Groundwater for Sustainable Development最新文献

{"title":"Delineation of groundwater critical zones by integrating GIS and MCDM techniques in the arid region of Sirjan, southeastern Iran","authors":"Adnan Sadeghi-Lari ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Karimi Moqbeli ,&nbsp;Mohammad Faryabi","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In arid regions, the overexploitation of groundwater (GW) has led to the degradation of aquifers. To address this issue, identifying GW critical zones (GWCZs) is more crucial than identifying GW potential zones. This paper delineates GWCZs in the Sirjan district by integrating geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques. Two scientific MCDM models, including the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and multi-influencing factors (MIF), were employed to create a GWCZs map. Within the GIS platform, the field data were applied to create, classify, and assign weights to thematic layers of Annual GW discharge (AGD), water well density (WWD), aquifer recharge (AR), aquifer lithology (AL), aquifer thickness (AT), and GW quality change (GQC). Subsequently, the GWCZs map was generated by applying the overlay weighted-sum method to the six different layers. Using AHP, 10.04, 23.62, 32.8, and 33.54 %; and using MIF, 10.13, 23.36, 40.59, and 25.92 % of the study area were classified into critical, sub-critical, semi-balanced, and balanced zones, respectively. The regression analysis and receiver operating curve (ROC) techniques were utilized to assess the reliability of the models. The comparison revealed that both models have acceptable results. However, the MIF method, with an R² of 0.88 and Area Under Curve (AUC) of 0.83, was more reliable than the AHP method, with an R² of 0.86 and AUC of 0.81. The findings of this research can provide valuable assistance for local and government authorities to ensure the sustainable management and development of GW resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101470"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated groundwater quality assessment using GIS and statistical analysis techniques at Islamkot subdistrict in the Thar desert area","authors":"Imran Aziz Tunio ,&nbsp;Sheeraz Ahmed Memon ,&nbsp;Love Kumar ,&nbsp;Habibullah Abbasi ,&nbsp;Habib Ursani ,&nbsp;Sher Muhammad Ghoto","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101469","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive analysis of physicochemical parameters, statistics, and spatial distribution of groundwater for the desert area of Pakistan. It aims to assess the contamination hotspots and to appraise the groundwater quality in the region. A total of 50 groundwater samples were collected from dug wells and analyzed for key physicochemical parameters, including Arsenic (As), Fluoride (F), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Chloride (Cl), and Total Hardness (TH). The spatial distribution of these parameters was mapped using the Geographic Information System (GIS) tool. At the same time, statistical analysis viz, Water Quality Index (WQI), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), correlation, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were employed to identify significant differences among groundwater quality metrics across different locations. The WQI analysis revealed that 20 % of the study area's water was unsuitable for drinking purposes. A large portion (50 %) of the study area exceeds World Health Organization (WHO) standards for As in drinking water, with 40 % of samples surpassing the F limit, 28 % exceeding the TDS, 26 % exceeding EC, 22 % for As, 18 % for Cl, and 6 % for TH. Correlation analysis has shown a positive relationship between F, EC, and TDS, suggesting their potential as an indicator of water electrolytic properties. This indicates that the groundwater conditions were not good for daily use. The findings indicate the impact of population, development activities, and climate variability on groundwater in the study region. This study also contributes to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) by providing useful information for the monitoring of groundwater in arid regions. Policymakers and government agencies can use these findings to develop targeted and sustainable strategies that ensure the sustainability of the water supply and prevent the further contamination of groundwater aquifers in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101469"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rising threats to groundwater recharge: Adaptive strategies for the Sahel under climate change","authors":"Francesco Granata,&nbsp;Fabio Di Nunno","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater recharge is a fundamental pillar of water security in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly in the Sahel, where climate change is driving profound hydrological shifts. This review critically synthesizes current knowledge on the interplay between climate variability and groundwater recharge dynamics, addressing the following research question: How do different climate and human-induced factors impact groundwater recharge in the Sahel, and what strategies can enhance resilience?