Parasite Epidemiology and Control最新文献

{"title":"Intestinal protozoa infections and associated factors among diarrheal under-five children in Borena district, central Ethiopia","authors":"Alebie Mesfin ,&nbsp;Woynshet Gelaye ,&nbsp;Getaneh Alemu","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In impoverished nations, intestinal protozoan infections (IPIs) are a leading cause of diarrhea in children. However, in the majority of afflicted nations, including Ethiopia, the role played by each intestinal protozoa species in causing diarrhea and the risk factors linked with it are not adequately addressed. This would support focused intervention efforts. The prevalence of IPIs and related variables were evaluated between April and May 2023 among 380 under-five children in Borena district of Amhara region, central Ethiopia, by an institution-based cross-sectional survey. Systematic random sampling was used to select study participants. The study included a structured questionnaire to gather data regarding sociodemographic characteristics and perceived risk factors for IPIs. Using saline and iodine wet mounts as well as Richie's modified formol-ethyl acetate concentration technique, stool samples were collected and analyzed under a microscope. SPSS was used to enter and evaluate the data. At a 95 % confidence level, bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to determine the factors linked to intestinal protozoa infection. Among 380 participants, 136 (35.8 %) were tested positive for one or more intestinal parasite species at least by one of the diagnostic methods. 118 (31.1 %; 95 % CI: 26.6–36.1) children were infected by intestinal protozoans.</div><div>The parasites detected were: <em>G. lamblia</em> 71 (18.7 %) and <em>E. histolytica/disar</em> 54 (14.2 %), <em>E. vermicularis</em> 3 (0.8 %), <em>A. lumbricoides</em> 2 (0.5 %), <em>H. nana</em> 2 (0.5 %) and <em>T. trichiura</em> 1 (0.3 %). Seven (1.8 %) participants were infected by both protozoan species. Children whose mothers/guardians did not attend formal education were at higher risk of IPI (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.801; 95 %CI: 1.666–4.711, <em>p</em> <em>&lt;</em> <em>0.001</em>) than children from literate mothers/guardians. Absence of functional toiltet in the household (AOR = 1.952; 95 %CI: 1.195–3.187, <em>p = 0.008</em>), hand washing with water alone, rather than with soap/ash (AOR = 3.052; 95 %CI: 1.203–7.746, <em>p = 0.019</em>) and having frequent contact with animals (AOR = 2.103; 95 %CI: 1.238–3.574, <em>p = 0.006</em>) were associated with IPIs. These findings revealed that <em>Giardia lamblia</em> and <em>Entamoeba histolytica</em> are public health problems causing diarrhea among under-five children in the study area, and their transmission is associated with the illiteracy of mothers/guardians, the absence of functional toilets, not using soap/ash during hand washing, and frequent contact with domestic animals. Therefore, when diagnosing, treating, and educating patients about diarrhea, healthcare professionals should take these protozoans into account.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00408"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molluscicidal property of symbiotic bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes against Indoplanorbis exustus and Radix rubiginosa, the intermediate hosts of trematode parasites","authors":"Abdulhakam Dumidae ,&nbsp;Chanatinart Homkeaw ,&nbsp;Chanakan Subkrasae ,&nbsp;Jiranun Ardpairin ,&nbsp;Supawan Pansri ,&nbsp;Raxsina Polseela ,&nbsp;Ittipon Phoungpetchara ,&nbsp;Tewarat Kumchantuek ,&nbsp;Sarunporn Tandhavanan ,&nbsp;Aunchalee Thanwisai ,&nbsp;Apichat Vitta","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Indoplanorbis exustus</em> and <em>Radix rubiginosa</em> act as intermediate hosts for veterinary and medical trematode parasites. Snail control is a strategy used to decrease the number of snails and interrupt the life cycle of parasites. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of <em>Xenorhabdus</em> and <em>Photorhabdus</em> extracts against <em>I. exustus</em> and <em>R. rubiginosa</em> in the laboratory. Ethyl acetate extracts of selected symbiotic bacteria were tested for their molluscicidal activities according to World Health Organization guidelines. Additionally, pathological changes in the snails were observed after treatment with the LC50 values under a light microscope. <em>Indoplanorbis exustus</em> and <em>R. rubiginosa</em> were susceptible to all ethyl acetate extracts of symbiotic bacteria. The lowest LC50 and LC90 at 24 h for <em>I. exustus</em> after exposure to <em>Photorhabdus laumondii</em> subsp. <em>laumondii</em> (bALN18.2_TH) extracts were 81.66 and 151.02 ppm, respectively. Similarly, the lowest LC50 and LC90 at 24 h for <em>R. rubiginosa</em> after exposure to <em>Photorhabdus luminescence</em> subsp. <em>akhurstii</em> (bAPY3.5_TH) extracts were 