Groundwater for Sustainable Development最新文献

{"title":"Groundwater quality, isotopic fingerprints, and health risks in the Bengal floodplain","authors":"Md Moniruzzaman ,&nbsp;Shamim Ahmed ,&nbsp;Hafiz Al- Asad ,&nbsp;Ratan Kumar Majumder","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sustainability of the world's largest aquifer systems is threatened by the complex interplay of geogenic and anthropogenic pressures. This study investigates this critical challenge through an integrated isotopic and hydrogeochemical appraisal of groundwater security across the agriculturally vital Jamuna (JF) and Ganges (GF) floodplains of Bangladesh. Total 105 water samples from shallow, intermediate, and deep aquifers and river for major ions, trace metals, and stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O, δ²H). Hydrochemical facies are predominantly Ca-HCO₃ and Ca-Mg-HCO₃, controlled by rock-water interaction, ion exchange, and silicate weathering. Multivariate statistics and binary diagrams, however, delineate significant anthropogenic contributions from agricultural and domestic waste, elevating critical contaminants (NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and trace metals). Isotopic signatures confirm a meteoric origin for the recharge. The application of an Integrated Water Quality Index (IWQI) reveals that 35.53 % of samples in the JF and 6.9 % in the GF are of “poor” to “extremely poor” quality, a phenomenon severely concentrated in shallow aquifers. Pollution indices (HPI, HEI, Cd) quantitatively affirm this shallow zone contamination. A health risk assessment quantifies unacceptable carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for the local population, with hazard indices significantly higher for children and markedly elevated in the JF due to intensive industrial and agricultural inputs. Crucially, deep aquifers consistently present a safe hydrological compartment. These findings mandate an immediate policy shift towards depth-specific management: protecting deep aquifers as a strategic resource, enforcing stringent pollution mitigation at the source, and initiating public health outreach. This research provides a transboundary framework for securing vulnerable aquifer systems globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101578"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extreme precipitation-driven hydrologic connectivity and hydrochemical dynamics in a monsoonal mountain catchment: Carbonate weathering dominance and storm-activated nitrate contamination","authors":"Ze Tao ,&nbsp;Menghao Huang ,&nbsp;Hongjie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As extreme precipitation events intensify hydrologic connectivity and increase in frequency across monsoon regions, deciphering its transient water quality responses becomes crucial for predicting ecological and water security impacts. This study integrates stable isotopes (δD, δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-, δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-) with hydrochemistry in a North China mountain catchment to unravel the dynamics of hydrologic connectivity and its control on solute transport mechanisms during storm episodes. The results showed that extreme rainfall contributed 29% to groundwater recharge, yet elevated total dissolved solids by 18%, primarily through enhanced HCO₃⁻ and Ca²⁺. Streamflow δD shifted rapidly toward precipitation values during storms, with precipitation-derived water constituting &gt;62.8% of streamflow at peak discharge, highlighting a transient yet intensified connection from groundwater to precipitation with elevated discharge. While most solutes underwent dilution during high flow, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺ exhibited near-chemostatic behavior with distinct concentration-discharge slopes on the rising and falling limbs, indicating different transport pathways. Groundwater NO₃⁻ concentration rose by 16.5 mg L⁻¹ after the extreme event, driven by an increase in the chemical fertilizer contribution from 16.6% to 25%, thereby increasing ecosystem contamination risks. These findings establish precipitation-mediated connectivity as a dual regulator: sustaining geogenic solutes while accelerating anthropogenic nutrient mobilization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101587"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating regional full-chain water balance using a novel surface water-groundwater coupled model","authors":"Hui Guo ,&nbsp;Qingyan Sun ,&nbsp;Chuiyu Lu ,&nbsp;Hao Wang ,&nbsp;Juxiu Tong ,&nbsp;Yu Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The water balance serves as the foundation for hydrological and water resources research and practice. However, there have been few systematic and detailed studies on the regional water balance itself. In this study, the concept of the full-chain water balance (FCWB) is proposed for the first time, and a new surface water-groundwater coupled model is used to simulate and analyze it. Firstly, we coupled a semi-distributed hydrological