietta's TSCA Incinerator in Oak Ridge, Tennessee; and EPA's Incineration Research Facility in Jefferson, Arkansas. The analysis involved the use of a PC-based computer program capable of performing material and energy balance calculations and predicting equilibrium compositions based on the minimization of system free energy. For each analysis, the feed data of waste and fuel and the corresponding operating parameters associated with incinerator and/or afterburner operation were input to the program and the program simulated the combustion performance under equilibrium conditions. In the analysis, the field-recorde...","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127481726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
The influence of operating conditions on the formation of soot and hydrocarbons in flames 操作条件对火焰中烟灰和碳氢化合物形成的影响
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1994-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1994.11.5
H. Wagner
{"title":"The influence of operating conditions on the formation of soot and hydrocarbons in flames","authors":"H. Wagner","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1994.11.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1994.11.5","url":null,"abstract":"Technical devices for the combustion of hydrocarbons with air are usually designed in a way that they exhibit high reliability and high efficiency. The efficiency is computed from thermodynamic considerations, usually assuming that the combustion products for hydrocarbon-air mixtures are CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O and that the combustion takes place in stoichiometric mixtures. Real systems, however, deviate more or less from that assumption and their exhaust may contain CO, traces of hydrocarbons like PAH or aldehydes and other substances. There are many different combustion devices in use, from simple gas or oil burners for house heating to the more complicated ones in power stations, combustion chambers, e.g., for jet engines and piston engines. In order to achieve high reliability and (relatively) save operation, most of these devices operate with diffusion flames or at least with some participation of diffusion flames. 42 refs., 12 figs., 1 tab.","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125593609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Hazardous waste site investigation and cleanup: Innovative technologies, an alternative approach 危险废物现场调查和清理:创新技术，一种替代方法
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1994-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1994.11.249
Jr. Albert Robbat
{"title":"Hazardous waste site investigation and cleanup: Innovative technologies, an alternative approach","authors":"Jr. Albert Robbat","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1994.11.249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1994.11.249","url":null,"abstract":"Much has been made about the high costs associated with hazardous waste site investigations and cleanup. Independent organizations estimate that the current annual environmental market is $1.8 billion each for environmental engineering firms and commercial laboratory services companies. Clearly, with over 1200 hazardous waste, Superfund sites in EPA`s National Priority LIst (NPL) and with current estimates between 10,000 and 50,000 sites at the NPL funnel awaiting investigation, the nation faces a daunting political, social, and economic challenge. With increasing financial pressures placed on state governments and the recent inclusion of federal facilities into the Superfund process, Congress has finally become aware of the high costs and inefficiencies built into Superfund and in the way EPA conducts the site assessment and cleanup process. Federal funding agencies have focused considerable resources to develop innovative, field-based, analytical technologies that can provide real or near-real time chemical information about the site. Some EPA Regions appear to be out in front of the curve, with major site investigation programs being driven by the integration of innovative technologies. Unfortunately, most of these studies are being conducted on an ad hoc basis and are not universal within the agency. This is also true of DOD and DOE.","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123600438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Hydrocarbon emissions from cement kilns burning hazardous waste 水泥窑燃烧危险废物产生的碳氢化合物排放
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1994-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1994.11.157
R. Schreiber, Kathleen Strubberg
{"title":"Hydrocarbon emissions from cement kilns burning hazardous waste","authors":"R. Schreiber, Kathleen Strubberg","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1994.11.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1994.11.157","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT As a result of the Boiler and Industrial Furnace Regulations (BIF) many cement manufacturers must address the issue of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions that are greater than the regulatory levels of 100 ppm and 20 ppm respectively (corrected to 7% oxygen). EPA's intent of limiting these emissions at the above levels was to provide an indication of the combustion efficiency of the BIF unit when burning hazardous waste.[1] The cement manufacturing process has the potential, however, to produce CO and, in some cases, HC byproducts during the normal chemical reactions that occur as the raw materials are processed into clinker. The purpose of the study described in this paper is as follows: 1) to demonstrate that the source of elevated CO and HC emissions from a wet process cement kiln is the raw materials, and 2) to determine a relationship between operating parameters and the emission rate of CO and HC which is capable of being used to either control the emissions or to determine ...","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126465480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Cleaner technology life cycle methods : European Research and Development 1992-1994 清洁技术生命周期方法:1992-1994年欧洲研究与发展
