Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics最新文献

{"title":"From Revision to Practice: Key Changes in the Revised 2025 Scope and Standards of Practice for Registered Dietitian Nutritionists in Diabetes Care","authors":"Patricia Davidson DCN, RDN, LDN, CDCES, CHSE, FAND, FADCES , Janice MacLeod MA, RDN, LDN, CDCES, FADCES , Ka Hei Karen Lau MS, RDN, LDN, CDCES , Karen Hui RDN, LDN, FAND , Carol J. Gilmore MS, RDN, LD, FADA, FAND","doi":"10.1016/j.jand.2025.07.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jand.2025.07.009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"125 11","pages":"Pages 1769-1773"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What's New Online","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2212-2672(25)00777-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2212-2672(25)00777-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"125 11","pages":"Page 1631"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospective Associations of Breastfeeding Parents’ Postpartum Dietary Intake With Infant Gut Microbiome at Age 6 Months in the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study","authors":"Namrata Sanjeevi PhD , Caitlin Dreisbach PhD , Shyamal Peddada PhD , Anna Maria Siega-Riz PhD , Farnaz Fouladi PhD , Tonja Nansel PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jand.2025.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jand.2025.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Oligosaccharides in breast milk facilitate colonization of the infant gut microbiota that reduce the risk of metabolic disorders. Although diet influences human milk composition, no study to date has examined the association of breastfeeding parents’ dietary intake, exclusively during the postpartum period, with infant gastrointestinal microbiome.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To examine the relationship of postpartum diet quality of the breastfeeding parent, as measured by Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015), with gut microbiota of infants at age 6 months.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>A secondary data analysis of a prospective pregnancy cohort participating in the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study in North Carolina.</div></div><div><h3>Participants/Settings</h3><div>Of 458 participants enrolled from November 2014 through October 2016, this study included 103 breastfeeding parent-infant dyads. Dietary recalls collected at 4 to 6 weeks and 23 to 31 weeks postpartum estimated diet quality. Infants were classified into 1 of the following groups based on their feeding exposures at age 6 months: breast milk only, breast milk and solids, and breast milk and formula (with/without solids).</div></div><div><h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3><div>Infant rectal swabs, collected 23 to 31 weeks following delivery, were used for deoxyribonucleic acid extraction and sequencing. The paired-end FASTQ files were input into the Just A Microbiology System pipeline.</div></div><div><h3>Statistical Analyses</h3><div>Multivariate linear models examined relationships between HEI-2015 components and abundances of infant microbial taxa in the full sample and by feeding groups.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the overall sample, higher breastfeeding parents’ total HEI-2015 score (β ± SE) was associated with lower abundance of <em>Campylobacter hominis</em> (–.0012 ± .0003; <em>P</em> < .001; false discovery rate [FDR] <em>q</em> = 0.002) and <em>Acidaminococcus</em> (unclassified) (–.0012 ± .0003; <em>P</em> < .001; FDR <em>q</em> = 0.002). Among infants exclusively fed breast milk, a higher HEI-2015 total protein foods score (β ± SE) was associated with lower abundance of <em>Streptococcus</em> (unclassified) (–.078 ± .012; <em>P</em> < .001; FDR <em>q</em> ≤ 0.001) and <em>Anaerococcus tetradius</em> (–.014 ± .003; <em>P</em> < .001; FDR <em>q</em> = 0.043). Among infants fed breast milk and solid foods, a higher HEI-2015 refined grain score (β ± SE) was associated with lower abundance of Clostridiaceae (–.002 ± .0004; <em>P</em> < .001; FDR <em>q</em> = 0.013). Among infants fed breast milk and formula, a higher HEI-2015 total protein foods score (β ± SE) was associated with lower abundance of <em>Atopobium</em> (unclassified) (–.01 ± .004; <em>P</em> < .001; FDR <em>q</em> = 0.04).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Higher breastfeeding parents’ HEI-2015 scores were associated with lower abundance","PeriodicalId":379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"125 11","pages":"Pages 1746-1754.e1"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144705990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"November 2025 People & Events","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jand.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jand.