Parasite Epidemiology and Control最新文献

{"title":"Epidemic status of echinococcosis, brucellosis, and tuberculosis among rural residents in three counties of Wuzhong City, Ningxia, China in 2023","authors":"Yan Huo ,&nbsp;Jing Tang ,&nbsp;MiXue Guo ,&nbsp;SiYu Hou ,&nbsp;Wei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the rapid development of animal husbandry in rural China has brought about the problem of zoonosis. In 2023, a cross-sectional study was carried out to gain an in-depth understanding of the infection status and influencing factors of three common zoonoses (echinococcosis, brucellosis and tuberculosis) among rural residents in three counties/districts of Wuzhong City, Ningxia. For the selection of the study participants, a cluster sampling approach was adopted. We recruited permanent rural residents from the three counties, without imposing any age limitations, to ensure a broad and representative sample. A field survey was then meticulously carried out among these individuals, and blood samples were collected simultaneously. The collected blood was processed to obtain serum, which was subsequently utilized to detect pathogen-specific IgG antibodies using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Through a comprehensive questionnaire survey administered to the same group of participants, a detailed analysis was performed to assess the current situation of the infections and to identify the various factors that might be influencing the occurrence and spread of these diseases within this specific population. A total of 1847 people participated in the survey, with their ages ranging from 8 to 94 years old. Subsequently, the corresponding blood samples were tested strictly in accordance with the number of valid questionnaires. The detection rates for these diseases were 4.93 % (91/1844) for echinococcosis, 20.52 % (378/1842) for brucellosis, and 7.26 % (134/1847) for tuberculosis. Univariate analysis revealed no significant variation in the positive detection rate of echinococcosis across different demographic groups. However, factors such as sex, age, educational level, occupation, living environment, and breeding conditions and slaughtering situation significantly influenced the positive detection rate of serum antibodies against brucellosis (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The positive rate of serum antibodies for tuberculosis varied under different breeding and protection conditions (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified risk factors for brucellosis, including male (OR = 1.944, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), living with a large number of sheep (OR = 1.640, <em>P</em> = 0.001), and home slaughter (OR = 1.427, <em>P</em> = 0.007), while non-agricultural workers were found to be protective (OR = 0.493, <em>P</em> = 0.003). For tuberculosis, risk factors included raising cattle and sheep at home (OR = 1.877, <em>P</em> = 0.002) and lacking protective contact with these animals (OR = 2.138, <em>P</em> = 0.001). To achieve effective and precise prevention and control of zoonoses, comprehensive measures should be implemented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article e00420"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Massive subcutaneous filariosis by Filaria martis in beech marten (Martes foina) in Italy","authors":"Giovanni Sgroi ,&nbsp;Ranju Ravindran Santhakumar Manoj ,&nbsp;Ettore Napoli ,&nbsp;Nicola D'Alessio ,&nbsp;Maria Gabriella Lucibelli ,&nbsp;Claudio de Martinis ,&nbsp;Esterina De Carlo ,&nbsp;Peyman Khademi ,&nbsp;Alireza Sazmand ,&nbsp;Vincenzo Veneziano","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The beech marten (<em>Martes foina</em>) is a small-size mustelid endangered according to the IUCN Red List. Despite the plethora of parasites potentially affecting its population decline, subcutaneous filarioids are occasionally reported in martens and their competent arthropod vectors are to date unknown. Therefore, from January 2023 to August 2024, this study investigated the presence of subcutaneous filarioids and ectoparasites of road-killed beech martens (<em>n</em> = 7) from southwestern Italy. One marten (14.3 %, 95 % CI: 2.6–51.3) was massively infected with subcutaneous filarioids, i.e., 18 specimens (11 males and 7 females) in the dorso-posterior region, where mild redness and sloughing of skin were found. All the filarioids were identified as <em>Filaria martis</em> via morphology and Sanger sequencing of the <em>cytochrome c oxidase</em> subunit I (<em>cox</em>1) gene that revealed a single sequence type (GenBank accession number PQ034642) having 100 % nucleotide identity with those available in the literature. The phylogenetic analysis displayed a bootstrap value of 100 % between the <em>cox</em>1 sequences of <em>F. martis</em> of this study and those of beech martens from Italy and European minks from Spain. Haemolymph, gut, and salivary glands of the <em>Ixodes ricinus</em> ticks collected from the infected marten scored negative for <em>F. martis</em> larvae and DNA by dissection and PCR, respectively. This study reported for the first time <em>F. martis</em> subcutaneous filariosis in southwestern Italy, previously outlined only in northern and southeastern areas, indicating the circulation of this poorly investigated