Journal of Cancer Policy最新文献

{"title":"Income disparities have a significant impact on thyroid cancer recurrence and survival","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Income inequality profoundly impacts cancer outcomes, yet its specific effects on thyroid cancer remain unclear. Elucidating the influence of socioeconomic disparities is imperative to advance health equity and optimize patient care. This study evaluates associations between median household income and thyroid cancer recurrence and survival using national cancer registry data.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>139,302 thyroid cancer patients undergoing surgery from 2000 to 2019 were analyzed from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Patients were categorized by median annual household income at the county level (&gt; or &lt;$75,000). Multivariable regression determined the impact of income on recurrence and overall mortality.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Higher-income patients had 26 % lower recurrence odds (OR 0.74, 95 %CI 0.55–0.99, <em>p</em>=0.042) and longer median survival (18.1 vs 17.7 years, <em>p</em>&lt;0.001) compared to lower-income patients. On multivariate analysis, high income remained an independent predictor of reduced mortality after adjusting for demographics, tumor factors, and treatment (adjusted HR=0.84, 95 %CI=0.81–0.87, <em>p</em>&lt;0.001). Cancer-directed surgery (HR=0.28, 95 %CI=0.26–0.30, <em>p</em>&lt;0.001) and radioactive iodine (HR=0.69, 95 %CI=0.66–0.71, <em>p</em>&lt;0.001) were associated with lower mortality risk.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Income disparities have a significant influence on thyroid cancer outcomes, including lower recurrence and reduced mortality. Targeting socioeconomic inequity could substantially reduce recurrence, improve survival, and promote health equity for all patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cancer Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An assessment of cancer centre level designation and guideline adherent care in those with rectal cancer: A population based retrospective cohort study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Institutions providing care to individuals with cancer are organized based on available resources and treatments offered. It is presumed that increasing levels of care will result in improved quality of care and outcomes. The objective is to determine whether Cancer Level Designation is associated with guideline adherent care and/or survival.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This is a retrospective study of individuals within the Ontario Rectal Cancer Cohort, a population-level database including all adults undergoing surgical resection for rectal cancer between 2010 – 2019 were included in Ontario, Canada. The primary exposure was Cancer Centre Level Designation as defined by Cancer Care Ontario (i.e., Level 1/2 = regional cancer center; Level 3 = affiliate cancer center; Level 4 = satellite cancer center). The primary outcomes were guideline adherent care and survival. Associations were determined using one-way analysis of variances and a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>12,399 patients were included with 54 % from a Level 1/2 centre, 33 % from a Level 3 centre and 13 % from a Level 4+ centre. All assessed aspects of guideline adherent care were associated with cancer centre level designation. Unadjusted 5-year overall survival was associated with cancer centre level designation (Level 1/2 79.5 % vs. Level 3 79.1 % vs. Level 4/non-designated 75.4 %, P = 0.003). Adjusted Cox Proportional Hazard Analysis for overall survival found the following: Level 4/5 HR 1.11 (95 %CI 0.99 – 1.25); Level 3 HR 1.01 (95 % CI 0.93 – 1.11); Level 1/2 1 [Referent group].</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Increasing Cancer Centre Level Designation was associated with higher likelihood of receiving the appropriate investigations and treatments in those with rectal cancer and may also be associated with survival.</div></div><div><h3>Policy Summary</h3><div>Future work should consider the centralization of complex rectal cancer care as well as quality improvement initiatives aimed at enhancing guideline adherent care across all centres managing rectal cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cancer Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spending on anticancer drugs among Medicare beneficiaries: Analyzing predictors of drug expenditures","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the factors associated with Medicare spending on newly approved anticancer drugs in the US from 2012 through 2021.</div></div><div><h3>Patient and methods</h3><div>Using a cross-sectional analysis, we searched US FDA new oncology drug approvals (2012–2021). We analyzed clinical attributes and institutional factors influencing the annual cost of new anticancer drugs in the US. Annual treatment cost was calculated based on average spending per beneficiary from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, with product factors sourced from the FDA’s annual New Drug Therapy Approval reports and drug package inserts at the time of approval.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Over a ten-year period, 112 new anticancer drugs were approved, of which 97 met the study's criteria. A significant majority, 93 %, received expedited development designations from the FDA. At the time of approval, 40 % of these drugs had data on progression-free survival, and 19 % had data on overall survival; 29 % were first-in-class. The study found a significant relationship between the year of approval and factors associated with the size of the treatment population. No statistically significant relationship was found between the clinical value of a drug and its price.