</div><div>The review emphasizes the impacts of shifting precipitation regimes, rising temperatures, and increasing evapotranspiration rates. Observed trends indicate a contraction of rainy seasons, greater rainfall intermittency, and rising temperatures, key drivers that exacerbate groundwater stress. Comparatively, land use changes and water governance structures also influence recharge patterns, but to a lesser extent. These climate and anthropogenic shifts have made recharge processes more episodic and spatially heterogeneous, complicating sustainable groundwater management.</div><div>Projections suggest these trends will continue, further straining groundwater resources. The review examines the role of localized factors, such as land use changes, soil characteristics, and governance frameworks, in modulating recharge variability. Through regional case studies, it highlights challenges in data-scarce environments and the need for more refined climate-hydrology models.</div><div>To address these emerging threats, the review explores adaptive strategies, including Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR), rainwater harvesting, and advanced hydro-technological innovations. The critical role of governance and policy frameworks is also discussed, with an emphasis on transboundary cooperation, integrated water management, and locally informed decision-making. Despite these advancements, significant research gaps remain, particularly in long-term groundwater monitoring, predictive climate modeling, and interdisciplinary approaches.</div><div>By bridging these gaps, this review provides a scientific foundation for adaptive groundwater management in the Sahel, offering insights essential for ensuring long-term water security and resilience in one of the world's most vulnerable regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101468"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of prolonged drought on a coastal aquifer in water scarcity regions: A case study of Lebna (Cap Bon, Northeast Tunisia)","authors":"Mohamed Neji ,&nbsp;Sameh Chargui ,&nbsp;Fethi Lachaal ,&nbsp;Claude Hammecker ,&nbsp;Olivier Grunberger","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coastal aquifer of Lebna (Northeast Tunisia) is a vital water resource supporting agricultural and industrial activities. The aquifer has historically benefitted from natural recharge and inputs from the Lebna dam reservoir (constructed in 1986), which has mitigated saline intrusion. A severe drought period from 2020 to 2023 significantly impacted groundwater resources and agricultural productivity, coinciding with a near depletion of the dam reservoir. This research aims to characterise this drought period (2020–2023) and assess its impact on the coastal groundwater resources and agriculture. A multidisciplinary approach was employed, combining hydrogeological monitoring (Groundwater levels and salinity from 181 wells), isotopic analysis (δ¹⁸O, δ²H), remote sensing (NDVI, Landsat), drought indices (SPI), and field surveys. Results indicate a pronounced rainfall deficit (SPI values from −0.4 to −1.2) and a 63 % reduction in irrigated agricultural land compared to 2019, based on surveys of 30 farmers. NDVI analyses showed reductions in vegetation cover and water body of 45 % and 77.78 %, respectively, during the dry season and 93.6 % and 84 % during the wet season from 2019 to 2023. Comparative analysis of groundwater level and salinity measurements from 181 wells in 2019 and 2023 highlighted a piezometric drop of 9 m below sea level (mbsl) and a significant salinity increase, with electrical conductivity reaching up to 21 mS/cm. The dam filling in 2019 raised groundwater levels, while its near-empty state between 2020 and 2023 resulted in lowered groundwater levels. Isotopic analyses of the δ¹⁸O and δ²H revealed significant groundwater recharge from the dam in 2019, as evidenced by values near the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL). In contrast, no recharge occurred in 2023 due to extremely low reservoir levels (12.85–10.80 m). These findings emphasise the critical need for effective drought anticipation and adaptive strategies to mitigate future extreme events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101462"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation & mitigation of cyanides: A steel industrial perspective","authors":"Santanu Sarkar ,&nbsp;Tamal Kanti Ghosh ,&nbsp;Pratik Swarup Dash ,&nbsp;Mahaad Issa Shammas ,&nbsp;Sudip Chakarborty","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review presents the holistic analysis of generation and mitigation of cyanides in an integrated steel plant. The life cycle of cyanide in the environment, the effect of cyanide on humans and other living bodies, along with the sources of generation of cyanide from steel industries have been discussed here. As the concentration and properties of cyanide are dependent on the water matrix, therefore, measurement of cyanide concentration is very tedious. Available experimental tools for the determination of cyanide concentration (free or total cyanide) have been described to get the correct measurement of cyanide. On the