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Emissions characterization and off-gas system development for processing simulated mixed waste in a plasma centrifugal furnace 等离子体离心炉处理模拟混合废物的排放特性及废气系统开发
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1996-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1996.13.143
K. Filius, C. Whitworth
{"title":"Emissions characterization and off-gas system development for processing simulated mixed waste in a plasma centrifugal furnace","authors":"K. Filius, C. Whitworth","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1996.13.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1996.13.143","url":null,"abstract":"Plasma arc technology is a high temperature process that completely oxidizes organic waste fractions: inorganic hazardous and radionuculide waste fractions are oxidized and encapsulated in a highly durable slag. The robust nature of the technology lends itself to application of diverse mixed and hazardous wastestreams. Over 500 hours of testing have been completed at the Department of Energy's Western Environmental Technology Office with a pilot-scale system. This testing was designed to demonstrate operability over a wide range of wastes and provide the data required to evaluate potential applications of the technology on both a technical and economic basis. In addition to characterization of the off gas for typical combustion products, the fate of radionuculide surrogates and hazardous elements within the Plasma Arc Centrifugal Treatment (PACT) system has been investigated extensively. Test results to date demonstrate that cerium, a plutonium surrogate, remains almost exclusively in the slag matrix. Hazardous elements such as chromium and lead volatilize to a greater extent and are captured by the off-gas system. Preliminary design work is underway to develop a minimum emissions off-gas system for demonstration on a engineering-scale plasma unit. The proposed system will filter particulate matter from the hot gas stream and treat them in an electric ceramic oxidizer, which replaces the conventional afterburner, prior to quenching and acid gas removal. Potential future work would use a liquid monoethanolamine system and membrane filter to separate carbon dioxide and nitrogen from the off-gas stream. The remainder of the gas streams primarily oxygen, would be recycled back to the combustion chamber. This paper will provide: 1) a summary of the design, development, and performance of the PACT off-gas system and 2) results of radionuculide surrogate and hazardous element portioning.","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115917870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Solid phase heavy metal separation using composite ion-exchange membranes 复合离子交换膜固相重金属分离研究
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1996-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1996.13.245
S. Sengupta, A. SenGupta
{"title":"Solid phase heavy metal separation using composite ion-exchange membranes","authors":"S. Sengupta, A. SenGupta","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1996.13.245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1996.13.245","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Selective removal of heavy metals from sludges or soil is a challenging problem because the heavy metals constitute a small fraction (usually <5%) of the solid phase, the rest being a background of innocuous non-toxic materials which are not important from a regulatory viewpoint. However, the non-toxic background materials may interact with the heavy metals through generation of high buffer capacity, ion-exchange, complexation, etc., thus compounding the problem. This study explores the feasibility of using composite ion-exchange membranes under such unfavorable conditions. This paper also reports on aspects of tailoring the chemistry within the sludge reactor to get optimum results.","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122616780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Combustion By-Products Destruction by Arc Plasma 燃烧副产物电弧等离子体破坏
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1996-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1996.13.131
Vijaya P. Ramasamy, Tianxiang Li, Kozo Saito, C. Cremers, V. Majidi
{"title":"Combustion By-Products Destruction by Arc Plasma","authors":"Vijaya P. Ramasamy, Tianxiang Li, Kozo Saito, C. Cremers, V. Majidi","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1996.13.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1996.13.131","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The parameters affecting complete thermal decomposition of methane, and 1,1–dichloroethane in a dc argon plasma were investigated. The 1,1–dichloroethane was chosen as a representative reactant from chlorinated–compounds and chemical warfare agents. Theoretical studies were conducted using STANJAN thermochemical equilibrium solver–code on stoichiometric mixtures of methane–air and dichloroethane–air systems. In addition, the effect of 10% excess oxygen in the stoichiometric methane–air system was studied in order to understand the role of oxygen at a plasma condition. The results from these studies give valuable information in predicting the species concentrations and evaluating the quenching process. To conduct experimental investigations, a 10 kW laboratory scale dc plasma generator was built and operated to produce a stable argon plasma. The representative organic species: methane, and dichloroethane were included in the argon stream for decomposition in the plasma. The decomposition of the sp...","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131328908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Stabilization of a Mixed Waste Sludge for Land Disposal 用于土地处置的混合废污泥稳定化研究