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Spending on anticancer drugs by Medicare are predominantly determined by reference pricing and the size of the anticipated treatment population, without an association with therapeutic value. The study advocates for reforms in reimbursement mechanisms for drugs lacking comparator arms and greater transparency for patients treated with these drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cancer Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers to identifying and addressing health-related social needs in cancer care: Patient and patient navigator perspectives","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The study aimed to gain insight into the experiences of patients with cancer and survivors regarding the integration of social needs assessment into their care, while also gathering perspectives from patient navigators on the barriers to obtaining and utilizing social needs information during cancer care, which taken together may influence cancer care policies. By comparing the perspectives of patients and navigators, the study sought to inform best practices for integrating, identifying, and addressing social needs to improve patient experiences and outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted qualitative interviews and self-report surveys involving patients with cancer, providers, and patient navigators or care coordinators, seeking their insights and firsthand experiences related to health-related social needs in cancer care. Interviews were transcribed, separated into memos of main themes based on deductive coding, and further analyzed for new emergent themes using inductive coding.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The present analysis focuses solely on the perspectives of 20 patient navigators and 21 patients. Qualitative analyses revealed two overarching themes: Theme 1: Personal and health system-related factors may create barriers for patients to disclose health-related social needs information during cancer care; and Theme 2: When social needs are identified, it is best practice to acknowledge and address social needs through referrals, resources, timely follow-up, and continued care coordination. Key barriers include individual beliefs and attitudes, concerns regarding privacy and sensitivity of questions, uncertainties about the outcomes of disclosing information, and patient-provider relationships and trust.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Drawing upon the perspectives of patients and patient navigators provided valuable insight into the challenges associated with acquiring information on social needs. Their viewpoints presented feasible solutions to overcome barriers through early acknowledgment of patient needs, timely resource provision, and maintaining consistent follow-up actions. Additionally, it enhanced understanding of the pivotal role patient navigators play in oncology, serving as crucial links between screening for health-related social needs and addressing individual patient requirements.</div></div><div><h3>Policy Summary</h3><div>The policies and policy improvements our paper seeks to impact include: inequalities in cancer care and health-related social needs of cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cancer Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of factors associated with use of real-world data in single technology appraisals of cancer drugs by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study investigates factors associated with use of real-world data (RWD) in economic modelling for single technology appraisals (STAs) of cancer drugs by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) to improve systematic understanding of the use of RWD.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The data were extracted from STAs of cancer drugs, for which NICE issued guidance between January 2011 and December 2022 (n=267). Binary regression was used to test hypotheses concerning the greater or lesser use of RWD. Bonferroni-Holm correction was used to control error rates in multiple hypotheses tests. Several explanatory variables were considered in this analysis, including time (<em>Time</em>), incidence rate of disease (<em>IR</em>), availability of direct treatment comparison (<em>AD</em>), generalisability of trial data (<em>GE</em>), maturity of survival data in trial (<em>MS</em>) and previous technology recommendations by NICE (<em>PR</em>). The primary outcome variable was <em>any</em> use of RWD. Secondary outcome variables were specific uses of RWD in economic models.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><em>AD</em> had a statistical negative association with <em>any</em> use of RWD whereas no associations with <em>non-parametric</em> and <em>parametric</em> use of RWD were found. <em>Time</em> had several statistical associations with use of RWD (validating survival distributions for the intervention, estimating progression-free survival for the intervention, estimating overall survival for comparators and transition probabilities).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>RWD were more likely to be used in economic modelling of cancer drugs when randomised controlled trials failed to provide relevant clinical information of the drug for appraisals, particularly in the absence of direct treatment comparisons. These results, based on analysis of data systematically collected from previous appraisals, suggest that uses of RWD were associated with data gaps in the economic modelling. While this result may support some of the claimed advantages of using RWD when evidence is absent, the question, the extent to which use of RWD in indirect treatment comparisons reduces uncertainty is still to be determined.