Groundwater for Sustainable Development最新文献

{"title":"Origin and processes of groundwater salinity hotspots in the irrigated Sahara Desert lands of Egypt","authors":"Mahmoud M. Khalil ,&nbsp;Mohamed H. Farag ,&nbsp;Tomochika Tokunaga ,&nbsp;Thomas Pichler ,&nbsp;Esam Ismail ,&nbsp;Abotalib Z. Abotalib","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater salinity hotspots in shallow aquifers have been reported across various geographical and climatic settings. These hotspots are commonly linked to anthropogenic influences, particularly irrigation return flow, in arid, unconfined aquifers under intensive irrigation. However, the interplay of geological and hydrochemical processes in shaping salinity variation and hotspots formation remains insufficiently understood. This study integrates hydrochemical, isotopic, multivariate statistical, and geophysical methods to better understand the regional distribution and origin of groundwater hotspots in the newly reclaimed areas of the Eastern Sahara, along the desert fringes of the Nile River. The findings suggest that salinization in the aquifer is influenced by evaporite dissolution, silicate weathering, salts leaching, ion exchange, and groundwater mixing processes, with significant anthropogenic contributions from irrigation return flow and fertilizer application. Notably, we report for the first time that salt-rich marine clay layers, which were left unflushed during the evolution of the Nile River, serve as the primary source of salinity hotspots. These clay layers act as natural barriers, restricting groundwater exchange with the Quaternary Nile aquifer while promoting salinization through saline/formation water upconing due to excessive groundwater pumping. Furthermore, inefficient irrigation practices add more water through irrigation return flow to the sandy alluvium aquifer, which exacerbates the groundwater salinity and ultimately leads to the development of waterlogged areas. These findings highlight the significant impact of river system evolution dynamics on groundwater quality and call for revisiting the current irrigation strategies in the newly reclaimed areas along the Nile River's desert fringes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101520"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field in-situ push-pull test for enhancing bioremediation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in coal-tar-contaminated aquifers using dual electron acceptors","authors":"Jonghyun Yoon ,&nbsp;JongBeom Kwon ,&nbsp;Uijeon Hong ,&nbsp;Young Kim ,&nbsp;Kyungjin Han","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the effectiveness of in-situ bioremediation in a coal-tar-contaminated aquifer using the simultaneous injection of oxygen and nitrate as electron acceptors (EAs). We assessed the removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and total organic carbon (TOC) under varying redox conditions through field single-well push-pull transport tests (SWTT) and a single-well push-pull activity test (SWAT). In SWAT experiments, where microbial activity was emphasized, TPH removal reached 5.7 g in the oxygen-only condition and 44.2 g in the oxygen and nitrate-amended condition, demonstrating a significant enhancement in degradation with nitrate supplementation. Corresponding CO₂ production was 402 mmol and 3,120 mmol, respectively, indicating greater microbial respiration in nitrate-amended conditions. The removal of TPH per mole of electron acceptor was 37 mg TPH/mmol O₂ and 7.9 mg TPH/mmol NO₃⁻-N, highlighting oxygen's superior efficiency per unit but nitrate's advantage in sustaining long-term degradation due to its greater solubility and availability. Microbial community analysis demonstrated a significant shift in dominant species, with Pseudomonas stutzeri prevailing after nitrate injection, indicating its critical role in nitrate reduction and hydrocarbon degradation. These results highlight the advantages of a dual-electron-acceptor approach, where oxygen facilitates rapid aerobic degradation while nitrate sustains long-term contaminant removal in oxygen-limited environments. Integrating both electron acceptors presents an effective in-situ bioremediation strategy for degrading complex organic contaminants in groundwater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101521"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating aquifer vulnerability and explainable machine learning for spatial prediction of groundwater fluoride","authors":"Hanxiang Xiong ,&nbsp;Yi Li ,&nbsp;Ruihan Xiong ,&nbsp;He Xiong ,&nbsp;Jiayao Tan ,&nbsp;Shilong Yang ,&nbsp;Hanting Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Song ,&nbsp;Xu Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater fluoride (F⁻) contamination has serious risks to public health and environmental sustainability. This study enhances spatial prediction of fluoride concentration (SPFC) in the Ordos Basin, northwest China, by applying a Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM) model integrated with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis. A total of 26 hydrological, geological, environmental, climatic, hydro-chemical, and anthropogenic indicators were incorporated. Key