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Oxidation of Chlorinated Benzenes Using Advanced Oxidation Processes 采用高级氧化法氧化氯化苯
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1996-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1996.13.265
S. Masten, Min Shu, Michael J. Galbraith, S. Davies
{"title":"Oxidation of Chlorinated Benzenes Using Advanced Oxidation Processes","authors":"S. Masten, Min Shu, Michael J. Galbraith, S. Davies","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1996.13.265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1996.13.265","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The oxidation of 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB), 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene (TCB) and pentanoic acid (PA) by ozone, ozone/UV, ozone/H2O2 and ozone/UV/H2O2 was studied. The greatest removal of TCB using ozone/H2O2 treatment was achieved using a H2O2 concentration of 60 μM. At pH values 9) the removal efficiencies for all processes studied were nearly equal. The DCB and TCB removal efficiencies for all the processes studied were usually lower when humic acid was present, however, at a concentration of 1.6 mg/L humic acid slightly enhanced the rate of TCB and PA degradation by ozone. For all the processes studied the rates of oxidation of TCB and DCB were significantly slower in the presence of added bicarbonate. In the systems studied, it appears that the reaction of DCB, TCB and PA with OH...","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131735275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
A model to predict the TCLP leaching of solidified organic wastes 固化有机废物TCLP浸出的预测模型
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1996-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1996.13.333
A. Faschan, M. Tittlebaum, F. Cartledge
{"title":"A model to predict the TCLP leaching of solidified organic wastes","authors":"A. Faschan, M. Tittlebaum, F. Cartledge","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1996.13.333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1996.13.333","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The effects of organoclay adsorption on the TCLP leaching performance of solidified organic wastes was researched. Linear adsorption isotherms were developed for the adsorption of 1,2-Dichlorobenzene (DCB) and Nitrobenzene (NB) by five different organoclays. Simulated wastes containing DCB and NB were solidified utilizing various combinations of Type I Portland cement and five organoclays. A model was developed to predict the teachability performance of organic wastes solidified utilizing organoclays. The model was limited to predictions for nonionic organic compounds. The model predicts the slope of Linear adsorption isotherms dependent on the Kow of organic compound solidified and the % organic matter of the organoclay utilized. The predicted adsorption isotherm slope is then corrected utilizing several factors developed in this study. One factor corrects for differences in actual leaching results compared to results predicted by the isotherm due to encapsulation of the organic-organoclay mixtu...","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116913365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Offgas emissions from the plasma hearth process 等离子炉底过程废气排放
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1996-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1996.13.153
J. Batdorf, R. Geimer, G. Hassel, William P. Wolfe
{"title":"Offgas emissions from the plasma hearth process","authors":"J. Batdorf, R. Geimer, G. Hassel, William P. Wolfe","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1996.13.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1996.13.153","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Department of Energy is currently evaluating SAIC's Plasma Hearth Process (PHP) for use as a new method of treating mixtures of radioactive and hazardous wastes. The PHP has been specifically designed for the treatment of both low-level and transuranic mixed waste. These mixed wastes range in composition from non-combustible inorganic sludge wastes to highly combustible plastic and organic sludge wastes. The unique aspect of the PHP technology is its ability to treat this wide range of materials even when combined as a poorly characterized heterogeneous mixture. The PHP uses a plasma-arc torch to volatilize the organic components of the waste and vitrify residual inert materials. Hazardous organic constituents are destroyed in a secondary combustion chamber. Offgas from the process is thoroughly cleaned by state-of-the-art air pollution control equipment. This paper describes the results of the \"proof-of-principle\" testing of this technology and focuses on the results of the analysis of the o...","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"275 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115212410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
An Experimental and Numerical Study of the Thermal Oxidation of Carbon Tetrachloride 四氯化碳热氧化的实验与数值研究
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1996-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1996.13.399
J. Lou, Z. Chou
