{"title":"Some Organizational Factors Affecting Creativity","authors":"Norman M. Kaplan","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1960.5007527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1960.5007527","url":null,"abstract":"Until recently, theoretical discussions and careful conceptual analyses have been rare in the literature on creativity. Studies of the organizational and environmental factors affecting the creativity of scientists have also been rare, but are becoming more common. This paper reports on the factors considered important in influencing creativity in a number of research laboratories. The data were gathered through interviews with research directors, administrators, and scientists. Five factors are identified and analyzed.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134455134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intracompany Systems Management","authors":"H. H. Goode","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1960.5007525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1960.5007525","url":null,"abstract":"Research and Development on complex systems requires experimentation with the organizational form of the technical effort. Three levels of system design are distinguished-the set, the set of sets, and the set of sets of sets. The evolution of complex system design is described. Five organizational modes are examined and evaluated. The crossbar mode is suggested as best for large scale system projects and is described in detail.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114341710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the Anatomy of Development Projects","authors":"P. Norden","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1960.5007529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1960.5007529","url":null,"abstract":"The structure of an R & D project is described in terms of an Effort-Distribution Array. A logistic model is presented for the cumulative times series of effort devoted to a project, and problems of using such curves for prediction are discussed. A set of rules is given, which, with the aid of computer simulation, can be used to generate a project schedule. The consequences of several combinations of rules and restrictions are examined.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134166697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Profitability Criterion for Measurement and Decision-Making","authors":"J. Fisher","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1959.5007510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1959.5007510","url":null,"abstract":"Consideration of the legal structure of corporations, and of long-term price and dividend trends of industrial stocks, leads to the conclusion that a corporation achieves its maximum profitability when the discounted value of the over-all flow of cash associated with its various activities is a maximum. The appropriate discount rate is somewhere near 6 per cent. Since each project, individually, must have its maximum possible discounted value, the profitability criterion serves as a criterion for decision-making.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133356128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Group Contracting","authors":"James D. McLean","doi":"10.1109/iret-em.1959.5007512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iret-em.1959.5007512","url":null,"abstract":"The pattern of military electronics procurement in recent years has shifted away from large-scale production of relatively simple systems-black boxes, they may be called-and toward the development and production of fewer systems of increasing complexity. To meet the challenges imposed by this change, the industry has found it necessary, in many cases, to form teams of specialist organizations, each possessing one or more of the capabilities necessary for the task in question. Although the structure of the relationships which bind the team together may vary, the basic attributes are the same. In this paper, the characteristics of team contracting are revealed and the advantages of this form of solving specific military problems are discussed.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"50 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128375661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Product Selection---Witchcraft or Wisdom","authors":"Charles S. Roberts","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1959.5007511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1959.5007511","url":null,"abstract":"This paper develops the thesis that marketing research can make a significant contribution to new product conception and development. A discussion of new product development is presented within the framework of meeting the challenge of changing needs of the market and the competition of companies who are market-oriented and working to anticipate the needs of their customers. Companies engaged in research and development work are committing important resources in new product and new concept development in order to survive, yet there is a risk of failure that is inherent in such activities. Although it is agreed that the risk of failure cannot be eliminated, it is recommended that this risk can be reduced by utilizing the discipline of marketing research.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123171578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Industrial Dynamic Approach to the Management of Research and Development","authors":"Abraham Katz","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1959.5007513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1959.5007513","url":null,"abstract":"Our intensive search for knowledge, basic and applied, must be accompanied by a corresponding search for the principles underlying the management of research and development. An attempt has been made here to seek out the factors of major importance and to organize them into a meaningful whole. Basic to this analysis have been the views of product value and cost as streams in time, and of managerial capabilities as probabilities of project completion, also varying in time. A simple model based on these concepts has been developed for a business in which the products are characterized by great complexity and by rapid change. The model is simply a tool to understanding-a way of looking at a business. Rational procedures have been derived for making certain the major project decisions.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126075514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Management Control of Professional Operations--- Actuality or Illusion?","authors":"P. Schmidt","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1959.5007514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1959.5007514","url":null,"abstract":"Whether management has effective control of professional operations such as Research and Development is difficult to judge because the required level of creativity varies from project to project. To eliminate this variable, patent operations, which require specialized creativity of constant intensity, were chosen for study. Results of a questionnaire sent to 100 electronics companies indicate that quantity, quality and cost controls in most corporate patent programs are rudimentary or non-existent. This raises a question as to whether management ccntrol (in the cybernetic sense) is achievable in any area of professional operations.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128068779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Measurement and Control of Economic Activities from the Standpoint of Profitability","authors":"J. Fisher","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1959.5007501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1959.5007501","url":null,"abstract":"It is possible to go a long way toward optimizing the profitability of a complex enterprise by: 1) getting each local management team to commit itself in advance regarding the activities it believes to be marginal, then measuring the profitability of the marginal activities; 2) comparing the performance of company components with that of outside independent agencies; and 3) designing compensation schemes that properly reward efforts aimed at achieving long-and short-term goals.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123185607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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