findings reveal that high fluoride concentrations (&gt;1 mg/L) cover approximately 17.48 % of the basin, while moderate (0.5–1 mg/L) and low (&lt;0.5 mg/L) concentrations account for 39.05 % and 43.47 % of the area, respectively. The LGBM model demonstrated high predictive accuracy with R² values of 0.9180 for the training set and 0.7579 for the validation set, and RMSE values of 0.0582 and 0.0748, respectively. SHAP analysis identified significant contributors to F⁻ contamination, including hydro-chemical indicators (CMSH: 9.09 %, SAR: 5.45 %, TDS: 5.97 %, Na⁺: 5.71 %, pH: 4.94, Ca²⁺: 4.68 % and CAI: 4.68 %), socio-economic factors (population density: 5.19 % and GDP: 5.19 %), topographic factors (elevation: 4.42 %, TWI: 7.53 % and proximity to rivers: 6.75 %) and NDVI (4.94 %). Finally, an innovative matrix-based sustainable groundwater management (SGWM) framework was developed, integrating SPFC, IAV and groundwater storage (GWS) to delineate seven distinct management zones. This comprehensive approach from SPFC to SGWM significantly enhances the predictive accuracy and practical applicability of groundwater management strategies, providing a robust tool for addressing F⁻ contamination and supporting the achievement of global health and environmental sustainability goals under the sustainable development goals (SDGs).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101517"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater recharge responses to vadose zone thickness variation and rainfall patterns in arid Mongolian pine plantations","authors":"Yanwen Bai ,&nbsp;Katsutoshi Seki ,&nbsp;Qingfeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yujie Hu ,&nbsp;Li Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In arid and semi-arid regions, vadose zone thickness strongly influences precipitation infiltration and groundwater recharge, both increasingly affected by climate-driven shifts in rainfall patterns. However, its influence on soil water dynamics and groundwater recharge in plantation ecosystems remains inadequately understood. This study, conducted in the Mu Us Sandy Land of China, monitored stable isotopes, soil water, and groundwater levels over two years across three Mongolian pine plantations. These sites had different initial groundwater depths: 4 m (downland), 9 m (midland), and 13 m (upland). Key findings include: (1) Downland exhibited significantly greater mean soil water content (SWC) in the middle and deep soil layers than in the midland and upland (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). (2) The soil desiccation index was higher in the midland and upland than in the downland. SWC increased in the upper and middle layers from the dry to the rainy season, but deep SWC decreased in the upland. (3) Rainfall events ≥20 mm day⁻¹ replenish deep SWC in the downland, whereas ≥30 mm day⁻¹ was required in the midland and upland. (4) In 2022, precipitation was more concentrated in ≥10 mm·day⁻¹ events, totaling 311 mm (74.5 % of the annual total), and produced greater groundwater recharge than in 2023, when such events accounted for only 190 mm (56.5 %). These findings demonstrate that vadose zone thickness and rainfall intensity thresholds critically control groundwater recharge—a process further modulated by Mongolian pine plantations. Therefore, integrating these factors into management strategies is essential for sustainable groundwater conservation in arid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101519"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observation-constrained long-term simulations of water dynamics and groundwater recharge under intensive agriculture in the North China Plain","authors":"Lin Wu ,&nbsp;Leilei Min ,&nbsp;Meiying Liu ,&nbsp;Wolfgang Kinzelbach ,&nbsp;Shiqing Wang ,&nbsp;Ahmed Mady ,&nbsp;Yanjun Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater recharge in intensively farmed regions is increasingly influenced by climate change and human activities. In the North China Plain (NCP), decades of intensive agriculture have driven persistent overextraction, with the groundwater table declining by ∼85 cm/yr to depths of 20–50 m. Quantifying vertical recharge through the thick vadose zone is essential for sustainable groundwater management. Using in-situ observations of volumetric water content and matric potential from a 48-m caisson observatory, we calibrated and validated Hydrus-1D model, and then produced observation-constrained long-term simulations (1990–2023) for a 30-m thick vadose zone. The model reproduces depth-progressive responses to surface water inputs: flux variability is largest in the root zone, whereas deeper layers respond more steadily, especially following extreme rainfall sequences. A persistent zero-flux plane occurs near 4 m depth. Over the 34-year reconstruction, the mean annual potential recharge is 202 mm/yr, equivalent to an average deep infiltration rate of 0.51 mm/d. Groundwater recharge in the NCP predominantly occurs during summer rainfall, with extreme precipitation events enhancing vertical water fluxes by approximately 4.6–7.6 % relative to scenarios with evenly distributed rainfall. These results clarify vertical water movement in