{"title":"An Experimental and Numerical Study of the Thermal Oxidation of Carbon Tetrachloride","authors":"J. Lou, Z. Chou","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1996.13.399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1996.13.399","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Thermal decomposition of CCl4 was investigated at a high temperature under oxygen-rich, isothermal conditions. The temperature ranges from 400 to 1000°C under the conditions of reaction time 2 seconds and an equivalence ratio 0.5. According to those results, CCl4 can destruct 99.99 percent at a temperature of 900°C. Products obtained from thermal oxidation are carbon dioxide, chlorine and carbon monoxide. Tetrachloroethylene is observed as an intermediate in the oxidation process, being formed to an insignificant extent only between 600°C and 850°C. No carbon-chlorine bonds are left at 900°C. A detailed mechanism describing oxidation of CCl4 is obtained and comparisons with experimental results are made. Moreover, sensitivity analysis is performed to identify major reaction equations by combining with a rate of production analysis for key species observed experimentally.","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"185 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114164445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Experimental and numerical studies of PIC formation during chlorocarbon combustion: Development of a failure mode diagnostic system for hazardous waste incinerators 氯碳燃烧过程中PIC形成的实验和数值研究:危险废物焚烧炉故障模式诊断系统的开发
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1996-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1996.13.39
G. Sacchi, C. Procaccini, J. Longwell, A. Sarofim
{"title":"Experimental and numerical studies of PIC formation during chlorocarbon combustion: Development of a failure mode diagnostic system for hazardous waste incinerators","authors":"G. Sacchi, C. Procaccini, J. Longwell, A. Sarofim","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1996.13.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1996.13.39","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The major concern regarding organic emissions from hazardous waste incineration systems is the formation of products of incomplete combustion (PICs). Previous studies have shed light on the mechanisms of formation and emission of PICs, showing that the formation of these by-products is highly dependent upon the local ratio of fuel and oxidant, and that their amount and composition are sensitive to both turbulent mixing and chemical kinetic constraints. PIC emissions are closely related to the fluctuations in mixture ratio that result from the turbulent mixing process. Experimental and modeling studies are carried out in order to develop a fault diagnostic system for commercial hazardous waste combustors. The experimental facility has been designed to investigate the effects of both mixing and chemical kinetics on product formation. It consists of a Toroidal Jet-Stirred Combustor (TJSC) followed by a Plug Flow Reactor (PFR). An injector positioned at the PFR entrance allows one to inject a selecte...","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133716783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Evaluating coagulating systems for use as invasive barriers in the subsurface 评价凝血系统在地下作为侵入性屏障的应用
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1996-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1996.13.499
J. M. Sperry, J. Peirce, Seungho Yu
{"title":"Evaluating coagulating systems for use as invasive barriers in the subsurface","authors":"J. M. Sperry, J. Peirce, Seungho Yu","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1996.13.499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1996.13.499","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Batch and column test methods were developed and applied in the laboratory to study the reduction in hydraulic conductivity (K) of porous media injected with coagulants that form barriers to flow and contaminant migration. Coagulum formation is achieved as the carboxyl groups of long, hydrolyzed polymer chains are cross-linked by the coagulant cations; the K of the porous medium is reduced as this coagulum is formed in and plugs the pore space. Laboratory methods for the subsurface injection of the polymer and coagulant were developed and subsequent column tests were conducted to demonstrate the ability of the selected coagulating system to reduce the K of coarse, unconsolidated material. Results for the specific coagulating system examined indicate that coagulum formation is virtually instantaneous and that additional reductions in K are more efficiently achieved by increasing polymer concentrations. These laboratory results represent a lower bound on the effectiveness of the selected coagulatin...","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128909252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Estimating and enhancing methane yield from municipal solid waste 估算和提高城市生活垃圾的甲烷产量
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1996-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1996.13.309
M. El-Fadel, A. Findikakis, J. Leckie
{"title":"Estimating and enhancing methane yield from municipal solid waste","authors":"M. El-Fadel, A. Findikakis, J. Leckie","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1996.13.309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1996.13.309","url":null,"abstract":"Methane gas is an energy source that can be produced from the decomposition of organic materials in municipal solid waste landfills. The feasibility of exploiting this source of energy is continually increasing due to continuing trends in population increase and urbanization resulting in significant increases in solid waste production and potential methane generation. Indeed, during the last decade, there has been considerable growth in the number of landfill gas recovery and utilization systems. This paper describes estimation methods used in assessing methane yield and generation rates from municipal solid waste landfills. Parameters affecting methane generation rates and models used to predict these rates are described. The effect of controlling the refuse bacterial content as a management practice to enhance methane yield was evaluated using a gas generation-microbial growth model that is based on the sequential degradation of organic materials in anaerobic systems.","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122915082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 33
