BMC Psychology最新文献

{"title":"The reliability of the TPACK scale developed by Schmidt et al. (2009) and related adaptations: a Reliability Generalization Meta-Analysis (REGEMA).","authors":"Ahsen Filiz, Cem Oktay Güzeller","doi":"10.1186/s40359-026-05695-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40359-026-05695-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aims to synthesize the internal consistency reliability coefficients (Cronbach's α) reported in the literature for the TPACK scale developed by Schmidt et al. [1] using the Reliability Generalization Meta-Analysis (REGEMA) approach.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic search in the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases covering 2010 to 2025, initially yielding 604 records. An audit of the original XLS coding file and JASP dataset identified one duplicate study record and one study represented by two repeated (pre/post) reliability coefficients. The qualitative synthesis therefore comprised 69 unique studies. The quantitative synthesis included 48 effect estimates from 47 studies; 22 unique studies did not contribute a poolable effect estimate (21 lacked a sample-specific α and one reported α but not the item count required for its sampling variance). Because one study contributed two dependent coefficients, the primary Bonett-transformed analysis was estimated as a multilevel random-effects model with effect estimates nested within study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The primary model produced a pooled Cronbach's α of 0.944 (95% CI [0.933, 0.953]; 95% PI [0.812, 0.983]). A multilevel untransformed-alpha sensitivity model yielded α = 0.934 (95% CI [0.921, 0.948]; 95% PI [0.845, 1.024]); its prediction interval again exceeded the theoretical maximum of a reliability coefficient, supporting use of the transformed model. Study-level heterogeneity remained substantial (τ² = 0.376 on the Bonett-transformed scale). Influence diagnostics identified Cao et al. [2] (n = 440, 23 items, α = 0.708) as the most influential low-reliability observation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, the findings indicate high internal consistency for the TPACK scale and closely related adaptations across the studies included in this synthesis. Four of the 48 pooled coefficients came from closely related but non-identical TPACK instruments; sensitivity analysis excluding these effects did not materially change the pooled estimate. The results also highlight the importance of reporting sample-specific reliability estimates in future TPACK research.</p>","PeriodicalId":37867,"journal":{"name":"BMC Psychology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13660048/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to: Matters Arising from Salari et al. (2025): Why it is (currently) impossible to estimate accurate prevalence rates of the Impostor Phenomenon.","authors":"Nader Salari, Seyed Hamidreza Hashemian, Amin Hosseinian-Far, Amirreza Fallahi, Pegah Heidarian, Shabnam Rasoulpoor, Masoud Mohammadi","doi":"10.1186/s40359-026-05555-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40359-026-05555-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Impostor Phenomenon (IP) is conceptually a continuous construct on a spectrum, rather than a categorical or definitive diagnosis. Therefore, reference to its 'prevalence' in the epidemiological sense may seem to be conceptually incorrect. That said, this does not rule out threshold-based prevalence estimates. There are comparable constructs that are also on a continuum, yet thresholds are used to estimate prevalence. Instances of this include depression (PHQ-9), and anxiety (GAD-7), where empirically derived thresholds are used to provide estimates of prevalence. We would also like to emphasize that our article was a systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are studies that aim to synthesize existing evidence reported within original/primary studies in a specific field and produce a pooled estimate. In primary studies, the percentage or proportion (prevalence) of IP among health service providers was reported. We fully acknowledge that the current cut-offs for the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS) are inconsistently applied in the existing literature and lack systematic validation. Demonstrating variability across arbitrary thresholds does not invalidate prevalence research and meta-analyses. The inconsistency in operationalization across the literature and not necessarily a flaw in the meta-analysis application. Meta-analysis allows us to quantify this problem and to highlight how different thresholds, samples, and instruments contribute to variance. Without such a synthesis, the field would lack a systematic appreciation of how widely prevalence estimates diverge.</p>","PeriodicalId":37867,"journal":{"name":"BMC Psychology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13621757/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149076152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between objective sleep efficiency and psychological distress in middle-aged and older Japanese: Results by work in the Shika study.","authors":"Kuniko Sato, Hiromasa Tsujiguchi, Sakae Miyagi, Emi Morita, Fumihiko Suzuki, Akinori Hara, Keita Suzuki, Takayuki Kannon, Masaharu Nakamura, Chie Takazawa, Hirohito Tsuboi, Sumire Matsumoto, Asuka Ishihara, Daisuke Hori, Shotaro Doki, Shin-Ichiro Sasahara, Makoto Satoh, Ichiyo Matsuzaki, Masashi Yanagisawa, Toshiharu Ikaga, Atsushi Tajima, Hiroyuki Nakamura","doi":"10.1186/s40359-026-05656-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-05656-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sleep quality and work, as factors related to psychological distress, have not yet been elucidated. Additionally, few studies have examined the association between sleep efficiency and psychological distress, which may affect psychological distress in middle-aged and older adults according to their work status. This study aimed to examine and clarify the relationship between sleep efficiency and psychological distress in middle-aged and older Japanese stratified by work and sex.