thick vadose zones under intensive agriculture and provide practical guidance for regional recharge estimation and sustainable groundwater management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101516"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating groundwater management in the lower Ganges Basin: A participatory transdisciplinary approach to addressing water scarcity","authors":"Fatema Akter Tanbi ,&nbsp;Alamgir Kabir ,&nbsp;Md Nurul Amin ,&nbsp;Md Mahmudul Hasan ,&nbsp;Md Sarwar Hossain","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater (GW) resources in the lower Ganges Basin, Bangladesh, one of the world's largest river basins, are under increasing strain due to rapid depletion and climate change. This study aims to understand people's perception of GW conditions, governance, management practice, and adaptive strategies in response to water scarcity in this region. Using a novel transdisciplinary framework that encompasses system, target, and transformation knowledge within the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) framework, we conducted 150 household surveys and four focus group discussions across six villages in the lower Ganges Basin, engaging marginal farmers, farm owners, and other local stakeholders with practical knowledge of water management. The study reports high reliance on deep tube wells and identifies irrigation-driven overuse as a key contributor to declining water tables. To address these challenges, stakeholders proposed exploring alternative water sources such as rainwater harvesting, recycled water, and reuse. They also criticized the current lack of effective policies, institutional support, monitoring, and collaboration for sustainable GW management. In contrast, farmers are employing various adaptive techniques, such as furrow irrigation, crop rotation, drought-tolerant crops, and dry farming practices, to mitigate water scarcity, with methods tailored to local environmental conditions. According to participants, community-based water management committees and institutional training are pivotal for the successful implementation of these techniques. The study conceptualizes future scenarios for GW management based on shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP), integrating insights from surveys and FGDs. These scenarios encompass qualitative aspects of farming strategies, alternative water sources, management scales, and governance frameworks. By integrating SSPs with a transdisciplinary framework, this novel study offers insights into participatory, adaptive and sustainable GW management for the lower Ganges Basin and other regions with similar water challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101515"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multicriteria decision making for sustainable groundwater development and management in basaltic terrain of Upper Bhima basin, Maharashtra, India","authors":"Abhilash Kumar Paswan ,&nbsp;Ayushi Agarwal ,&nbsp;V Ajay Kumar ,&nbsp;Satish Chandra Verma","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change has exacerbated freshwater challenges, leading to groundwater depletion and threatening food security. As demand increases amid shrinking supplies, advanced technologies and methodologies are essential for sustainable groundwater management. This study employed a multi-criteria decision-making approach by coupling the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with nine thematic layers and 36 morphometric parameters to identify groundwater potential zones (GWPZ) and manage water resources in the Upper Bhima Basin, predominantly characterized by basaltic aquifer systems. Using AHP, five zones were delineated within the basin and categorized as very poor (6.7 %), poor (24.6 %), moderate (34.9 %), good (23.9 %), and very good (9.9 %). The thematic layers' weights demonstrated a high level of reliability, with a consistency index of 0.00051 and a consistency ratio of 0.00035. GWPZ was also validated with the Area Under the Curve (AUC = 0.707). Morphometric analysis further supports the identification of low potential zones in the steep slope region. The mean bifurcation and circularity ratios for the basin, highlighting minimal geological influence on the drainage pattern and varying infiltration capacities. Furthermore, the hypsometric analysis reveals a concave shape with an integral value of 0.19, indicating the potential for developing stable recharge zones for sustainable groundwater management. Besides this, evapotranspiration and NDVI have shown strong seasonality, highlighting the agricultural response of the region and exhibiting a strong connection with ENSO events. Increasing urbanization and agrarian expansion drive water demand, necessitating effective regional groundwater management. Measures like check dams, rainwater harvesting, and cultivating less water-intensive crops can enhance water security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101511"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145057252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining piezometry, isotopes, and emerging contaminants to assess aquifer recharge operations: case studies of Korba and