49.21 and 147.66 ppm, respectively. <em>Photorhabdus</em> species had more substantial molluscicidal effects than <em>Xenorhabdus</em> on these snails. The ethyl acetate extracts of these bacteria are effective when contacting the epithelial cells and foot muscle of the snails. To our knowledge, this is the first report on using <em>Xenorhabdus</em> and <em>Photorhabdus</em> extracts to evaluate molluscicidal activities. These symbiotic bacteria, <em>Xenorhabdus</em> and <em>Photorhabdus,</em> may be useful for controlling snail intermediate hosts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e00375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405673124000394/pdfft?md5=2d10f15602a8ce9c152167c19423d0e1&pid=1-s2.0-S2405673124000394-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142097658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malaria parasitemia and its association with CD4 cells, viral load and haematological parameters among HIV-infected children < 15 years in the Bonasssama Health District, Douala, Cameroon: Prevalence and risk factors","authors":"Ambe Fabrice Ngwa ,&nbsp;Ekwi Damian Nsongmayi ,&nbsp;Tanyi Pride Bobga ,&nbsp;Bih Vanessa Tita ,&nbsp;Judith Ngong Nyeme ,&nbsp;Nyanjoh Eugine Mbuh","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>One of the major causes of morbidity and death in children is malaria, and HIV infection and other factors may make the situation worse. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of malaria parasitemia among HIV-infected children under 15 years in the Bonassama Health District, Douala, Cameroon, and investigate its association with CD4 cell counts, viral load, and haematological parameters.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study was a cross-sectional study involving 287 HIV-infected children &lt;15 years and convenient sampling was used to enrol participants. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain the characteristics of the participants from the caregivers. Venous blood was collected; blood films were made and stained using Giemsa for parasite detection. Full blood count, CD4 level and viral load were measured using a haematology auto-analyzer, pima counter and genexpert, respectively. Data were analysed using SPSS, and the chi-square test was used to assess the association. Predisposing factors to malaria were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression, and a <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The overall prevalence of malaria and anaemia was 31.01 % and 25.44 %, respectively. Malaria prevalence was significantly higher in children &lt;5 years (42.68 %, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), those presented with fever (40.70 %, <em>p</em> = 0.047), children not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) (28.6 %, <em>p</em> = 0.02) and cotrimoxazole (28.6 %, p = 0.02). Children &lt;5 years (AOR = 1.81, 95 % 1.19–2.75), those between 5 and 9 years (AOR = 1.61, 95 % CI 1.11–2.48), children not on ART(AOR = 2.2, 95 % 1.03–4.74) and Cotrimoxazole (AOR = 9.08, 95 % 2.33–43.46), febrile children (AOR = 1.72, 95 % 1.01–2.11), children with viral load &gt;3000 copies/μL(AOR = 2.933, 95 % 1.36–6.49), and CD4 count &lt;200cells/ μL (AOR = 3.09, 95 % 2.08–4.6) were factors associated with malaria parasitemia among HIV-infected children. Haemoglobin levels (<em>p</em> = 0.0016), White Blood Cells (<em>p</em> = 0.002), Red Blood Cells (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), neutrophils count (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), and platelet counts (<em>p</em> = 0.0164) were significantly lowered among malaria/HIV children compared to HIV-infected children.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study concludes that HIV-infected children under 5 years, especially those not on ART or cotrimoxazole, are at a significantly higher risk for malaria and related haematological issues. This underscores the necessity for targeted malaria screening and treatment in this vulnerable group. Public health strategies should prioritize enhancing access to ART and cotrimoxazole to mitigate these risks and improve overall health outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e00390"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142592779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extrinsic and intrinsic drivers of prevalence and abundance of hard-bodied ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius)","authors":"Rachid Chaibi ,&nbsp;Nora Mimoune ,&nbsp;Farouk Benaceur ,&nbsp;Latifa Stambouli ,&nbsp;Lamine Hamida ,&nbsp;Rabah Khedim ,&nbsp;Radhwane Saidi ,&nbsp;Mohammed Hocine Benaissa ,&nbsp;Hicham Gouzi ,&nbsp;Souad Neffar ,&nbsp;Haroun Chenchouni","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ticks are ectoparasites and can be vectors of a wide range of pathogens, posing significant health risks to livestock. In the Sahara Desert of Algeria, particularly among one-humped camels (<em>Camelus dromedarius</em>), there is a need to better understand the factors influencing tick infestation patterns to improve livestock management and health outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, intensity, and abundance of hard-bodied ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) among dromedaries, examining both intrinsic factors (sex, age, coat color) and extrinsic variables (farming systems, vegetation types, climate zones, and elevation) that might influence tick infestation in this region.