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"125 11","pages":"Page 1775"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145332774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrition and Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes in Older Adults (Aged ≥60): A Scoping Review","authors":"Victoria Crowder PhD, RN ,&nbsp;Ayomide Okanlawon Bankole PhD, RN ,&nbsp;Jamie L. Conklin MLIS ,&nbsp;Amanda S. Sawyer MS, RD, LDN ,&nbsp;Amanda M. Holliday MPH, RD, CSO, LDN ,&nbsp;Rebecca Fogle MS, RD, CSO, LDN ,&nbsp;Lorinda A. Coombs PhD, MSN, FNP-BC, AOCNP ,&nbsp;Daniel R. Richardson MD, MS, MA ,&nbsp;Melissa Batchelor PhD, RN, FNP, FGSA, FAAN ,&nbsp;Anna Beeber PhD, RN, FAAN, FGSA ,&nbsp;Todd Schwartz DrPH ,&nbsp;Ashley Leak Bryant PhD, RN, OCN, FAAN, FGSA","doi":"10.1016/j.jand.2025.06.028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jand.2025.06.028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) commonly affect older adults (aged ≥60). Treatments are often intensive, with side effects influencing patients’ eating abilities and, consequently, nutritional status, which can influence treatment outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>For older adults with AML and/or MDS, what research has been conducted to describe their nutrition experiences? And, what research has been conducted regarding the effects of nutrition experiences on physical health, psychosocial health, and quality of life?</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A scoping review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines to search on April 30, 2024, in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Scopus. Criteria included English language, peer-reviewed, empirical studies with unique findings regarding nutrition for older adults (aged ≥60) with AML and/or MDS. Studies focusing on the risk of future cancers and drug trials were excluded.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Forty-two studies published from 1992 to 2024 met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-four articles focused on patients with AML, 16 on patients with MDS, and 2 reported both. Most quantitative studies were retrospective (n = 20), and only 5 assessed nutrition over time. Nutrition experiences included malnutrition, weight loss, sarcopenia, impaired renal function, diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, mucositis, dysphagia, decreased appetite or intake, altered taste, and gastrointestinal symptoms (eg, nausea and diarrhea). Studies described the effects on health and quality of life, including significant relationships with functional status, clinical complications, comorbidities, and mortality.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Patients with AML or MDS may face varied experiences with nutrition, especially related to malnutrition. Challenges may be associated with declines in physical health and quality of life. Importantly, no studies in this review reported effects on psychosocial outcomes, and few reported race/ethnicity, which are recommended to be measured in future studies to understand potential challenges and outcomes. The findings of this review may inform further research on nutritional health and intervention development, and effects on quality of life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"125 11","pages":"Pages 1678-1717.e4"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144367781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary Fiber Intake and Prostate Cancer Outcomes and All-Cause Mortality: Findings From a Secondary Analysis of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Study","authors":"Yanxu Yang DrPH ,&nbsp;Yuan Wang PhD ,&nbsp;Hongke Wu MS ,&nbsp;Nathaniel R. Geyer DrPH ,&nbsp;Alicia C. McDonald PhD ,&nbsp;Ming Wang PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jand.2025.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jand.2025.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in the United States. Dietary fiber intake may play a role in reducing cancer risk and mortality. However, the relationship between dietary fiber intake and both prostate cancer risk and prostate cancer–specific mortality remains uncertain.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of the study was to examine the association between dietary fiber intake and prostate cancer risk, prostate cancer–specific mortality, and all-cause mortality.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>This study was a secondary analysis of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Study, a multicenter randomized trial conducted in the United States that included 2 arms: one undergoing annual screening and the other receiving usual care.</div></div><div><h3>Participants/setting</h3><div>A total of 49 476 participants (annual screening arm: 25 669 men; usual care arm: 23 807 men) aged 55 to 74 years were enrolled from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Study between the years 1993 and 2001.</div></div><div><h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3><div>Prostate cancer risk, prostate cancer–specific mortality, and all-cause mortality were considered as main outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Statistical Analysis Performed</h3><div>Cox proportional hazard and competing risk regressions were used within each arm to examine the associations of dietary fiber intake with prostate cancer risk, all-cause mortality, and prostate cancer–specific mortality.