Removal of Mercuric Chloride from Flue Gas by Sulfur Impregnated Activated Carbon 硫浸渍活性炭去除烟气中的氯化汞
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1996-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1996.13.95
D. Karatza, A. Lancia, D. Musmarra, F. Pepe, G. Volpicelli
{"title":"Removal of Mercuric Chloride from Flue Gas by Sulfur Impregnated Activated Carbon","authors":"D. Karatza, A. Lancia, D. Musmarra, F. Pepe, G. Volpicelli","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1996.13.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1996.13.95","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this work the attention was focused on the adsorption of mercuric chloride on activated carbon and on Na2S impregnated activated carbon. The study was performed in an apparatus at labor...","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129010280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 35
Implications of the Presence of Ethanol on Intrinsic Bioremediation of BTX Plumes in Brazil 乙醇的存在对巴西BTX烟羽的内在生物修复的影响
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1996-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1996.13.213
H. Corseuil, J. R. Aires, P. Alvarez
{"title":"Implications of the Presence of Ethanol on Intrinsic Bioremediation of BTX Plumes in Brazil","authors":"H. Corseuil, J. R. Aires, P. Alvarez","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1996.13.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1996.13.213","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Intrinsic bioremediation, the use of indigenous microorganisms to degrade hazardous substances within aquifers without engineered stimulation, shows great promise as a cost-effective approach to hydrocarbon plume management. This technique requires thorough site characterization and monitoring to verify that the natural attenuation processes continue to provide adequate risk protection. Significant progress has been made towards understanding the hydrogeochemical and microbiological factors that influence the feasibility of intrinsic bioremediation of fuel-contaminated aquifers in North America and Europe. Nevertheless, this experience should be extrapolated with care to contaminated sites in Brazil, where gasoline contains about 22% of ethanol. Preliminary laboratory studies show that ethanol can enhance the solubilization of BTX in water, and it might exert diauxic effects during BTX biodegradation. A better understanding of the biochemical, physical, and ecological effects of ethanol is needed...","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130108659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 21
Evaluation of Mineral-Based Additives as Sorbents for Hazardous Trace Metal Capture and Immobilization in Incineration Processes 矿物基添加剂作为焚烧过程中有害痕量金属捕获和固定的吸附剂的评价
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1996-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1996.13.73
S. Venkatesh, D. Fournier, L. Waterland, G. J. Carroll
{"title":"Evaluation of Mineral-Based Additives as Sorbents for Hazardous Trace Metal Capture and Immobilization in Incineration Processes","authors":"S. Venkatesh, D. Fournier, L. Waterland, G. J. Carroll","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1996.13.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1996.13.73","url":null,"abstract":"Considerable interest exists in the use of mineral-based sorbents for capturing and retaining hazardous constituent trace metals in the incineration process. The suitability of six minerals, silica, diatomaceous earth, kaolin, bauxite, alumina and attapulgite clay, as potential sorbents for the capture and immobilization of trace metals was evaluated. The behavior of five trace metals, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel was tested. The first five minerals constitute a spectrum of alumino-silicate compounds ranging from pure SiO 2 (silica) to pure Al 2 O 3 (alumina). The sixth mineral, attapulgite clay, is primarily a magnesium hydroxide-silicate compound with alumina as an impurity. It has frequently been used in trace metal related test programs at the Incineration Research Facility (IRF) as a carrier of metals and organics in blended synthetic waste streams. The objective of this test program was to evaluate the candidate sorbents with respect to: - the degree to which they facilitate retention of the trace metals in the sorbent - the degree to which they retain trace metals in the sorbent when subjected to TCLP extraction Bench-scale tests were conducted in the IRF's thermal treatability unit (TTU). The test matrix was defined by varying: - mineral (sorbent) type - treatment temperature; treatment temperatures of 540°, 700°, and 870°C were tested - chlorine concentration in the feed; 0 and 4 percent by weight chlorine in the feed were tested Given the preliminary nature of the tests the results must be viewed qualitatively. Nevertheless, overall trends indicate that under specific conditions, varying for each mineral, all of the mineral sorbents showed promise in limiting metal vaporization, and or TCLP leachability. Combining the dual criteria of limiting metal vaporization and reducing leachability, kaolin and attapulgite clay appear to have the greatest promise as potential sorbents.","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"53 34","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114005957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
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