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Ticks were collected from 286 dromedaries across nine sites in the pre-Saharan regions of Algeria, with elevations ranging from 736 m to 980 m. The sampled camels, which ranged in age from 6 days to 21 years, were examined for tick infestations. The ticks were identified through macroscopic and microscopic methods, and their abundance was analyzed in relation to the camels' characteristics and environmental factors. Three breeding systems were recognized: extensive, intensive, and mixed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 980 ticks were collected, with <em>Hyalomma dromedarii</em> Koch, 1844 being the most abundant species (553 specimens), followed by <em>Hyalomma impeltatum</em> Schulze &amp; Schlottke, 1930 (393 specimens), and <em>Hyalomma excavatum</em> Koch, 1844 (34 specimens). <em>H. dromedarii</em> showed a preference for parasitizing brown-coated dromedaries and exhibited significantly higher infestation levels during spring (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). No significant association was observed between tick infestation and the camels' age or sex (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05). However, the farming system had a significant impact on tick abundance, with extensive and mixed systems showing higher tick burdens compared to intensive systems (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01). Additionally, the vegetation type, climate zone, and foraging habitat elevation were found to significantly influence tick densities and prevalence.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study provides essential insights into the tick infestation dynamics in dromedaries in drylands of Algeria. It highlights the influence of coat color, seasonality, and farming practices on tick burden, with brown-coated camels being more susceptible during the spring. The findings underline the importance of considering both intrinsic and extrinsic factors when developing effective tick control strategies, especially for camels raised in extensive or mixed farming systems in diverse arid rangelands. Future research should expand the scope to cover other arid regions in North Africa for a comprehensive understanding of tick-host dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e00387"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in British troops following jungle training in Belize: Cumulative incidence and potential risk practices","authors":"Ngwa Niba Rawlings ,&nbsp;Mark Bailey ,&nbsp;Peter Craig ,&nbsp;Orin Courtenay","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00385","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00385","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>British soldiers undergoing jungle training in Belize typically experience a relatively low risk of developing cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, an uncharacteristically large outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred in 2022. This study aimed to determine the cumulative incidence of the disease and highlight potential shortcomings in personal protective measures to mitigate exposure to sand fly vector bites.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective analysis was conducted on medical records of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases between 2005 and 2022, as well as on questionnaire responses regarding personal protective measures administered to cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in 2022. Data were sourced from Defence Public Health Unit, Military Environmental Health Department and British Army Training Support Unit Belize.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Eighty-one confirmed clinical cutaneous leishmaniasis cases were recorded between 2005 and 2022, with a substantial peak (38 cases) in 2022. Most cases occurred during the wet season. Pre-2022, the median cumulative incidence per 8-week deployment was 0.90 % (Q1–Q3: 0.34 %–1.34 %), with an annual variation of 0.2 % to 2.0 %. In 2022, the cumulative incidence spiked to 4.22 %, associated with a risk ratio of 5.3 (95 % C.I.s, 3.41, 8.16), and rising to a cumulative incidence of 7.3 % in a single unit of 450 men (33 cases) in late 2022. These values are significantly higher than the median cumulative incidence of all previous years, and to published reports for other cutaneous leishmaniasis -endemic regions. Troop responses identified limitations in the supply of optimal equipment, and in sand fly bite and leishmaniasis risk avoidance information provided by the pre-deployment health education programme. Compliance with health education advise was also suboptimal, with irregular use of insect repellents, protective clothing / head netting, and insecticide-treated hammocks.