Groundwater for Sustainable Development最新文献

{"title":"Synergistic controls of phosphate and sediment heterogeneity on arsenic fate in karst aquifers: Experimental and modeling insights using a two-site kinetic attachment model","authors":"Song Wei ,&nbsp;Huimei Shan ,&nbsp;Yong Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongbin Zhan ,&nbsp;Hailing Du","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphate (PO₄³⁻) influencing arsenic (As) transport in groundwater has been deeply studied, but quantitative simulation for their co-transport and interactions under the complex heterogeneous conditions characteristic of karst aquifers remains poorly understood. To bridge the critical gap, this study designed column experiments by embedding the natural sediments collected from the karst wetland (presented as lenses, and the number was designed to be 0, 1, and 2) into sand columns. Solutions containing various concentrations of PO₄³⁻ and As were simultaneously pumped into heterogeneous columns and then eluted, and the effluent solutions were regularly collected to monitor their concentrations and the changes in As species within 108 days. The obtained 3-cycle of adsorption-desorption data were quantitatively analyzed using the two-site kinetic attachment model (TSKAM). Key results indicate that (1) The competitive adsorption of PO₄³⁻ significantly enhanced As transport ability. When the PO₄³⁻ concentration increased from 0 to 10 mg/L, the As breakthrough time decreased markedly, with the maximum difference reduced from 16.3 d to 1.0 d in the 1-lens column. Correspondingly, the total As adsorption rate declined from 4.1 h⁻¹ to 2.7 h⁻¹, and the maximum adsorption capacity dropped from 10.1 μg/g to 0.8 μg/g (2) Simultaneously, increasing PO₄³⁻ concentration promoted the reduction of As(V) to As(III), leading to a higher proportion of As(III) in the effluent. The As(III)/Total As ratio increased from 2.63 % to 4.44 % (0-lens), from 6.70 % to 10.05 % (1-lens), and from 8.48 % to 11.74 % (2-lens columns), respectively. (3) Lenticular bodies retarded As mobility through additional adsorption sites, but high PO₄³⁻ levels counteracted this effect. (4) Significant As release from the solid phase occurred during elution stages, with a theoretical constraint (<span><math><mrow><mfrac><msub><mi>k</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>k</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></mfrac><mo>≥</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>M</mi><mi>e</mi></msub><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>V</mi><mo>·</mo><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>F</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>) for the reversible adsorption/desorption rate derived from TSKAM, where most of the fitted parameters satisfied this relationship (excluding tailing scenarios). These findings elucidate synergistic controls of PO₄³⁻ concentration and sediment heterogeneity on As migration in karst aquifers, providing practical strategies for regional As pollution mitigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101576"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater pollution and sustainable development goals: A crucial resource for achieving sustainable environment","authors":"Rakesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Prabhakar Sharma ,&nbsp;Jasmeet Lamba ,&nbsp;Manish Kumar ,&nbsp;Maria Aurora Armienta ,&nbsp;Tom van der Voorn ,&nbsp;Prosun Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101623","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101623"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147850120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced characterization of fouling in reverse osmosis membrane: Implications for Brackish groundwater treatment","authors":"Ilham Karmal ,&nbsp;Jamila El Gaayda ,&nbsp;Sara Darbal ,&nbsp;Mustapha Nassiri ,&nbsp;Mohamed El Housse ,&nbsp;M’barek Belattar ,&nbsp;Said Ben-Aazza ,&nbsp;Naima Hafid ,&nbsp;Abdelaziz Ait Addi ,&nbsp;Rachid Ait Akbour ,&nbsp;Ali Driouiche","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Growing global freshwater scarcity and the increasing demand for sustainable desalination have stimulated research into reverse osmosis (RO) processes. However, scaling remains a major challenge that affects operational stability and system performance. This study investigates scaling mechanisms in an RO demineralization plant located in El Ouatia, Morocco. A comprehensive approach combining feedwater characterization and hydrochemical analysis was adopted. Fouling was further examined using advanced characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared X-ray spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric analysis (TG/DSC), and the Fujiwara test. Physicochemical