filarioid. Knowledge of the competent vectors involved in the biological cycle of <em>F. martis</em> requires further experimental studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00406"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11757790/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143047336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risks of parasitic helminth disease outbreaks and influence of physico-chemical factors in flood prone areas of Yaoundé, Cameroon","authors":"Noura Efietngab Atembeh ,&nbsp;Jean Patrick Molu ,&nbsp;Jeanne Valerie Emvoutou Maboulou ,&nbsp;Boris Fominyam ,&nbsp;Rodrigue Nanfack Dongmo ,&nbsp;Gabriel Bertrand Zambo ,&nbsp;Emilie Tchinda Tiecheu ,&nbsp;Jeannette Tombi ,&nbsp;Lucia Nkengazong ,&nbsp;Serge Hubert Zebaze Togouet ,&nbsp;Jean Louis Essame Oyono","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Urbanization coupled with poverty has promoted the exploitation of risk zones like flood-prone areas in the city of Yaoundé. The overcrowding and poor hygiene observed in these areas are responsible for the unsmiling variations in environmental cleanliness, exploitation of river water for domestic purposes thus putting them at risk for parasitic disease transmissions. This study was conducted in order to assess the risks of human helminthiases outbreaks in relation to water physico-chemical factors in the city of Yaoundé.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Water samples were collected monthly from January to June 2022 in 12 stations from 4 rivers (Biyeme, Ebogo, Olezoa and Tongolo) situated in flood plains in the town of Yaoundé. Intestinal parasite resistant forms were identified using the basic sedimentation technique, while water parameters were assessed using standard procedures.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Results indicated that rivers in flood-prone areas are highly contaminated with a 75 % prevalence rate. In all, resistant forms of nine parasite species were recorded with the genus <em>Toxocara</em> being the most diversified with two species. <em>Strongyloides stercoralis</em> was the most prevalent (33.3 %) and most abundant (1269) species followed by <em>Toxocara canis</em> (26.4 %), <em>Ascaris lumbricoides</em> (25 %), <em>Toxocara leonina</em> (20.8 %), Hookworm (15.3 %), <em>Trichostrongylus</em> sp. (11.1 %), <em>Diphyllobothrium latum</em> (8.3 %), <em>Trichuris trichiura</em> (2.8 %) and <em>Schistosoma intercalatum</em> (1.4 %). The least abundant species was <em>Trichuris trichiura</em> (33). Higher densities of parasite resistant forms were observed during the dry season. River Tongolo was the most contaminated with pathogenic forms. Water pH, orthophosphate, organic matter and alkalinity revealed negative corelations with the occurrence of <em>Diphyllobotrium latum</em> (<em>r</em> = −0.375, −0.253, −462, −0.448 respectively) while organic matter and pH showed positive correlations with the occurrence of <em>Strongyloides stercoralis</em> (<em>r</em> = 0.378) and <em>Trichostrongylus</em> sp. (<em>r</em> = 0.238) respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Flood areas constitute a potential risk zone for the maintenance and spread of human helminthiases. Maintaining proper personal cleanliness, environmental sanitation through the building of functional and accessible faecal disposal facilities and drainages and abstaining from using the rivers as waste dumps are essential in this area to prevent parasitic helminth disease outbreaks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00404"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11729010/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blastocystis and Giardia duodenalis infection in a male prison in Spain","authors":"Carla Muñoz-Antoli ,&nbsp;Jacklyn Comas ,&nbsp;María José Irisarri-Gutiérrez ,&nbsp;Lucrecia Acosta ,&nbsp;José Guillermo Esteban ,&nbsp;Rafael Toledo","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>General conditions in a prison may facilitate water- or food-borne infections.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Detection of intestinal parasites was achieved in 471 male prison inmates by standard microscopic procedures on their stool samples. Positive samples were processed by PCR amplification of a 600-bp fragment of the <em>Blastocystis</em> SSU rRNA gene and partial sequences of the <em>Giardia duodenalis bg</em> genes. Identification of subtypes/genotypes was based on Sanger sequencing methods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><em>Blastocystis</em> was found in 7.9 % (37/471) and <em>G. duodenalis</em> was found in 2.1 % (10/471). Out of the 37 <em>Blastocystis</em> positive samples, 54 % (20/37) were successfully subtyped, allowing the identification of the subtypes ST3 (50 %), ST1 (25 %), ST2 (15 %), ST4 (5 %) and ST6 (5 %). Out of 10 <em>G. duodenalis</em> positive samples, 50 % (5/10) were successfully genotyped, allowing the identification of genotypes A (80 %) and B (20 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The predominance of ST3 within the prison inmates, together with its low intra-ST genetic variability, reflected inter-human transmission with spatial stability. The <em>G. duodenalis</em> distribution is not wide enough to consider the possibility of a generalized