model and a groundwater numerical model through spatiotemporal connection and information interaction, developed a FCWB simulation mechanism at multiple hierarchies and multi-spatiotemporal scales, and carried out a verification application in the Sanjiang Plain, China. During the model development and construction, several errors occurred in the FCWB. Through error diagnosis, tracing, and backtracking, we successfully resolved bugs in the code and issues in the input data. Results demonstrate that the baseline model, following comprehensive calibration and validation, effectively reproduced the regional hydrological cycle during 2005–2019 and generated complete FCWB outputs. By constructing a general model under long-term average annual precipitation scenarios based on the baseline model, comparison of water balance outputs between the two models revealed that groundwater storage change shifted from 0.11 billion m³ in the baseline scenarios to −0.31 billion m³ in the general scenarios. This indicates that recent groundwater recovery is attributable to anomalously high precipitation, rather than the resolution of the groundwater overdraft problem, thereby strengthening water managers' determination to continue promoting the remediation of groundwater depletion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101584"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicologically relevant trace elements in central and northern Mexico; geodynamic distribution in rocks, sediments and groundwater","authors":"Cristian Abraham Rivera Armendariz,&nbsp;Andre Banning","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101586","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101586"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isotope techniques for sustainable water resources management in mining-related settings: A state-of-the-art review","authors":"E. Sacchi ,&nbsp;A. Cardona Benavides ,&nbsp;C.A. De Carvalho Filho ,&nbsp;Y. Dong ,&nbsp;A. Ghaffar ,&nbsp;S.K. Gurmessa ,&nbsp;M.J. Hendry ,&nbsp;F. Huneau ,&nbsp;S.T. Jiménez-Oyola ,&nbsp;A. Mhizha ,&nbsp;R.A. Oyarzún Lucero ,&nbsp;M. Panasiuk ,&nbsp;M. Qurtobi ,&nbsp;S.P. Rai ,&nbsp;V. Ramaroson ,&nbsp;J. Samaniego ,&nbsp;T. Vitvar ,&nbsp;R. Trabelsi ,&nbsp;U. Saravana Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mining activities can significantly alter surface and groundwater systems. Therefore, sustainable water resources management has become a central requirement and strategic necessity for responsible mining. This requires tools capable of characterizing water sources, flow paths, and contaminant dynamics to support informed and responsible decision-making. Stable and radioactive isotopes are powerful tracers of the origin, age, movement, and transport of water and its constituents, as well as indicators of the water-rock interactions affecting groundwater and surface water quality. This paper reviews publications from 2022 to 2024 that discuss advancements in isotopic techniques and their applications, with the goal to promote the adoption of integrated isotopic and geochemical methods in mining-related assessments. The review is organized into three sections: 1) the understanding of hydro(geo)logical circuits: water sources and circulation, mixing processes, hydro(geo)logical alteration, river-groundwater interactions and groundwater age; 2) the assessment of mining-related contamination processes: contamination by S or by N compounds, discrimination between mining and other contamination sources, the use of minor and trace element isotopes, the salinity issues, and the identification of gas production and exchange; and 3) the application of isotope approaches for monitoring the impact of mining and assessing remediation measures, whether natural or engineered. Finally, the intrinsic strengths and weaknesses, as well as the external opportunities and limitations to the application of isotopic approaches are discussed. The review summarizes the commonly encountered sources and processes in mining settings and provides graphical outputs to assist with interpreting new experimental data, highlighting environmental isotopes as “sustainable investigation tools”.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101577"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating deep learning and groundwater dynamics for drought vulnerability assessment under climate scenarios","authors":"Wei Sun ,&nbsp;Li-Chiu Chang ,&nbsp;Jun Jie Lin ,&nbsp;Fi-John Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drought increasingly threatens agricultural sustainability, particularly in groundwater-dependent regions where irrigation and aquifer recharge are closely linked. Taiwan's Zhuoshui River alluvial fan exemplifies this risk: long-term intensive pumping and rising climate extremes have amplified drought vulnerability. Yet most existing drought indices treat groundwater implicitly, and many AI studies focus on groundwater prediction without translating results into integrated vulnerability metrics. This study develops an AI-driven framework to