{"title":"A Linear Programming Model for the Allocation of R and D Efforts","authors":"D. T. Asher","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007697","url":null,"abstract":"Many indices of profitability for research and development (R and D) ventures have appeared in the literature. Most of these are calculations of the estimated economic value of a project, if successful. Their greatest utility has been in the development-type project where the probability of success has been relatively large (pr ≧ 0.25). This paper considers the optimum utilization of a scarce resource, professional man power, among many alternative research projects. Other parameters and restrictions of the model are: the economic value of a successful project, the probability of success, the man-hours required per test or screen per project, the total available man-hours, the cost per man-hour, and the available raw materials (compounds, components, etc.). These factors are used to construct a linear programming model. The solution indicates the optimum allocation of professional man power over the most attractive projects to maximize the return to the corporation. Further aspects of the model are discussed.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121292295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Dynamic Programming Approach to R and D Budgeting and Project Selection","authors":"S. W. Hess","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007699","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary models of research and development are incomplete in that they ignore the many reappraisals and budgeting decisions that occur in the time between a project's proposal and its commercialization. The sequential decision aspects of project budgeting are particularly important since 1) the research expenditure is usually an order of magnitude less than the irrevocable investment for commercialization and 2) an allocation to a project today does not presuppose continuation of the project into future periods. The research and development budgeting problem is structured to take into account the sequential decision characteristic. Utilizing the technique of dynamic programming, methods are developed to determine optimal project budgets when the aggregate research and development budget is either constrained or unconstrained, These models also suggest a rational explanation of the patterns of project expenditures over time that one observes in practice. Finally, some of the shortcomings of the developed methods which inhibit their practical application are discussed.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129552405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Cost Control Extension of the PERT System","authors":"R. E. Beckwith","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007695","url":null,"abstract":"The anticipated total cost of a complex project is placed on a simple statistical quality control basis, through a natural extension of the PERT system of management control. The method is designed to provide management with the earliest possible warning of a potential budget overrun, consistent with the uncertainties inherent in the basic data. The procedure, when applicable, can readily be made to augment standard PERT programs, thus providing an integrated package for the simultaneous (probabilistic) control of project time and project cost.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124761773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Role of Management in the Development of an Aerospace System","authors":"L. B. Hallman","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007701","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of general types of multidisciplinary aerospace systems is considered during three phases: Research, Engineering, and Sub-system Integration. Management methods and personnel utilization techniques most applicable during these phases are discussed. This paper is not concerned with management during the operational use of aerospace systems. In this context it does not discuss technical management beyond the early part of the Acquisition Phase as defined in Air Force Regulation No. 375-1. It is indicated that technical management must be considerably limited in degree during the Research Phase where ideas and concepts, based to a large extent on individual talent and inspiration, are of primary importance. Management techniques must be applied with discretion during the Engineering Phase. Here the breadth of technical coverage required for subsystem engineering is such that teams or groups of technical experts provide a useful tool. The talent and initiative of the individual team members is quite important during this phase. Scheduling is also important and cannot be overlooked. A maximum degree of technical management is required during the Subsystem Integration Phase of the over-all system evolution. Here programming or scheduling is of primary importance. Procedures such as PERT are useful management aids and should be applied as much as practicable during this phase.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"125 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133906970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Decision Theory and Engineering Management","authors":"Cecily Combs","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007696","url":null,"abstract":"The term ``engineering management'' is intended to be roughly descriptive of the management of technical matters, merely as contrasted with such other areas of management as financial, sales, personnel, etc. Decision-theory, which seems not to be a theory after all, is presented in broad survey as a collection of analytical tools and methods, and an effort is made to see if these have any particularly happy applications to engineering management problems.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126351789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research Budgeting and Project Selection","authors":"B. Dean, S. Sengupta","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007698","url":null,"abstract":"A summary is presented of a study of decision-making in the area of research budgeting and project selection. Data were obtained from three major chemical companies. The objective of the study was to determine if scientific analysis could be employed to derive objective and quantitative procedures in these areas, currently dominated by a mixture of intuition, judgment, and experience. A two-fold classification of R and D is used- ``product research'' and ``process research.'' A solution is presented for the general R and D budgeting problem, involving a budgeting model. A computational procedure for this general problem is illustrated. The special problem of allocation of the budget to specific projects is treated briefly in this paper.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123769591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Survey of the Current Status of Accounting in the Control of R and D","authors":"J. Freeman","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007700","url":null,"abstract":"A survey was made of the role of the accountant in the control of Research and Development, primarily through a mailed questionnaire and a limited number of interviews. Data from 51 responding companies in a variety of industries include locus of responsibility for R & D budget preparation, basis for the annual budget, frequency of revision of budget, and other factors.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"2007 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127309693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Probabilistic Forecasting of Manpower Requirements","authors":"K. Packard","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007684","url":null,"abstract":"The use of the probability of a successful proposal in manpower forecasts is discussed. Formulas for the expected requirements and the standard deviation are presented. An illustrative example of the use of these formulas is given.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"168 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115998069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Role of Project Management in Scientific Manufacturing","authors":"K. Davis","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007678","url":null,"abstract":"A survey was made of various types of project management organizations used to achieve some measure of managerial unity. Four principal types were identified. The project expediter achieves unity of communication, the project coordinator gets unity of control, the project confederation achieves unity of direction, and project general management accomplishes the ultimate unity of command. Furthermore, project management may disregard existing levels and functions in superimposing its own structure on the existing organization. Project organization requires a project manager with considerable role adaptability. He must balance technical solutions with time, cost, resource, and human factors. He is an integrator and a generalist, rather than a technical specialist; and he devotes most of his management time to the functions of planning and control. Both the project manager and his superiors may need to give more emphasis to the management aspects of his job. To be an effective project manager, the technical man needs to be intellectually sophisticated in the field of management and also to have an attitude which gives some priority to the management aspects of his job.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"07 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129342681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Look at Network Planning","authors":"T. Sobczak","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007679","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of network planning techniques is described. The main lines of development and the variations around them are indicated. Those discussed include: Critical Path, PERT, PEP, CPM, LESS, PACT, SPECTROL, and SCANS. A table is presented of areas within industrial or military organizations where such techniques are in operation or appear suitable for application.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132138256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：