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1996-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1996.13.515
S. Powers, A. Zander
{"title":"Stabilization of a Mixed Waste Sludge for Land Disposal","authors":"S. Powers, A. Zander","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1996.13.515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1996.13.515","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A solidification and stabilization technique was developed for a chemically complex mixed waste sludge containing nitrate processing wastes, sewage sludge and electroplating wastewaters, among other wastes. The sludge is originally from a solar evaporation pond and has high concentrations of nitrate salts; cadmium, chromium, and nickel concentrations of concern; and low levels of organic constituents and alpha and beta emitters. Sulfide reduction of nitrate and precipitation of metallic species, followed by evaporation to dryness and solidification of the dry sludge in recycled high density polyethylene with added lime was determined to be a satisfactory preparation for land disposal in a mixed waste repository. The application of post-consumer polyethylene has the added benefit of utilizing another problem-causing waste product. A modified Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure was used to determine required treatment chemical dosages and treatment effectiveness. The waste complexity prohibi...","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128103649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Rapid high temperature formation of polychlorinated dioxins and furans in the bed region of a heterogeneous spouted bed combustor: Development of a surface mediated model for the formation of dioxins 多氯二恶英和呋喃在非均相喷淋床燃烧床区的高温快速形成:二恶英形成的表面介导模型的发展
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1996-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1996.13.11
S. B. Ghorishi, E. Altwicker
{"title":"Rapid high temperature formation of polychlorinated dioxins and furans in the bed region of a heterogeneous spouted bed combustor: Development of a surface mediated model for the formation of dioxins","authors":"S. B. Ghorishi, E. Altwicker","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1996.13.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1996.13.11","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The rapid high temperature (580-680°C) formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the heterogeneous bed region of a spouted bed combustor occurred within fraction of seconds (0.1-0.2 seconds) using two different precursors; 1,2-dichlorobenzene and 2,4-dichlorophenol. Levels of PCDD/Fs produced from 2,4-dichlorophenol oxidation were two orders of magnitude higher than those produced from 1,2-dichlorobenzene, indicating that the high temperature PCDD/Fs formation rate is much faster from chlorophenol precursors. In agreement with typical incinerator observations, the PCDDs to PCDFs ratios were less than one under all conditions. Modeling calculations were performed using gas phase mechanisms for the formation of PCDDs with chlorophenols as precursors, under the conditions existing in the high temperature bed region. A semi-empirical surface-mediated model is suggested for estimating the formation of PCDDs from chlorophenols.","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129844655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Adsorption of Surfactant on Clays 表面活性剂在粘土上的吸附
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1995-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1995.12.357
Asim B. Ray, J. Ma, M. Borst
{"title":"Adsorption of Surfactant on Clays","authors":"Asim B. Ray, J. Ma, M. Borst","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1995.12.357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1995.12.357","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Surfactants used to enhance remediation of soils by soil washing are often lost in the process. Neither the amount nor the cause of this loss is known. It is assumed that clays present in the soil are responsible for the loss of the surfactant. In this paper, adsorption properties of the nonionic surfactant Tergitol 15-S-7 on clays are presented. Of the clays used, montmorillonite not only sorbed the largest quantity of Tergitol 15-S-7 but also held it most strongly.","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126084176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Electrochemical Treatability of Refractory Pollutants in Landfill Leachate 垃圾渗滤液中难降解污染物的电化学处理
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1995-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1995.12.71
L. Chiang, Juu‐En Chang, T. Wen
{"title":"Electrochemical Treatability of Refractory Pollutants in Landfill Leachate","authors":"L. Chiang, Juu‐En Chang, T. Wen","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1995.12.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1995.12.71","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Landfill leachate treatment is the most troublesome aspect of the landfill management Investigation of leachate characteristics at two landfill sites in Taiwan showed that the biological p...","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124788037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 27
The determination of sulfur and chlorine in used oil by X-ray fluorescence, ICP and ion chromatography 用x射线荧光、ICP和离子色谱法测定废油中的硫和氯