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The reasons behind the unusually high numbers of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases and cumulative incidence in 2022 remain unclear, emphasising the need to improve personal protective measures provision and implement a comprehensive health education programme for troops undergoing jungle training in Belize.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e00385"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced detection of Opisthorchis viverrini infection: A comparative evaluation of modified one-step FECT and conventional diagnostic methods in low-intensity setting","authors":"Suksanti Prakobwong ,&nbsp;Lakhanawan Charoensuk ,&nbsp;Kacha Chedtabud ,&nbsp;Somchai Pinlaor ,&nbsp;Srisupaph Poonlaphdecha ,&nbsp;Alexis Ribas","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT) is one of the most sensitive diagnostic method not only for all helminths, but also for <em>Opisthorchis viverrini</em> infections in stool examinations. However, it remains a diagnostic problem for light infections. We modified the one-step FECT to determine the low-intensity of <em>O. viverrini</em> infection and compared with various conventional detection methods. The study utilized 160 egg-positive and 160 randomly negative stool samples for <em>O. viverrini</em> eggs by conventional FECT (cFECT) to compare the methods, including the simple smear, the Kato-Katz method, the two commercial stool examination kits, and the one-step FECT. Our results showed that the one-step FECT method had the highest sensitivity (95.6 %), followed by cFECT (87.9 %), the Kato-Katz (55.5 %), Aquisfek SF-FIX® (48.3 %), simple smear (42.3 %), and Mini Parasep® SF (35.1 %). The ability of one-step FECT exhibited better ability to detect low parasite intensities compared to the cFECT (18 eggs per gram (e.p.g.) versus 34 e.p.g.) and the other conventional diagnostic methods. In addition, the investigation of <em>O. viverrini</em> infection in endemic regions in northeastern Thailand based on 3900 fecal samples revealed that the one-step FECT with an intensity of 66.8 e.p.g. (range 18–226) was significantly higher in sensitivity than cFECT, which had an intensity of 58.0 e.p.g. (range 34–214). Interestingly, fecal samples with less than 50 e.p.g. could not be detected by cFECT in 67 % of cases, and 69 out of 3900 samples were negative. In conclusion, one-step FECT improves the detection of low-intensity <em>O. viverrini</em> infection, which is suitable for parasites screening, especially for low-intensity infections in the community.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e00391"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142756649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological investigation of trypanosomosis in livestock and distribution of vector in Dabo Hana district, Southwest Oromia, Ethiopia","authors":"Surra Gebeyehu ,&nbsp;Dereje Tulu Robi","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The trypanosomosis remains unresolved due to its impact on various hosts, leading to production losses in Ethiopia. In the Southwest of Oromia, multiple livestock species share grazing land in tsetse-infested areas. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2020 to December 2021 to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of trypanosomosis in bovines, small ruminants, and equines, as well as the distribution of the vector in the Dabo Hana district of Southwest Oromia, Ethiopia. A vector survey was carried out using 60 monoconical traps placed at intervals ranging from about 100 to 200 m. Out of the 1441 flies captured, 86.2 % were <em>Glossina</em>, 7.84 % were <em>Stomoxys</em>, and 5.96 % were <em>Tabanus</em>. The overall apparent density of flies was 12 flies per trap per day. Among the 1242 caught <em>Glossina</em> species, 85 % were identified as <em>G. tachinoides</em> and 15 % as <em>G. m. submorsitans</em>. The average age of male tsetse flies was 28 days, and the overall infection rate of trypanosomes in tsetse flies was 4.8 %. A total of 701 blood samples (190 from bovines, 384 from small ruminants, and 127 from equines) were analyzed using buffy coat and Giemsa techniques. The prevalence of trypanosomosis was found to be 10 % in bovines, 4.2 % in small ruminants, and 3.1 % in equines. A significant difference (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) in trypanosome infection was observed among the three host species, as well as with respect to