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared with the low tertile total fiber intake, high tertile total fiber intake in the annual screening arm was linked to reduced prostate cancer risk (adjusted hazard ratio 0.87; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.99), and high-soluble fiber intake in the usual care arm had a similar association (adjusted hazard ratio 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.98) after adjusting for confounders. There were statistically significant inverse associations between dietary fiber intake (total, insoluble, and soluble) and all-cause mortality among participants in both arms (<em>P</em> &lt; .01). Significant associations of dietary fiber intake (total, soluble, and insoluble) with advanced prostate cancer risk and prostate cancer–specific mortality in both arms were not observed (<em>P</em> &gt; .05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>High dietary fiber intake (total, soluble, and insoluble) was found to be associated with decreased all-cause mortality, which may suggest a protective effect of dietary fiber intake. Further prospective studies are needed to build on these findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"125 11","pages":"Pages 1718-1729"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144673656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietitian-Led Swallow Screening and Assessment for Early Detection of Swallow Difficulties and Improved Nutritional Intake: A Commentary","authors":"Jennifer Doley MBA, RDN, FAND ,&nbsp;Maureen Janowski RDN, LD, CSG, FAND ,&nbsp;Sunitha Zechariah PhD, RDN, LD, FAND","doi":"10.1016/j.jand.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jand.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"125 11","pages":"Pages 1635-1642"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143961998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Registered Dietitian Nutritionist Consultation Is Associated With Improvement in Nutritional Status in Chronically Ill Children: A Retrospective, Cohort Study","authors":"Mary Beth Feuling MS, RD ,&nbsp;Julia Hilbrands MS, MPH, RD, CSP ,&nbsp;Kyndal Hettich MS, RD-AP ,&nbsp;Jessica Kopesky MS, RD ,&nbsp;Nicole Martin RD, CSP ,&nbsp;Regina McCarthy MS, RD ,&nbsp;Kristen Osinski MS ,&nbsp;Rebecca Pipkorn RD ,&nbsp;Amber Smith MBA ,&nbsp;Rodney A. Sparapani PhD ,&nbsp;Bi Q. Teng MS ,&nbsp;Praveen S. Goday MBBS, FAAP","doi":"10.1016/j.jand.2025.05.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jand.2025.05.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The influence of care provided by a registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) to malnourished children is not well described.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To compare nutrition outcomes of malnourished, chronically ill children with and without RDN involvement in outpatient care.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div><span>Retrospective cohort study of malnourished children who had ≥1 complex chronic condition with a follow-up period of at least 2 years during which improvement in body mass index-for-age </span><em>z</em> score (BMIz) and clinical outcomes were assessed.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>Chronically ill children initially aged 2 to 5 years with malnutrition were divided into those seen (RDN group) or not seen (non-RDN group) by an RDN in an outpatient setting 60 days from the nadir BMIz. Of 841 patients, 240 (28.5%) were in the RDN group vs 601 patients (71.5%) in the non-RDN group.</div></div><div><h3>Main outcome measures</h3><div>Changes in BMIz at 6 months and 2 years and clinical outcomes (number of hospitalizations, total hospital days, and total procedure days) between 6 months and 2 years.</div></div><div><h3>Statistical analyses performed</h3><div>Group differences were tested using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Pearson χ² test. A regression mixed model analysis of the BMIz outcome estimating the RDN group effect while adjusting for confounders was performed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Patients in the RDN group had worse median BMIz at baseline (–2.08) vs the non-RDN group (–1.80) (<em>P</em> = .0002) and more chronic illnesses throughout the study period. BMIz progressed in both groups, although improvements in BMIz were better in the RDN group (all <em>P</em> values &lt; .05). The clinical outcomes were all worse in the RDN group (<em>P</em> &lt; .0001). The regression mixed model found a 0.14 BMIz improvement for the RDN group (<em>P</em> = .0057).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Despite being more malnourished and sicker overall, an RDN visit for chronically ill, malnourished children was associated with an improvement in BMIz but not with other clinical outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"125 11","pages":"Pages 1730-1735.e3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144186158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Healthfulness of Foods Purchased at Dollar Stores: Insights from Household Scanner Data from 2008 to 2020","authors":"Wenhui Feng PhD, MPP ,&nbsp;Elina T. Page PhD ,&nbsp;Bangyao Sun ,&nbsp;Sean B. Cash PhD, MA","doi":"10.1016/j.jand.2025.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jand.2025.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Dollar stores are the fastest-growing food retailer over the past decade. Although their offerings are less nutritious, the relationship between dollar store food purchase behavior and the overall healthfulness of household food purchases from all retail formats is unknown.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study analyzed the healthfulness and energy content of foods purchased in dollar stores compared with other retail channels.