transmission via contaminated water or food. Personal hygiene practices among male prison inmates may be an important measure to prevent the transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00407"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11780165/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143068284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnitude of urban malaria and its associated risk factors in Damboya town, Kambata zone, Central Ethiopia","authors":"Biruk Mulachew ,&nbsp;Temesgen Bezuayehu ,&nbsp;Solomon Asnake","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>As Sub-Saharan African country urban malaria is potential catastrophe in Ethiopia, particularly in relation to rapidly growing small towns, which requires updating the epidemiology of malaria. There was lack of information regarding the study area, hence this study was designed to determine the prevalence of malaria and associated risk factors in Damboya town.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A Community-based cross-sectional study was carried from March 7 to May 29, 2023 among 422 randomly selected participants. Prevalence of malaria was determined using microscopic examination of thick and thin smear and rapid diagnostic test using kits to standard of the manufacturer. Pretested structured questionnaire was employed to collect socio-demographic data and associated risk factors. Data were entered in Epi data 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 25 software. Factors associated with malaria was analyzed using bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression. The strength of the association was determined by computing Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) at Malaria is one of the most vital leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries particularly in Sub Saharan Africa (Bugssa and Tedla, 2020). About 95 % of all malaria cases and 96 % of all malaria deaths in 2021 occurred in Africa (Bugssa and Tedla, 2020). Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 60 % of global cases and 90 % of global fatalities (WHO, 2022). Over the two peak years of the pandemic (2020–2021), COVID-related setbacks increased malaria cases by around 13 million and fatalities by 63,000 (WHO, 2022). Malaria is thought to directly cost Africa $12 billion annually and reduce GDP growth by 3 %. In addition, it is thought to cause cognitive disorders and school absences, which are barriers to the development of human capital (Monroe et al., 2022). 95 % confidence interval (CI) and <em>p</em>-value of &lt;<!--> <!-->0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>The prevalence of malaria was 5 % (20, 95 % CI: 3–7), <em>Plasmodium vivix</em> account for 14 (61.9 %) of the infection. Presence of stagnant water (AOR = 3.630, 95 % CI: 1–13, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.049), unavailability of Insecticide-treated bed net (AOR = 3.89, 95 % CI: 1.08–14.01, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.038), living in a house with eaves (AOR = 5.06, 95 %CI: 1.25–20.58, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.023), travel history (AOR = 3.58, 95 %CI: 1–12.79, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.049), low-income (AOR = 5.3, 95 %CI: 1.09–25.2, P &lt; 0.038), were significantly associated with malaria occurrence.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Malaria is still a public health concern in Damboya town. Thus, implementing intervention strategies properly and evaluate the access and utilization status of the suburb community and improve accordingly was required to interrupt the transmission in the community of this town.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00398"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11729009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malaria survey data and geospatial suitability mapping for understanding spatial and temporal variations of risk across Kenya","authors":"Caroline Kioko,&nbsp;Justine Blanford","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Malaria remains a public health concern in Kenya where children and pregnant women are vulnerable groups. The common interventions in place to fight malaria include using insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), knowledge and awareness about malaria, and intake of malaria anti-malaria drugs. Despite the availability of these interventions, Kenya still records more than 10,000 clinical cases annually. In this study, we examined how malaria and interventions varied across Kenya for 2015 and 2020. We analyzed the Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey (<em>N</em> = 10,072) for 2015 and, (<em>N</em> = 11,549) for 2020, and climate data with Fuzzy overlay method to examine how malaria and its interventions relate to environmental conditions required for malaria. The study found that 79 % of malaria cases were distributed in lake endemic, 11 % in coastal endemic, 7 % in highland epidemic, and 3 % in seasonal zone. Use of Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) was 77 % in lake endemic, 13 % in coastal endemic, 9 % in highland epidemic, and 1 % in seasonal zone. Knowledge about malaria was 82 % in lake endemic, 9 % in highland epidemic, 6 % in coastal endemic, and 3 % in seasonal