other hand, discharge of cyanides from active industrial sites results in groundwater contamination, where metal cyanide complexes are major contributors to groundwater cyanide toxicity. Thus, it is essential to adopt or develop effective removal process of cyanide from steel industrial effluent to meet the stringent environmental norms for its discharge. Maximum literatures reported the effect of various experimental parameters like adsorbent &amp; chemical dosage, pH, temperature, and residence time, electricity consumption, etc. on the removal percentage of cyanide <em>via</em> membrane technology, adsorption process, chemical &amp; biochemical process, oxidation etc … Besides, different kinetics and isotherm models have been discussed to gain a deeper insight on the removal of cyanide. The final objective of this review is to present a brief overview of the life cycle of cyanide and the existing contemporary research on the development of new processes for cyanide removal from steel industry perspectives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101463"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144106986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the role of groundwater in sustaining a Himalayan Lake using hydrological, isotopic and geophysical approaches","authors":"Gh Jeelani ,&nbsp;Ishfaq Ahmad Pall ,&nbsp;Jacob Noble ,&nbsp;Virendra Padhya ,&nbsp;B.S. Bali ,&nbsp;R.D. Deshpande ,&nbsp;M.S. Bhat","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101460","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101460"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated GIS-based approach for groundwater potential mapping in arid regions: A case study of Kenadsa-Bechar using AHP and frequency ratio methods","authors":"Abdeldjalil Belkendil ,&nbsp;Mohammed Habi ,&nbsp;Manel Yakhlefoune ,&nbsp;Ameri Sarra ,&nbsp;Abderrahmane Mekkaoui ,&nbsp;Aqil Tariq ,&nbsp;Sabrine Jemai ,&nbsp;Amer Zeghmar ,&nbsp;Houcine Bougrine ,&nbsp;Mohamed Zouidi ,&nbsp;Salah Hadjout ,&nbsp;Zineb Mansouri","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater potential studies are vital for sustainable water resource management in arid regions facing severe water scarcity such as the Kenadsa-Bechar area in northwestern Bechar province, Algeria. This study integrates the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Frequency Ratio FR methods integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map groundwater potential zones (GWPZ) and support agricultural resilience in a region with limited winter precipitation and heavy agricultural reliance Using diverse data sources digital elevation model DEM Landsat 8 imagery climate data and hydrogeological records, we evaluated key factors influencing groundwater availability The AHP method identified lithology as the most significant factor weight = 0 3 driven by its high permeability in alluvial deposits while soil type and land use/land cover LULC were least influential weight = 0 03 each due to minimal vegetation cover High GWPZ covering 75 85 km² were concentrated in the south near rivers reflecting enhanced infiltration whereas low GWPZ 203 33 km² dominated the southeast central and west due to steeper slopes and lower permeability Validation using Receiver Operating Characteristic ROC curves and Area Under the Curve AUC analysis showed the FR model AUC = 0 81 outperformed AHP AUC = 0 76 offering superior predictive accuracy This validated GWPZ map provides critical insights for managing water scarcity and promoting sustainable agriculture in arid environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101461"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive modeling of fluoride and nitrate health risks using artificial neural networks","authors":"Sidique Gawusu ,&nbsp;Mahamuda Abu","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The health risk associated with high levels of fluoride (F⁻) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) in groundwater is making groundwater unsafe for drinking globally. This concern has justified a continuous study and health risk assessment of groundwater. High levels of F⁻ and NO₃⁻ have been reported in some parts of the Bole District of Ghana. However, their health risks are unknown. Hence, the study assesses the health risks of F⁻ and NO₃⁻ using indexical proxies and machine learning techniques. Hydrochemical analysis reveals that while most parameters meet WHO standards, elevated fluoride, nitrate, and total dissolved solids (TDS) levels are present in certain communities. Fluoride risk classification shows that 83.3 % of the area faces very low risk, but 3.3 % is exposed to extreme fluoride risk. Health risk assessments using hazard quotient (HQ) indicate that adults are more vulnerable to fluoride exposure, with 53.3 % of samples exceeding safe levels, while 40 % of children are at risk from nitrate contamination. An artificial neural network (ANN) model was used to predict health risks associated with fluoride and nitrate exposure. The model performed well for fluoride predictions, achieving R² values above 0.97 for both training and testing datasets. However, its performance was less reliable for nitrate