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1995-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1995.12.373
D. Kendall, Stanley D. Schoenwald, Marcela Siao, Scott L Hendricks
{"title":"The determination of sulfur and chlorine in used oil by X-ray fluorescence, ICP and ion chromatography","authors":"D. Kendall, Stanley D. Schoenwald, Marcela Siao, Scott L Hendricks","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1995.12.373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1995.12.373","url":null,"abstract":"Methods for the determination of total sulfur and chlorine in used oil were evaluated and compared using actual waste oil samples. Oxygen bomb combustion was followed by either ion chromatographic determination of sulfate and chloride or determination of sulfur by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectroscopy. Total sulfur and chlorine were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy in samples prepared by fivefold dilution in mineral spirits. Oxygen bomb combustion and XRF gave results with good precision, and, by comparison with each other, very little bias. Problems with the settling of particulates in the XRF analyses were largely overcome by using a thin layer method for sample presentation to the spectrometer. Due to the presence of particulates and emulsified water, the determination of sulfur and chlorine in used oil is more difficult than in pristine oil. Bomb combustion, when followed by IC or ICP, and XRF have been shown to be satisfactory analytical methods for determining total sulfur and chlorine in used or waste oil. 12 refs., 1 fig., 3 tabs.","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"7 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120904376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Submerged Filter Biotreatment of Hazardous Leachate in Aerobic, Anaerobic, and Anaerobic/Aerobic Systems 好氧、厌氧和厌氧/好氧系统中有害渗滤液的浸没滤池生物处理
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1995-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1995.12.167
Daniel P. Smith
{"title":"Submerged Filter Biotreatment of Hazardous Leachate in Aerobic, Anaerobic, and Anaerobic/Aerobic Systems","authors":"Daniel P. Smith","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1995.12.167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1995.12.167","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Aerobic, anaerobic, and anaerobic/aerobic biotreatment of an industrial hazardous waste landfill leachate was evaluated in bench scale biofilm reactor systems operated under steady- and non-steady-state conditions. The leachate contained volatile and semi-volatile organics that exceeded the best-demonstrated-available-technology (BDAT) standards established for multi-source leachate wastewater under the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). The influent leachate stream was continuously applied to three parallel systems: 1) an upflow anaerobic filter followed by a submerged aerobic filter, both with plastic packing, 2) an anaerobic granular activated carbon column, and 3) an upflow, plastic packed aerobic filter. All systems achieved steady-state COD removals of 66-82 percent. The sequential anaerobic/aerobic filter system was most resistant to hydraulic and organic shock loading, whereas the aerobic filter performance deteriorated significantly. Though transformations of specific chemic...","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116464207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Bioremediation Enhancement of Phenanthrene Contaminated Soils by Chemical Pre-oxidation 化学预氧化法强化菲污染土壤的生物修复
Hazardous waste and hazardous materials Pub Date : 1995-12-31 DOI: 10.1089/HWM.1995.12.345
I. V. Kemenade, W. Anderson, J. Scharer, M. Moo-young
{"title":"Bioremediation Enhancement of Phenanthrene Contaminated Soils by Chemical Pre-oxidation","authors":"I. V. Kemenade, W. Anderson, J. Scharer, M. Moo-young","doi":"10.1089/HWM.1995.12.345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/HWM.1995.12.345","url":null,"abstract":"A two-step oxidation process was investigated for the treatment of phenanthrene contaminated soil fines (particle diameter {le}63 {mu}m) resulting from a soil washing process. Oxone{reg_sign} (2KHSO{sub 5}{center_dot}KHSO{sub 4}{center_dot}K{sub 2}SO{sub 4}) and hydrogen peroxide (H{sub 2}O{sub 2}) were used as oxidants for the chemical pre-oxidation step and unacclimatized municipal activated sludge was employed in the subsequent biodegradation step. Oxone was found to have an oxidation efficiency approximately ten-fold greater than hydrogen peroxide on a stoichiometric basis. In comparison to chemical oxidation only, a 24 hour pre-oxidation step using 5 and 10 g/L Oxone followed by a 5 day biological oxidation step enhanced removal of phenanthrene from the soil by 115% and 32%, respectively. Similarly, a 48 hour pre-oxidation step utilizing 5 and 10 g/L Oxone followed by a 5 day biological oxidation step enhanced the removal of phenanthrene from the soil by 113% and 43%, respectively. Based on this preliminary assessment, a treatment protocol that integrates a 24 hour chemical preoxidation step with 5 g/L Oxone followed by a 5 day biological oxidation step appears to be an effective combination for the remediation of this phenanthrene contaminated soil. 21 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.","PeriodicalId":386820,"journal":{"name":"Hazardous waste and hazardous materials","volume":"216 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127606938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
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