zone. Additionally, based on climate data, lake endemic zone was 94 % suitable for malaria transmission compared to other zones. Despite the use of ITNs and awareness about malaria, malaria transmission continues to be a threat especially in counties in the lake endemic zone. Furthermore, place of residence, climate factors, ownership of ITNs may be associated with malaria in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00399"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11727841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular diagnosis and epidemiological aspects of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Aleppo: Current status","authors":"Lana Kourieh ,&nbsp;Mohammad Y. Abajy ,&nbsp;Mahasen Alkebajy ,&nbsp;Silva Ishkhanian ,&nbsp;Ream Nayal","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For many decades, Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has been endemic in Aleppo, Syria. The situation has worsened due to the ongoing war. Currently, CL diagnosis in Syria relies mainly on conventional methods, such as clinical symptoms and microscopic examination. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) in diagnosing suspected CL cases. Two PCR protocols were applied: kDNA PCR for CL diagnosis and ITS2 PCR to identify the <em>Leishmania</em> parasite species. The results were compared with conventional methods, and correlations between CL prevalence and demographic factors were explored.</div><div>Between January 2021 and October 2022, 105 suspected CL patients were screened at the Leishmania Center in Aleppo. kDNA PCR showed a sensitivity of 100 %, detecting positive results in 92 samples. Microscopic examination had a sensitivity of 76.1 %, identifying Leishmania amastigotes in 70 out of 92 samples. ITS2 PCR revealed that <em>L. tropica</em> was the dominant species (96.0 %) in Aleppo. Prevalence of CL was higher among men (54.3 %), the 13–25 years age group (39.1 %), and those with poor to moderate living conditions (87.0 %). Patients typically had an average of 3 lesions, with the upper extremities (55.4 %) and face (35.9 %) being the most affected areas. The study recommends using kDNA PCR for CL diagnosis due to its high sensitivity. Furthermore, the reported demographic and epidemiological data can inform public health authorities in their efforts to treat and prevent leishmaniasis in the country.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00412"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parasitic infection prevalence in tuberculosis patients and their household contacts in the Littoral Region of Cameroon","authors":"Lucy Cho Nchang ,&nbsp;Chefor Magha ,&nbsp;Patience Agwa Fonong ,&nbsp;Narcisse Victor Tchamatchoua Gandjui ,&nbsp;Nancielle Mbiatong Tchatat ,&nbsp;Desmond Akumtoh Nkimbeng ,&nbsp;Frank Noel Nietcho ,&nbsp;Juluis Visnel Foyet ,&nbsp;Fanny Fri Fombad ,&nbsp;Tatiana Djikeussi Katcho ,&nbsp;Jerome Fru Cho ,&nbsp;Achim Hoerauf ,&nbsp;Manuel Ritter ,&nbsp;Samuel Wanji","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Parasitic infections are known to suppress the cell mediated immunity that protects against tuberculosis. The status of parasitic infections among bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis patients and their household contacts in Cameroon is not well established. This study aimed at reporting the status of parasitic infections in TB patients and their household contacts with keen interest in associated risk factors to disease exposure.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>This was a hospital based cross-sectional descriptive study carried out with newly diagnosed active tuberculosis (TB) patients and their household contacts in the Littoral Region of Cameroon. Socio-demographic data and associated factors were collected using structured questionnaires. Blood, stool, urine and skin snip samples were collected following standard guidelines for investigation of parasitic infections. Descriptive analysis was performed, bivariate analysis was computed and a multivariable analysis was done to provide adjusted odds ratios (AOR).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 712 TB patients and 472 household contacts were recruited. The overall prevalence of parasitic infections in TB patients was 25.84 % (184/712) and household contacts was 31.36 % (148/472). Blood protozoan (<em>Plasmodium falciparum)</em> infection among active TB patients (20.22 %) and their household contacts (26.27 %) was the most frequently detected parasitic infection. <em>Loa loa</em> was the predominant helminth species seen among active TB patients while <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> was the predominant helminth infection detected in household contacts. TB patients and household contacts living in urban areas had lower odds of being associated with helminth infections (AOR 0.2, 95 % CI: 0.10–0.40; p ˂ 0.0001 and AOR 0.11, 95 % CI: 0.04–0.27; p ˂ 0.0001 respectively) as compared to those residing in rural areas.