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>This repeated, cross-sectional study analyzed yearly, nationally representative household consumer purchase records (2008-2020) from the Circana Consumer Network.</div></div><div><h3>Participants/setting</h3><div>Participants included 183 283 households from 2008 to 2020 for calorie calculations, and 76 520 households from 2017 to 2018 for Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015) calculations.</div></div><div><h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3><div>Household-level calorie shares in dollar stores from 2008 to 2020 and HEI-2015 scores from 2017 to 2018 for household food purchases are the main outcome measures.</div></div><div><h3>Statistical Analyses Performed</h3><div>The statistical analyses included summarizing how the share of calories purchased in dollar stores changed over time, performing a fractional logistic regression to estimate factors associated with more calories purchased in dollar stores, and comparing the healthfulness of foods purchased in dollar stores and other retail channels, controlling for multiple sociodemographic characteristics. Data extraction was performed in SQL and R. HEI-2015 calculation was performed in SAS. All statistical analyses were performed in Stata 18.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Dollar stores’ share of household calorie purchases increased from 3.4% (2008) to 6.5% (2020). More calories purchased in dollar stores were associated with multiple factors, including race/ethnicity, rurality, and income. Foods purchased in dollar stores were generally less healthy compared with other outlets. The overall healthfulness of household food purchases was similar between those who shopped at dollar stores and those who did not, with average HEI-2015 scores of 50.5, 48.2, and 46.3 across households with no, moderate, or substantial shares of purchases in dollar stores, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The rise of dollar stores depicts a major change in the food retail landscape. Although foods purchased in dollar stores are less healthy, households may compensate through healthier purchases elsewhere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"125 11","pages":"Pages 1736-1745.e6"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144815471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Caffeinated Beverages Sold in a National Sample of US Middle and High Schools","authors":"Leah Elizabeth Chapman PhD, MPH ,&nbsp;Erin R. Hager PhD ,&nbsp;Shu Wen Ng PhD ,&nbsp;Nan Dou PhD, MS ,&nbsp;Juliana F.W. Cohen ScD, ScM, RD","doi":"10.1016/j.jand.2025.06.273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jand.2025.06.273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>According to recommendations, adolescents should limit caffeine intake to no more than 100 mg/d. High schools (but not middle or elementary schools) participating in the US Department of Agriculture National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program are allowed to sell beverages with added caffeine to students, but the amount of caffeine is not regulated. The prevalence of caffeinated beverages sold to students and the amount of caffeine these beverages contain are unknown.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To determine the prevalence and types of caffeinated beverages in US middle and high schools, the amount of caffeine, and whether caffeinated beverage availability and caffeine content varied by school characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Cross-sectional.</div></div><div><h3>Participants/setting</h3><div>A national sample of 45 middle schools and 45 high schools.</div></div><div><h3>Main outcome measures</h3><div>The amount of caffeine (in milligrams) per item, determined from manufacturer websites and photographs of ingredient labels for all products sold in schools.</div></div><div><h3>Statistical analyses performed</h3><div>Descriptive statistics and 2-sample <em>t</em> tests were used to examine average caffeine levels. Multivariate analyses examined whether caffeinated beverage availability and caffeine amounts varied by school demographics using multilevel mixed-effects logistic and linear regression models, with random intercepts for school district and schools nested within districts.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>More than half (55.6% [n = 25]) of high schools and 4.4% (n = 2) of middle schools sold caffeinated beverages. On average, caffeinated beverages contained 63 mg of caffeine. The most common caffeinated beverages were sodas, but coffee (103 ± 25 mg) and energy drinks (95 ± 14 mg) contained the highest caffeine levels. High schools had a significantly higher odds of selling caffeinated beverages than middle schools (odds ratio, 18.30; <em>P</em> &lt; .01). Beverages were predicted to be 14 mg higher in caffeine in high schools than in middle schools (<em>β</em> = 13.88; <em>P</em> &lt; .01).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>There is widespread availability of caffeinated beverages in US high schools.</div><div>The US Department of Agriculture could consider setting caffeine limits for beverages sold in schools to ensure students do not exceed 100 mg of caffeine daily.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"125 11","pages":"Pages 1652-1663"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144566915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}