analyses revealed highly mineralized groundwater, with elevated calcium (998 mg. L⁻¹) and sulfate (3050 mg. L⁻¹) concentrations, which promote mineral precipitation and membrane scaling. Hydrochemical diagrams (Piper, Schoeller-Berkaloff, and Gibbs) indicate that the dominant water chemical facies is of the Na-Cl type. Fouling deposits were found to be primarily composed of gypsum (CaSO₄.2H₂O), accounting for 90.20% of the total deposits and contributing significantly to membrane fouling. Based on these findings, a scaling mechanism is proposed, focusing on interactions among ionic species and fouling processes. These results provide a mechanistic understanding that supports pretreatment strategies and the application of scale inhibitors, thereby improving membrane efficiency in environmental and engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101596"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking managed aquifer recharge in karst systems: A novel framework for future directions","authors":"N. Itani ,&nbsp;M. El Fadel","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) in karst aquifers presents opportunity, complexity and high uncertainty given their dual-porosity and subsurface complexity, which increases the risk of rapid transport and limited attenuation. This study presents a systematic literature analysis of MAR in karst, synthesizing existing efforts and identifying key challenges and research directions. Water quality concerns, particularly clogging, salinity, aquifer dissolution, and transfer of contaminants to groundwater are among the most persistent limitations. Advances in computational capabilities and remote sensing support numerical models and site suitability assessments while advances in subsurface characterization, a key challenge in karst, are enabled with modern geophysical investigations, tracer tests, and isotope fingerprinting. Future perspectives emphasize transforming the experience from controversial high-risk applications into a mature standard component within integrated water resources management that couples advanced geophysical technologies, machine learning algorithms, surface and subsurface modeling, risk assessment, and adaptable decision-support tools. Practical implications are condensed into a karst-specific, adaptive, and novel framework with an actionable guide for feasible MAR implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101590"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LSTM-based projection of groundwater-induced land subsidence under CMIP6 climate scenarios: A case study of Yunlin, Taiwan","authors":"Sumriti Ranjan Patra,&nbsp;Hone-Jay Chu,&nbsp;Mohammad Adil Aman","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Land subsidence is usually driven by excessive groundwater extraction and further intensified by climate variability. Monitoring land subsidence and projecting its future trends are foundational for sustainable groundwater and subsidence management. This study develops a deep learning-based framework to project future land subsidence in Yunlin County, a major subsidence hotspot within the Choushui River Alluvial Fan in Central Taiwan, under CMIP6 climate change scenarios. A Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model is employed to estimate future subsidence rates from 2022 to 2036 by using deep learning-driven groundwater level projections under SSP scenarios. The model is trained using historical groundwater level and multi-level compaction well data from 2015 to 2021. The proposed model accurately estimates land subsidence associated with groundwater level variations, achieving low RMSE (&lt;0.4 cm), NRMSE (&lt;0.1), MAE (&lt;0.3 cm) and high R² (∼0.8) as well as correlation (R) (∼0.9) values. Projections reveal pronounced spatial heterogeneity in future subsidence, with coastal and central regions showing heightened vulnerability. Under SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios, subsidence rates could accelerate historical averages by 1.5-2 cm/year in agricultural-intensive regions, driven by elevated temperatures, declining precipitation causing increased pumping demand, thereby, intensifying groundwater decline. Pronounced effects are further observed for the higher emission SSP585 scenario. Additionally, artificial subsidence mitigation scenarios simulating 10-20 % reductions in groundwater extraction demonstrate the model's effectiveness in assessing intervention strategies, showing a 16-50 % drop in simulated compaction. This research demonstrates the compounding impacts of climate change on groundwater-induced subsidence and emphasizes the effectiveness of deep learning in spatio-temporal forecasting, offering critical insights for adaptive groundwater management and subsidence risk