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>We observed that 31 % of the TB patients and household contacts are infected with parasites including P. falciparum, Loa loa and Since helminths can downregulate immune responses against bacterial infections and thus affect treatment efficacy, we recommend that diagnosis of parasitic infections should be included during TB diagnosis and treatment programmes, especially in rural areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00409"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7617333/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143047534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging malaria in Indonesia: An overview of Plasmodium knowlesi infections","authors":"Nisa Fauziah ,&nbsp;Karomahul Malaya Jati ,&nbsp;Fedri Ruluwedrata Rinawan ,&nbsp;Naufal Fakhri Nugraha ,&nbsp;Bachti Alisjahbana ,&nbsp;Jontari Hutagalung","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Plasmodium knowlesi</em>, the fifth malaria-causing parasite species, is currently changing the landscape of the most dominant malaria-causing species in the Southeast Asia by becoming the emerging significant cause of malaria in the region, including in Indonesia. This study aimed to provide an overview of malaria caused by <em>P. knowlesi</em> in Indonesia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study utilized secondary data from the Indonesian National Referral Malaria Laboratory from 2011 to 2020 for the analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Analysis on 212 samples collected over ten years identified 66 (31.1 %) cases of <em>P. knowlesi</em> infection, with one (0.5 %) mixed infection of <em>P. knowlesi</em> and <em>P. vivax</em>. These cases were reported in seven provinces in Kalimantan and Sumatra islands. Males were 2.23 times more likely to be at risk for malaria compared to females, and this result was statistically significant (<em>p</em>-value = 0.037, 95 % CI: 0.84–5.91). There was no significant association between the risk of malaria and the age groups classified as non-productive and productive (<em>p</em>-value = 0.535, OR = 0.42, 95 % CI: 0.12–1.53). Individuals working outdoors were not significantly more protected compared to those working indoors (p-value of 0.116, OR = 0.15, 95 % CI: 0.02–1.49). The origin of the sample was found to be the most significant factor (p-value &lt;0.001), with individuals from Kalimantan having the highest risk for malaria caused by <em>P. knowlesi</em> (OR = 3.97, 95 % CI: 2.10–7.49).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Two major Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan, which reported malaria cases during the period studied, exhibit a potential risk for <em>P. knowlesi</em> infections that is influenced by factors beyond natural hosts and vectors, such as sex, age, and occupation. Routine PCR examinations for suspected <em>P. knowlesi</em> infections are crucial for developing effective strategies to identify and control this simian malaria parasite.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00405"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residual transmission of schistosomiasis in Ndikinimeki Health District (Centre Region, Cameroon) despite implementation of complementary control strategies: Prospects for elimination","authors":"Hervé Kengne Fogang ,&nbsp;Hugues C. Nana Djeunga ,&nbsp;Alvine C. Kengne-Fokam ,&nbsp;Murielle C. Tchami Mbagnia ,&nbsp;Flobert Njiokou ,&nbsp;Dickson S. Nsagha ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Yenshu ,&nbsp;Joseph Kamgno","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Schistosomiasis control currently relies on school-based preventive chemotherapy (PC) with praziquantel, which has been proven, unfortunately, insufficient to interrupt disease transmission in areas with persistent transmission. In the Ndikinimeki Health District (Centre Region, Cameroon), complementary strategies (community-based preventive chemotherapy, water sanitation, hygiene, and health education) have also been implemented to accelerate the interruption of schistosomiasis transmission in this focus. The assessment of the impact of this package of interventions revealed that only a few individuals were still infected with <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em>. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate whether schistosomiasis transmission has been interrupted in the Ndikinimeki Health District by assessing the infection among the population of snails, intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis. A cross-sectional malacological survey was conducted in four health areas of the Ndikinimeki Health District using a standardized technique. Collected snails were transported to the laboratory, where they were identified and exposed to sunlight for cercarial shedding. Overall, 350 snails intermediate hosts of schistosomes were collected in 32 sampling sites. A total of 330 (94.3 %) were identified as <em>Biomphalaria pfeifferi</em> and <em>Biomphalaria camerunensis</em>, and 20 (5.7 %) as <em>Bulinus forskalii.</em> Of the 154 snails that survived during 30 days of follow-up, 16 (10.4 %; 95 % CI: 6.5–16.2) shed cercariae, the infection rate being quite heterogeneous between snails' species and communities. This study revealed a residual transmission of schistosomiasis in the snail populations, emphasizing the need for snail control to complement current interventions and accelerate schistosomiasis transmission interruption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00410"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}