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1994-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1994.11.459
M. Overcash
{"title":"Cleaner technology life cycle methods : European Research and Development 1992-1994","authors":"M. Overcash","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1994.11.459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1994.11.459","url":null,"abstract":"Cleaner manufacturing is an increasing goal for industry in Europe for both existing and new facilities. The central issue is, how does one quantify cleaner? Toward that end, many university and industry groups in Europe are applying the principles of life cycle analysis (LCA). They also seek to develop new methods for use in the life cycle analysis process. These efforts fit in three categories 1) life cycle inventory or characterization, 2) the simplification algorithms to reduce the complexity of life cycle inventory to a single environmental factor, and 3) the policy or process utilization of these information. The review of activities in the field of determining what are cleaner manufacturing alternatives was conducted in five European countries and the European Union (EU) and for the period spanning 1992-1994. The purpose was to summarize and to establish mechanisms for U.S. engineers and scientists to begin collaboration with these research programs. Finally, some observations are made which compar...","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122348182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Removal of Cr(VI) from chromium contaminated sites by washing with hot water 用热水冲洗去除铬污染场所中的铬(VI)
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1994-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1994.11.511
Victor Ososkov, J. Bozzelli
{"title":"Removal of Cr(VI) from chromium contaminated sites by washing with hot water","authors":"Victor Ososkov, J. Bozzelli","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1994.11.511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1994.11.511","url":null,"abstract":"Extraction of chromium from a mixture of ore processing residue and soil (slag) is studied by hot water and dilute alkali (0.01M NaOH) washing. We report that hexavalent chromium, which is the most dangerous and mobile form of chromium, can be effectively removed (95-99%) from the slag by washing with these extraction solutions. The extract can be reused after removing the Cr(VI). ions by ionexchange technologies. Trivalent chromium is strongly adsorbed by clay minerals and remains in the residue after this mild extraction. The hot water or mild hot alkali washing is recommended as a rapid and inexpensive treatment for chromium contaminated sites to prevent chromium(VI) migration through soils into groundwater or dispersion as a dust into the atmosphere. Cr(III) remaining in the residue may then be left on site preferably with the addition of a reducing agent, to prevent conversion to Cr(VI) until further clean up is mandated. Cr(III) could be also separately extracted by use of hot concentrated acid solu...","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121671129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Simulation of steady-state heat and mass transfer in a rotary kiln incinerator 回转窑焚烧炉稳态传热传质模拟
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1993-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1993.10.397
K. S. Chen, J. Tu, Y. R. Chang
{"title":"Simulation of steady-state heat and mass transfer in a rotary kiln incinerator","authors":"K. S. Chen, J. Tu, Y. R. Chang","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1993.10.397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1993.10.397","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Simulation is presented for steady-state heat and mass transfer in the combustion chamber of a rotary kiln. The gas-phase region in the chamber is divided into 3×8×4 computational volumes in r-, θ−, and z-coordinates, respectively. Conservations of mass and energy are formulated in each volume, in which convection and radiation transfers coupled with energy balance and volatilization of waste bed are considered with plug flow model. The volatilization rate of wastes is considered by using the volatilization model for a mixture of cellulose and toluene. The governing equations for all computation cells together with the boundary and auxiliary conditions constitute a nonlinear system of equations and are solved numerically. Effects of percentage excess air, rotation speed and inclination angle of the kiln at a fixed waste loading level are examined and discussed. Comparisons between two waste volatilization models are also made.","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129769429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
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