mitigation in regions facing coupled climatic and anthropogenic stressors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101588"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-isotopic evaluation of hydraulic barriers and water rights in mine tailing impoundments with altitude-offset water sources","authors":"Dídac Navarro-Ciurana ,&nbsp;Laura Culí ,&nbsp;Clara Torrentó ,&nbsp;Neus Otero ,&nbsp;Nicolás Iturra ,&nbsp;Albert Soler","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable water management in porphyry copper tailings storage facilities (TSFs) is essential for environmental protection and regulatory compliance, particularly in Chile, which ranks third globally in TSF numbers. This study applies a multi-isotope framework (<em>δ</em>²H-H₂O, <em>δ</em>¹⁸O-H₂O<em>, δ</em>³⁴S-SO₄²⁻ and <em>δ</em>¹⁸O-SO₄²⁻) to trace the fate of tailings seepage towards groundwater and to evaluate hydraulic barriers effectiveness in porphyry Cu TSFs, demonstrating its applicability to systems characterized by complex mixing of multiple water sources with contrasting recharge conditions. Unlike previous studies where water sources shared similar recharge altitudes, this work addresses an “altitude-offset” scenario in which tailings water originates from high-altitude recharge zones while downstream aquifers are located at much lower elevations, creating additional isotopic end-members. To illustrate the usefulness of this approach, the Carén TSF (Chile) serves as case study. Isotopic data indicate that tailings waters are strongly evaporated, enriched in elevated SO₄²⁻ concentrations on the order of thousands of mg L⁻¹ (≈2,000 mg L⁻¹), mainly derived from sulfide ore oxidation (60–80 %), and recharged at high altitude (∼2,000 masl). In contrast, surrounding freshwater is recharged at lower altitude (∼220 masl) and shows significantly lower SO₄²⁻ concentrations on the order of tens of mg L⁻¹ (≈20 mg L⁻¹). Groundwater downstream of the TSF reflects variable mixing between these sources. Using Cl⁻/SO₄²⁻, <em>δ</em>²H-H₂O/<em>δ</em>¹⁸O-H₂O, <em>δ</em>³⁴S-SO₄^2-/<em>δ</em>¹⁸O-SO₄^2- and <em>δ</em>³⁴S-SO₄^2-/ln(SO₄²⁻) mixing models, the contribution of mine tailing water was quantified to be generally lower than 20 % but reaching 30–40 % in some groundwater samples located close to the TSF. In addition, <em>δ</em>³⁴S-SO₄^2- and <em>δ</em>¹⁸O-SO₄^2- results suggest that bacterial sulfate reduction may occur in deeper zones of the TSF, promoting natural attenuation of dissolved metals. These findings highlight the usefulness of stable isotopes for tracing water sources, assessing hydraulic barrier efficiency, and estimating the proportion of pumped water exempt from water rights in TSFs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101581"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater quality, isotopic fingerprints, and health risks in the Bengal floodplain","authors":"Md Moniruzzaman ,&nbsp;Shamim Ahmed ,&nbsp;Hafiz Al- Asad ,&nbsp;Ratan Kumar Majumder","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sustainability of the world's largest aquifer systems is threatened by the complex interplay of geogenic and anthropogenic pressures. This study investigates this critical challenge through an integrated isotopic and hydrogeochemical appraisal of groundwater security across the agriculturally vital Jamuna (JF) and Ganges (GF) floodplains of Bangladesh. Total 105 water samples from shallow, intermediate, and deep aquifers and river for major ions, trace metals, and stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O, δ²H). Hydrochemical facies are predominantly Ca-HCO₃ and Ca-Mg-HCO₃, controlled by rock-water interaction, ion exchange, and silicate weathering. Multivariate statistics and binary diagrams, however, delineate significant anthropogenic contributions from agricultural and domestic waste, elevating critical contaminants (NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and trace metals). Isotopic signatures confirm a meteoric origin for the recharge. The application of an Integrated Water Quality Index (IWQI) reveals that 35.53 % of samples in the JF and 6.9 % in the GF are of “poor” to “extremely poor” quality, a phenomenon severely concentrated in shallow aquifers. Pollution indices (HPI, HEI, Cd) quantitatively affirm this shallow zone contamination. A health risk assessment quantifies unacceptable carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for the local population, with hazard indices significantly higher for children and markedly elevated in the JF due to intensive industrial and agricultural inputs. Crucially, deep aquifers consistently present a safe hydrological compartment. These findings mandate an immediate policy shift towards depth-specific management: protecting deep aquifers as a