assess future drought risk from climate, groundwater, and socio-environmental drivers. Groundwater level was predicted using a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network–Backpropagation model (CNN-BP) calibrated with 22 years of basin-wide gridded precipitation, temperature, and SPI data, together with groundwater levels from 18 monitoring wells. CNN-BP outperforms a BPNN benchmark, improving the correlation coefficient by 35.85% and reducing MAE by 19.51%, enabling robust projections for 2021–2100. These groundwater forecasts are then integrated with climatic (SPI), physiographic (soil, land use, elevation, slope, distance to river) and socio-economic (population) drivers to construct the Deep Learning-based Comprehensive Drought Vulnerability Indicator (DCDVI) under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. Scenario results indicate consistent intensification of drought vulnerability relative to the historical baseline. SSP1-2.6 yields milder drought conditions and slower groundwater decline, while SSP5-8.5 leads to stronger drying and higher vulnerability. Under SSP5-8.5, highly vulnerable areas increase from 27.31% to 41.26% by 2081–2100. Overall, DCDVI provides a scalable, climate-responsive indicator that converts AI-based groundwater forecasts into actionable vulnerability maps. The framework provides a transferable decision-support tool for drought-prone, groundwater-reliant farming systems under climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101591"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater salinization and anthropogenic pollution imprints revealed by unsupervised learning in Ho Chi Minh city","authors":"Quang Khai Ha ,&nbsp;Ba Loc Tran ,&nbsp;Van Qui Lai","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater resources in urban coastal regions are increasingly threatened by the interacting pressures of aquifer salinization and anthropogenic pollution, undermining freshwater security and long-term urban resilience. This study applies an integrated framework of unsupervised learning techniques including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), K-means clustering, and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) to evaluate the hydrogeochemical characteristics of 441 groundwater samples collected across Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam's largest coastal megacity. Analytical results reveal that 72 % of groundwater samples exhibit a pH below 6.5, while concentrations of Fe, Cl, and NH₄ exceed national drinking water standards in 32 %, 9 %, and 8 % of samples, respectively. The study found that land use, geology and elevation are important factor controlling groundwater quality. Multivariate analysis indicates that groundwater chemistry is primarily influenced by salinization, weathering, nitrification-induced acidification, organic matter decomposition, and sulfide mineral oxidation. Clustering analysis identified five groundwater groups. Groups 1 (fresh to brackish water), 2 (acidic saline water), and 3 (fresh groundwater) are concentrated in lowland areas. Group 4 (elevated NO₃ and low pH) heavily affected by anthropogenic contamination sources, is in densely developed zones, whereas Group 5 (dilute, high-quality water) is found in high permeable and less developed highland areas. The results demonstrate that the SOM–HCA approach provides added value by producing more spatially coherent and hydrogeochemically realistic groundwater groupings. These findings underscore the value of unsupervised learning for groundwater assessment and call for local specific strategy for groundwater management: conservation for Groups 3 and 5, pollution control for Group 4, and salinity mitigation for Groups 1 and 2. This study provides a data-driven basis for sustainable groundwater resource management in vulnerable coastal cities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101589"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping uncertainty in managed aquifer recharge potential across unconfined and confined aquifers of the Murray-Darling Basin","authors":"Dennis Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Joseph H.A. Guillaume ,&nbsp;Luk Peeters","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global decline in groundwater levels, particularly in agricultural regions, underscores the imperative for sustainable management practices augmented through managed aquifer recharge (MAR). This study evaluated the potential for MAR in Australia's Murray-Darling Basin (MDB), identifying substantial areas conducive to recharge across regions experiencing long-term groundwater decline. Novel methods were developed to quantitatively assess potential recharge in unconfined and confined aquifers based on aquifer properties and account for uncertainty presenting a contrast to deterministic, weight-based spatial multi-criteria analyses. This investigation revealed that specific areas, including the Lower Namoi Alluvium and Goulburn-Murray Sedimentary Plain, exhibit higher recharge potential with 5–20 ML/ha feasible