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cancer Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142355875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Palliative Care in Turkey: Insights from experts through key informant interviews","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The rising demand for palliative-care (PC) in Turkey, driven by cancer, has prompted increased attention since the national PC policy in 2010. Despite this, the healthcare system predominantly focuses on curative care, lacking PC integration. This is due to combination of administrative obstacles, fragmented coordination, education and training scarcity. Thus urgent strategies are required to address the growing PC gap. This qualitative study explores the perspectives of PC professionals and policymakers, providing valuable insights for national policy and program development.</p></div><div><h3>Material and method</h3><p>This study employed an exploratory approach using key informant interviews. Interviews were conducted using semi-structured questionnaire. It sought to collect relevant contextual information in order to achieve its aim. Thematic content analysis was employed to examine and interpret the data.</p></div><div><h3>Result</h3><p>Twenty-one participants, comprising nurses, specialists, and oncologists, were interviewed. The findings are encompassed by eight themes. 1) Integrated Care, highlights the importance of cohesive collaboration among diverse healthcare providers, social care services, and primary care systems to ensure comprehensive and effective care. 2) Meeting social care needs underscores significance of addressing a wide spectrum of patient requirements, including psychosocial support. 3) PC education emphasizes necessity of equipping healthcare professionals with the requisite skills and knowledge through comprehensive training. 4) Legalizing do-notresuscitate orders draws attention to the critical discussion surrounding end-of-life decisions. 5) Empowering communities recognizes bridging knowledge gaps among patients and caregivers. 6) Decision-Making underscores the importance of informed and collaborative decision-making processes. 7) Cultural considerations urge the adoption of culturally sensitive approaches. 8) Ongoing challenges shed light on persistent issues such as provider attitudes, and administrative hurdles.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study highlights essential factors for establishing an integrated PC program for cancer patients in Turkey. The existing healthcare system in Turkey offers opportunities for advanced PC. Successful implementation demands strategic actions to facilitate meaningful transformation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":38212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cancer Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142242630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is health-related quality of life sufficiently addressed in trials for breast cancer treatments? An assessment based on reimbursement opinions from the French health technology assessment body, 2009–2023","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Breast cancer treatments can impact the patients’ health-related quality of life (HR-QoL). This criterion is relevant for drug reimbursement decisions. We wanted to assess the usage of HR-QoL in health technology assessments (HTA).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>All HAS (<em>Haute Autorité de Santé</em>, the French HTA body) opinions published between January 1, 2009 and March 31, 2023 for the reimbursement of breast cancer drugs were analysed.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>51 distinct appraisals were found during the period, corresponding to 45 product-specific indications, of which 36 (80 %) including clinical studies in which HR-QoL was an endpoint. HAS explicitly rejected HR-QoL data in 25 out of 36 (69 %) indications with such data. Rejections are justified by methodological weaknesses, including lack of adjustment for type I error inflation (n=21 indications), open-label treatment (n=7), lack of a pre-specified clinically relevant HR-QoL threshold (n=6) or missing data (n=6). Regardless of rejection status, HR-QoL results were not mentioned as a determinant of value assessment in 3/36 (8 %) instances (2/25 for rejected data).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>HR-QoL data are inconsistently present in HTA assessments of new breast cancer drugs. Their methodological quality often hinders their use in determining the drug’s value.</p></div><div><h3>Policy summary</h3><p>A rigorous and acceptable comparative experimental framework is expected for HR-QoL assessments. More detail on the precise impact of the absence or presence of HR-QoL data in the determination of the drug’s added value could help understanding how this dimension is influential in the assessments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":38212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cancer Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142242629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shaping the future research agenda of Cancer Nursing in Italy: Insights and strategic directions","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This report analyzes the evolution of cancer nursing research in Italy, focusing on 207 publications from nursing journals indexed in MEDLINE. Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation, we identified four primary research topics from the included abstracts: Patient-Centered Care, Clinical Nursing Practice, Healthcare Institutions and Systems, and Research and Data Analysis. The temporal trends reveal a shift from foundational studies on healthcare systems in the late 1990s to more recent emphases on patient-centered care and clinical practice. This progression underscores the growing importance of personalized healthcare approaches. Our findings highlight the need for continued investment in innovative nursing interventions and advanced technologies, such as telehealth, to enhance patient outcomes. Research priorities need to investigate how to tailor nursing interventions to individual patient characteristics, such as their cultural background, lifestyle, and personal values, in the area of clinical nursing practice, which is less represented in the literature thus far. The limited publications regarding clinical nursing practice in the Italian context might reflect the need to strengthen cancer nursing as a specialization in Italy to trigger research and practice that address unmet patient needs. The current analysis provides a foundation for future comprehensive studies and strategic development of a research agenda for cancer nursing research in Italy, led by the Italian Association of Cancer Nursing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":38212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cancer Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142164519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergency and non-emergency routes to cancer diagnoses in 2020 and 2021: A Population-based study of 154,863 patients","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted normal pathways to cancer diagnosis, particularly for screening and non-acute symptomatic patients. While reductions in overall cancer diagnoses have been reported elsewhere, any differential effects on emergency presentations, which are associated with poorer outcomes, have not been described.</p></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><p>Cross-sectional descriptive study from 2015 to 2021, based on International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership methods, where emergency route to diagnosis is defined as presenting as an emergency admission in the 30 days prior to cancer incidence date. Acute hospital records and cancer registrations were individually linked. Includes all individuals with a new diagnosis of specific cancers on the national cancer registry.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>All cancers included showed reductions in non-emergency diagnoses in 2020, with varying recovery in 2021. The largest reductions in non-emergency diagnoses of about a third were for colorectal and cervical cancers in 2020. Non-emergency diagnoses of prostate cancer remained lower but upper GI higher in 2021. Emergency routes to diagnosis were significantly higher in 2020 for breast, cervical, colorectal and upper GI cancers and were higher in 2021 for breast and cervical cancers. The absolute magnitude of reductions in non-emergency diagnoses was greater than any increases in emergency diagnoses.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In 2020, there were large reductions in numbers of cancers diagnosed through non-emergency pathways in Scotland, while those diagnosed via emergency routes fell only for prostate cancer. Some effects persisted or emerged through 2021. It is likely that opportunities to diagnose cancers in a favourable, elective manner have been lost. Further work is needed to describe outcomes among these patients.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":38212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cancer Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213538324000365/pdfft?md5=7c58488cd2467325bf6e44c2aa0b4df0&pid=1-s2.0-S2213538324000365-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142146496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and cancer: Profile of registered clinical trials","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcpo.2024.100503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made significant strides due to advancements in processing algorithms and data availability. Recent years have shown a resurgence in AI, driven by breakthroughs in deep machine learning. AI has attracted particular interest in the medical sector, especially in the field of personalized medicine, which for example uses large-scale genomic and molecular data to predict individual patient treatment responses. The applications of AI in disease diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment are expanding rapidly, leading to a growing number of registered trials. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and evaluate clinical trials registered between January 1st 2016, and September 30th 2023 that connect AI and cancer. Our findings show that the number of clinical trials linking AI with cancer research has grown significantly compared to other diseases, with colorectal and breast tumour types showing the highest number of registered trials. The most frequent intervention was disease diagnosis and monitoring. Regarding countries, China and the United States hold the highest numbers of registered trials. In conclusion, oncology is a field with a great interest in AI, where the developed countries are leading the studies in this field. Unfortunately, developing countries are still crawling in this aspect and government policies should be made to improve that area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":38212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cancer Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142146485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}