strategic resource, enforcing stringent pollution mitigation at the source, and initiating public health outreach. This research provides a transboundary framework for securing vulnerable aquifer systems globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101578"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extreme precipitation-driven hydrologic connectivity and hydrochemical dynamics in a monsoonal mountain catchment: Carbonate weathering dominance and storm-activated nitrate contamination","authors":"Ze Tao ,&nbsp;Menghao Huang ,&nbsp;Hongjie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As extreme precipitation events intensify hydrologic connectivity and increase in frequency across monsoon regions, deciphering its transient water quality responses becomes crucial for predicting ecological and water security impacts. This study integrates stable isotopes (δD, δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-, δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-) with hydrochemistry in a North China mountain catchment to unravel the dynamics of hydrologic connectivity and its control on solute transport mechanisms during storm episodes. The results showed that extreme rainfall contributed 29% to groundwater recharge, yet elevated total dissolved solids by 18%, primarily through enhanced HCO₃⁻ and Ca²⁺. Streamflow δD shifted rapidly toward precipitation values during storms, with precipitation-derived water constituting &gt;62.8% of streamflow at peak discharge, highlighting a transient yet intensified connection from groundwater to precipitation with elevated discharge. While most solutes underwent dilution during high flow, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺ exhibited near-chemostatic behavior with distinct concentration-discharge slopes on the rising and falling limbs, indicating different transport pathways. Groundwater NO₃⁻ concentration rose by 16.5 mg L⁻¹ after the extreme event, driven by an increase in the chemical fertilizer contribution from 16.6% to 25%, thereby increasing ecosystem contamination risks. These findings establish precipitation-mediated connectivity as a dual regulator: sustaining geogenic solutes while accelerating anthropogenic nutrient mobilization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101587"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating regional full-chain water balance using a novel surface water-groundwater coupled model","authors":"Hui Guo ,&nbsp;Qingyan Sun ,&nbsp;Chuiyu Lu ,&nbsp;Hao Wang ,&nbsp;Juxiu Tong ,&nbsp;Yu Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The water balance serves as the foundation for hydrological and water resources research and practice. However, there have been few systematic and detailed studies on the regional water balance itself. In this study, the concept of the full-chain water balance (FCWB) is proposed for the first time, and a new surface water-groundwater coupled model is used to simulate and analyze it. Firstly, we coupled a semi-distributed hydrological model and a groundwater numerical model through spatiotemporal connection and information interaction, developed a FCWB simulation mechanism at multiple hierarchies and multi-spatiotemporal scales, and carried out a verification application in the Sanjiang Plain, China. During the model development and construction, several errors occurred in the FCWB. Through error diagnosis, tracing, and backtracking, we successfully resolved bugs in the code and issues in the input data. Results demonstrate that the baseline model, following comprehensive calibration and validation, effectively reproduced the regional hydrological cycle during 2005–2019 and generated complete FCWB outputs. By constructing a general model under long-term average annual precipitation scenarios based on the baseline model, comparison of water balance outputs between the two models revealed that groundwater storage change shifted from 0.11 billion m³ in the baseline scenarios to −0.31 billion m³ in the general scenarios. This indicates that recent groundwater recovery is attributable to anomalously high precipitation, rather than the resolution of the groundwater overdraft problem, thereby strengthening water managers' determination to continue promoting the remediation of groundwater depletion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101584"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicologically relevant trace elements in central and northern Mexico; geodynamic distribution in rocks, sediments and groundwater","authors":"Cristian Abraham Rivera Armendariz,&nbsp;Andre Banning","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101586","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101586"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}