in unconfined aquifer systems at high confidence. Furthermore, this study found extensive areas at high confidence where the injection potential in confined aquifers ranged from 2.5–20 ML/d. The findings suggest that resource units characterized by high potential recharge areas and elevated resource stress values may benefit from MAR implementation, thereby mitigating stress and supporting more sustainable groundwater use. The economic viability of MAR is contingent upon various factors highlighting the need for tailored project design and site-specific assessments to ensure successful implementation. These results have significant implications for informing MAR implementation and future management strategies in the MDB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101579"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater depletion and sustainability of water-intensive agriculture in the Cuatro Ciénegas region, Coahuila, Mexico","authors":"Adrián Pedrozo-Acuña ,&nbsp;Marco Rodrigo López-López ,&nbsp;José Agustín Breña-Naranjo ,&nbsp;Edgar Yuri Mendoza-Cázares","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to investigate the relationship between groundwater depletion and intensive agricultural practices in the Cuatro Ciénegas region, a water-scarce area in Mexico. Data from an extensive field campaign along with remotely sensed data is utilised. Focus is given on regional groundwater flow and the hydrogeological interconnectivity of aquifers in and around Cuatro Ciénegas, alongside the temporal variations in water levels, agricultural frontiers, and projected water consumption for the main crops in the region. Isotope analysis of water samples reveals hydrological connectivity between the Cuatro Ciénegas-Ocampo and Cuatro Ciénegas aquifers, suggesting that agricultural activities above these aquifers threaten aquatic ecosystems. Temporal variations in water levels, obtained from in-situ measurements and the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission, indicate a decline in groundwater across all aquifers: Cuatro Ciénegas-Ocampo (−37.45 m from 2001 to 2023), Cuatro Ciénegas (−24.23 m from 2005 to 2023), and El Hundido (−20.17 m from 2005 to 2023). The agricultural frontier in the Cuatro Ciénegas-Ocampo and El Hundido aquifers increased by 63 % and 68 %, respectively, from 2003 to 2023. Agricultural activity in the Cuatro Ciénegas aquifer, which contains the nature reserve, decreased by 7.6 %. Groundwater depletion is associated with water-intensive agriculture in the area. Since 2011, the relationship between cropland expansion and groundwater use has exacerbated water stress. Groundwater withdrawals from the three aquifers for primary crop production have surpassed their recharge capacity, leading to groundwater depletion. An urgent need exists for sustainable groundwater extraction and aquifer restoration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101583"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term flood control in central Japan: A half-century groundwater monitoring and evaluating adaptation measures for sustainable use","authors":"Saki Nishizawa Katazakai ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater depletion and quality degradation are accelerating worldwide under pressures from groundwater abstraction, land-use transitions, and climate-driven shifts in recharge. Monsoon Asia, responsible for nearly two-thirds of global freshwater withdrawals, is particularly vulnerable. At the eastern frontier of the Asian Monsoon, Japan has historically experienced groundwater crises, making it a valuable reference for anticipatory groundwater governance. This study identifies groundwater origins, quantifies recharge sources, and provides the first empirical estimate of how long-term flood-control strategies, including riverbed excavation and subsequent regulation, have influenced groundwater. Analysis combined half a century of literature with 20 years of shallow groundwater monitoring data, revealing a long-term shift in recharge pathways from river infiltration toward surface-derived inputs following riverbed excavation, with approximately 80 % of monitoring sites now exhibiting significant surface-derived recharge. A groundwater recharge project (GRP) utilizing fallow paddy fields is predicted to secure future groundwater supplies locally, and scaling seasonal GRPs nationally could potentially satisfy a fraction of Japan's freshwater demand. These findings highlight the critical role of sustained monitoring in detecting human-driven shifts in recharge dynamics and demonstrate that strategically managed agricultural land offers a flexible, transferable measure for groundwater security. Japan's experience provides actionable insight into emerging groundwater challenges across monsoon Asia and other groundwater-dependent regions, offering evidence-based guidance for integrating flood-control policies with long-term water resource management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101585"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}