the age and body condition of the animals. The predominant cause of infection was <em>T. congolense</em>, accounting for 74.4 % of cases. The mean packed cell volume (PCV) values of infected bovines, small ruminants, and equines were significantly lower (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) compared to those of non-infected animals. Trypanosomosis is a major livestock disease in the study area. The findings provide valuable insights into the prevalence and infection rates of trypanosomosis, identify the affected species, and highlight significant risk factors, such as age, body condition, and vector distribution. Implementing sustainable and integrated practices for trypanosomosis control is crucial, and conducting molecular techniques in different seasons is also recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e00396"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11667175/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142886227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An update on Leishmania martiniquensis infections: Transmission, clinical characteristics, and treatment","authors":"Somayyeh Ahmadi ,&nbsp;Maryam Hataminejad ,&nbsp;Bahman Rahimi Esboei ,&nbsp;Seyed Abdollah Hosseini ,&nbsp;Mahdi Fakhar","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leishmaniasis, caused by intracellular protozoa of the <em>Leishmania</em> genus, continues to be a global health issue, with approximately 700,000 to 1 million new cases occur annually worldwide. The disease is transmitted via the bite of infected female sand flies of the genus <em>Phlebotomus</em>, resulting in a range of symptoms known as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. The species <em>Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis</em>, discovered in 1995, has been linked to cases in individuals with HIV, presenting with diverse clinical pictures. Interestingly, biting midges, not sandflies, has proved to serve as its potentially biological vector. This study focuses on understanding the transmission, clinical aspects, and effective treatment of L. <em>martiniquensis</em> infections.</div><div>A comprehensive search strategy was employed to identify relevant published papers on the epidemiology, transmission, clinical characteristics, and treatment of L. <em>martiniquensis</em> up to August 2024. The clinical manifestations encompass localized cutaneous leishmaniasis, disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, and visceral leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is associated with comorbidities such as inadequate nutrition, population displacement, and reduced immunity. Risk factors for <em>Leishmania</em> infection include the presence of domestic animals, age, gender, and environmental factors. Amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmB) is the main treatment. Combination therapy with allicin and andrographolide may reduce AmB side effects. Recent research investigates other treatments including 8-hydroxyquinoline, which works synergistically with AmB against L. <em>martiniquensis</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e00386"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology, risk factors and vector density of trypanosomosis in cattle in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Melkie Dagnaw Fenta ,&nbsp;Atsede Solomon Mebratu ,&nbsp;Kalkidan Getnet ,&nbsp;Moges Maru ,&nbsp;Bemrew Admassu Mengistu","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Bovine trypanosomosis remains a major barrier to livestock productivity, agricultural progress, and socioeconomic development in Ethiopia's large tsetse belt regions, threatening 70 million cattle. Therefore, this review examined published literature from the last ten years to estimate the pooled prevalence, risk factors, and vector density of bovine trypanosomosis. This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, using PubMed, Web of Science, HINARI, Google, and Google Scholar. Pooled prevalence and risk factors were calculated with a random effects model in R software, with a 95 % confidence interval. This meta-analysis included research published after 2015 on trypanosomosis in Ethiopian cattle, where <em>Trypanosoma</em> was classified at least to the genus level. Studies on other species, lacking specific prevalence data and published before 2015 were excluded.