Kairouan sites (Northeast and Central Tunisia)","authors":"Fethi Lachaal ,&nbsp;Geoffroy Duporté ,&nbsp;Christian Leduc ,&nbsp;Elena Gomez","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In many semi-arid and Mediterranean regions, scarce water resources face an ever-increasing demand for water. A possible response is to complement the natural groundwater recharge by infiltrating treated wastewater, but this addresses the question of the future of this water, in quantitative and qualitative terms. Two contrasting artificial recharge sites with treated wastewater were chosen at the centre and northeast of Tunisia. The study was focused on field measurements (water table level, total mineralisation) and groundwater sampling (stable isotopes of the water molecule, emerging contaminants). Data from 2020 were compared with historical records. A suspect-screening analysis of 137 organic compounds was also performed at the first site. The hydrodynamic survey and the total mineralisation of groundwater underline a common feature of the two sites: the strong heterogeneity of the hydrogeological information, especially disturbed by agricultural pumping. The positive piezometric effect of groundwater artificial recharge is not clearly, observed due to the combined effects of intense pumping and the relatively small recharge volume. A slight increase in groundwater salinity is observed at both sites. In the coastal area of Korba, the isotopic data show that the recharged area is less vulnerable to seawater intrusion compared to other parts of the coastal aquifer. Stable isotope analysis showed an evaporative water only at the site where the water is transferred over a long distance and spread over the ground surface. Emerging compounds, especially carbamazepine, provided a much finer definition of the recharge plumes. The results of the suspect screening and non-target analysis were consistent with the historical location of the sites and the relocation of the discharge point for the first site. Together, the results underlined the limitation of the classical tools of hydrogeology (hydrodynamics, major ions, stable isotopes) and the significant added value of integrating emerging compounds in the analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101514"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial distribution of Chinese baijiu driven by groundwater recharge processes: Insights from hydrochemical analysis","authors":"Wang Wang ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Chen ,&nbsp;Jian Sheng Chen ,&nbsp;Yitong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Baijiu companies located along the Chishui River contribute significantly to the local economy. This area lies within China's highest output value of baijiu region, known as the Baijiu Golden Triangle. This study performed geochemical analyses on groundwater and surface water from the Chishui River Basin and other well-known baijiu-producing areas in China. Findings show that water-rock reaction characteristics in brewing water greatly influence the aromatic profiles of various baijiu flavors, with key chemical elements of sulfate (S) and strontium (Sr). Isotope analyses of δ¹⁸O and δ²H isotope identified the source of the brewing water as recharge from leakage water in the Tibetan Plateau. As groundwater passes through distinct geological layers—such as carbonate, gypsum, and celestite formations—it significantly affects the flavor characteristics of high-quality baijiu.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101513"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control of Al2O3/TiO2 sorbent synthesis parameters to enhance fluoride remediation of impaired water resources","authors":"Gabriel T. Colledge,&nbsp;John G. Outram,&nbsp;Graeme J. Millar","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alumina is widely used for fluoride ion removal due to its high affinity but is limited by low uptake capacity and structural instability. To overcome these issues, innovative alumina-titania sorbents were developed using co-precipitation. These sorbents maintained a surface area of ∼260 m²/g and pore volume of ∼0.21 cm³/g regardless of feed flow rate. However, low NaOH molarity significantly increased surface area, peaking at 343 m²/g with 1 M NaOH. Aging also enhanced surface area, reaching ∼315 m²/g.</div><div>Equilibrium isotherms showed that a feed flow rate of 25 mL/min achieved the highest fluoride uptake (0.19 meq/g). NaOH concentrations ≤4 M produced favourable isotherm profiles, while ≥4 M resulted in unfavourable outcomes. Aging the synthesis mixture for 1–2 h was optimal, as extended aging reduced isotherm performance.</div><div>The Al₂O₃/TiO₂ sorbents also removed calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium, potassium, and silica from groundwater. Optimal synthesis conditions were identified as a 25 mL/min feed flow rate, 2 M NaOH concentration, and a 2-h aging time. The sorption mechanism combined electrostatic attraction and ligand exchange, highlighting the potential of these materials for multifunctional water treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 101512"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}