predictions, particularly for children, where the testing R² dropped to 0.60. Sensitivity analysis identified SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺ as key ions influencing health risk predictions. These results highlight the need for stricter regulation of groundwater sources in high-risk areas and the promotion of low-cost water treatment technologies to mitigate contamination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101464"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143946712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction and controlling factors of high-fluoride groundwater in the Yellow River Basin based on machine learning model","authors":"Chunli Su ,&nbsp;Weili Ge ,&nbsp;Xianjun Xie ,&nbsp;Zhihao Guo ,&nbsp;Zhaohui Luo ,&nbsp;Yiqun Gan ,&nbsp;Ziyi Xiao ,&nbsp;Yanhui Gao ,&nbsp;Yanmei Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-term consumption of high-fluoride water (F &gt; 1.5 mg/L) has significant negative effects on human health. In the Yellow River Basin of northern China, fluorosis resulting from geogenic groundwater fluoride contamination has been observed in several basins. In this study, the machine learning algorithm regression modeling was employed to predict the distribution of high-fluoride groundwater and potential population at risk using 30337 groundwater samples and 40 relevant environmental factors, with random forest (RF) was identified as the optimal algorithm. The model incorporated various environmental factors, including hydrogeology, climate, soil, topography, and human activities and the model performed well, with the value of AUC of 0.86. The climatic variables were identified as the primary factors influencing the model based on the ranking of their importance. The probability distribution map with a resolution of 250 m drawn from the modelling results shows that high-fluoride groundwater is mainly distributed within the basins, Loess Plateau, the front edge and the southern part of the Yellow-Huai-Hai River Plain (also known as North China Plain). The climate plays a vital role in regulating the distribution patterns of high-fluoride groundwater. Based on different probability cut-off values, it is estimated that approximately 7.307 and 8.899 million people in the study area may be at risk of direct consumption of fluoride-contaminated groundwater. High-fluoride groundwater primarily occurs in shallow pore aquifers of alluvial plains. Fine-grained sediments with high clay content and high levels of cations with exchangeable sites favor the enrichment of fluoride in groundwater. Alluvial and alkaline soils exhibit significant impacts on the enrichment of fluoride. Significant temperature differences and uneven precipitation are the main climatic factors affecting fluoride enrichment in groundwater. This study helps to enhance the understanding of the spatial differentiation and driving mechanism of high-fluoride groundwater, and provides a scientific basis for preventing endemic fluorosis and ensuring water supply security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101458"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative assessment of groundwater discharge using hydrograph separation and spring discharge in the Ouémé valley, southern Benin","authors":"Bio Guidah Chabi ,&nbsp;Huguette C. Emvoutou ,&nbsp;Valérie D.O. Kotchoni ,&nbsp;Abdoukarim Alassane ,&nbsp;Iboukoun Christian Alle ,&nbsp;Maxime Wubda ,&nbsp;Moussa Boukari","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater is the primary source of freshwater for drinking, agricultural water, and industrial in many nations worldwide. Understanding the interaction between groundwater and river is vital for the sustainable management of water resources. This study aims to evaluate groundwater discharge into two major rivers in coastal sedimentary basin. Water samples were collected from two rivers, rainfall, boreholes and springs, for the determination of stable isotopes. The streamflow of the two rivers is measured monthly. Springs have also been inventoried and their flow rates quantified. The isotopic signatures of the two rivers are of the same range and vary greatly from dry to rainy season (−1.32 ‰ to −3.85 ‰ for ¹⁸O and −7.56 ‰ to −21.13 ‰ for ²H), unlike that of groundwater and springs (−3.10 ‰ to −3.13 ‰ for ¹⁸O, −15.51 ‰ to −15.64 ‰ for ²H). The water level in the well is 4m above the river level in dry season, and decreases to 1.5 m in the rainy season. Groundwater discharge based on the isotopic hydrograph separation was 0–96.67 m³/s and 0.74–43.69 m³/s in Ouémé Stream and Sô River, respectively. The analysis reveals that groundwater maintains the base flow of streams in the dry season and also contributes to rivers flow in the rainy season. However, rain water is the dominant water source in rainy season. In addition, 75 springs inventoried in the valley discharge in totally more than 221 m³/h in the rivers. Hence, combining stable isotopes composition hydrometric observations and springs flow, provides an efficient method for estimating groundwater discharge rates into rivers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101459"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}