</div></div><div><h3><strong>Result</strong>s</h3><div>A total of 26 articles were included in this meta-analysis. The overall pooled proportion of bovine Trypanosomosis cases was 9 % (95 % CI: 8–9 %). Considerable heterogeneity was observed across the included studies (I² = 94 %; <em>P</em> &lt; 0.01). The highest pooled prevalence of trypanosomosis was reported in Amhara and Oromia (8 %), followed by Benishangul Gumuz (BSGR) (7 %). Based on the subspecies analysis, the highest pooled proportion was 65 % (95 % CI: 58 %–71 %) for <em>T. congolense</em> (I² = 81 %: <em>p</em> = 0.01), followed by 32 % for <em>T. vivax</em> (I² = 60 %: <em>P</em> = 0.61) and 19 % for <em>T. brucei</em> (95 % CI: 7 %–41 %). Among the risk factors, poor body condition, black coat color, and packed cell volume (PCV) were found to be significant for the development of this disease. Black-coated animals were 2.36 and 3.48 times more susceptible to trypanosomosis than red- and white-coated animals, respectively. According to the pooled odds ratio, animals in poor body condition were 2.82 times more likely to have bovine trypanosomosis. Animals infected with <em>Trypanosoma</em> were 18 times more likely to have a lower packed cell volume (PCV) compared to non-infected animals. The study found that Tsetse flies were responsible for 72.32 % of bovine trypanosomosis cases, with <em>Glossina pallidipes</em> and <em>Glossina tachinoides</em> being the most common species. The remaining 27.68 % were due to other biting insects. The study highlights the need for science-based risk mitigation strategies to control <em>Trypanosoma</em> infections, emphasizing the crucial role of Tsetse flies, particularly <em>G. pallidipes</em> and <em>G. tachinoides</em>, in transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e00388"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology and likelihood of asymptomatic malaria among community dwellers in the Fanteakwa south district of Ghana","authors":"Enoch Aninagyei ,&nbsp;David Adedia ,&nbsp;Gifty Larbi ,&nbsp;Stella Omane Acheampong ,&nbsp;Margaret Nyarko ,&nbsp;George Abeiku Abbew ,&nbsp;Isaac Tuwarlba ,&nbsp;Desmond Omane Acheampong","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00378","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00378","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Data on the asymptomatic burden of malaria in endemic areas is essential for Ghana's malaria elimination efforts. Consequently, the situation of asymptomatic malaria in the Fanteakwa South District (FSD) is determined in this study. The FSD is predominantly forested with more rural than peri-urban communities. Additionally, artisanal mining is prevalent in the district. Despite that the forgoing could promote high incidence of malaria, the burden of asymptomatic malaria and associated factors in the district have never been determined.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in four randomly selected communities in the FSD in the Eastern region of Ghana. The participating households were systematically selected, of which one household member was randomly enrolled in the study. With prior consent, 2 mL of whole blood was collected from the participants. Subsequently, the study variables were obtained from the enrolees using a structured questionnaire. The malaria status of the enrolled participants was determined using the CareStart™ malaria rapid diagnostic test kit (mRDT) (USA). The multiple logistic regression model was used to fit the model to predict the groups at risk of <em>P. falciparum</em> infection in the district.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In total, 412 study participants were enrolled. The overall prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in the district was 43.4 % (179/412). The prevalence rate was 36.9 %, 27.7 %, 50 % and 58.8 % (&lt;0.001) respectively for the Dwenase, Bosusu, Nsutam and Osino communities. Living at Bosusu (<em>p</em> = 0.045, AOR = 0.23, 95 % CI: 0.05–0.96), Dwenase (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001, AOR = 0.12, 95 % CI: 0.04–0.30) and Nsutam (p &lt; 0.001, AOR = 0.19, 95 % CI: 0.08–0.45) were less likely to contract malaria compared to Osino dwellers. Furthermore, pregnant women (<em>p</em> = 0.024, COR = 0.35, 95 % CI: 0.14–0.9) and individuals who do not share mosquito nets with others (<em>p</em> = 0.017, COR = 0.47, 95 % CI: 0.25–0.88) were less likely to contract malaria. Moreover, being an adolescent (<em>p</em> = 0.048, COR = 1.93, 95 % CI: 1.00–3.73), living in mining communities (<em>p</em> = 0.002, COR = 1.97, 95 % CI: 1.27–3.05), being nocturnally active (<em>p</em> = 0.001, AOR = 4.64, 95 % CI: 1.97–11.31), living in a medium quality house (<em>p</em> = 0.031, AOR = 2.31, 95 % CI: 1.09–5.00), schooling in the district (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and body temperature above &gt;37.5 °C (&lt;0.001), were predictors of asymptomatic malaria.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The burden of asymptomatic malaria is high in the Fanteakwa South district. In this context, the implementation of the ‘mass strategy’ recommended by the World Health Organization will play a key role in eliminating malaria in the district.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e00378"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405673124000424/pdfft?md5=e435333c814dbb15d8bf056b357e76b9&pid=1-s2.0-S2405673124000424-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}