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was performed among community dwellers aged 40-90 years living in Shika-machi, Ishikawa, Japan, between January 2018 and April 2020. Psychological distress was assessed utilizing the Kessler 6 scale (K6), a psychological distress scale. Sleep efficiency was measured using actigraphy (MTI-220, ACOS Co., Ltd., Nagano, Japan) that includes the sleep index, and analyses were stratified by work status and sex. A multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted setting the high K6 group as an objective variable.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 360 middle-aged and older adults (women = 54.4%; mean age = 63.09 ± 10.48 years) were included in this study. Psychological distress, adjusted for confounders, was associated with low sleep efficiency (β = -0.060, p = 0.013) only among working women. We found no evidence of a relationship between other indicators of psychological distress in men with or without work and women without work.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results reveal a relationship between psychological distress and sleep efficiency among middle-aged and older working women, suggesting that work and poor sleep efficiency may be associated with greater psychological distress. Future studies should examine the relationship between psychological distress and sleep efficiency in women middle-aged and older using longitudinal studies that consider work-related effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":37867,"journal":{"name":"BMC Psychology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149228825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children's verbal satiety expressions and caregivers' responses during preschool mealtimes in Sweden.","authors":"Sandra Nyberg-Akremi, Annerose Willemsen, Jakob Cromdal, Sally Wiggins","doi":"10.1186/s40359-026-05650-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40359-026-05650-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The development of young children's recognition and expression of satiety states is an essential part of becoming an independent eater. Children's ability to self-regulate food intake develops throughout childhood with the support of responsive feeding practices by caregivers. Knowledge about the social factors that support children's development and usage of expressions of fullness is, however, extremely limited.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The current study examined children's (1-6 years old) verbal expressions related to satiety during preschool lunches and how these were interactionally responded to by caregivers. Longitudinal video-recordings from four preschools (n = 97 lunches) were collected across two cities in Sweden, involving 92 children and 22 adults. The video recordings were searched for instances in which children produced verbal satiety expressions (e.g. \"I'm full\"): 77 cases were identified across the corpus. The videos and accompanying transcripts were analysed using descriptive statistics and discursive psychology to examine the timing, form, and interactional organisation of the satiety expressions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results demonstrated that young children clearly used verbal satiety expressions at interactionally appropriate moments during mealtimes and actively sought caregivers' verbal responses. The results also show that the caregivers accepted children's satiety expressions and provide empirical examples of responsive feeding in practice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study provides some of the first empirical evidence on how young children spontaneously engage in satiety-related interactions in early childhood education and care settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":37867,"journal":{"name":"BMC Psychology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13595767/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149026196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Work-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Anna Finnes, Magnus Johansson, Robin Bernhardtz, Lars-Göran Öst","doi":"10.1186/s40359-026-05648-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40359-026-05648-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Common mental disorders (CMDs) are a major cause of sickness absence and work disability. Although cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) effectively reduces symptoms, effects on return-to-work (RTW) outcomes are limited. Work-focused CBT (W-CBT) integrates RTW processes into treatment, but the evidence base remains heterogeneous with unresolved methodological challenges. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of W-CBT on psychiatric and work-related outcomes, examined moderators of treatment effects, assessed methodological rigour, and identified common intervention components, with particular attention to how RTW outcomes are analyzed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Systematic searches were conducted in Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Science from inception to December 2025. Randomized and non-randomized studies evaluating CBT with an integrated work focus among working-age adults on sickness absence due to CMDs were included. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed using multilevel models with cluster-robust standard errors to address outcome dependency. Moderator analyses examined treatment content, number of sessions, and study characteristics. RTW outcomes were evaluated regarding their statistical properties, summary measures, and analytic methods used in primary studies. Risk-of-bias was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool version 2 and ROBINS-I.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-four studies comprising 26 W-CBT treatment conditions (n = 3,279 participants) were included. Large within-group improvements in psychiatric symptoms were observed and maintained at follow-up, while between-group effects were statistically significant but small. At post-treatment, 56% of participants had returned to work, increasing to 87% at follow-up, with a higher likelihood of full RTW in W-CBT compared with controls. CBT content, stronger work focus, and higher treatment dose were associated with larger symptom improvements. However, RTW outcomes showed substantial heterogeneity. Many studies used analytic approaches assuming normally distributed data for outcomes that were bounded, skewed, or zero-inflated, or reported hazard ratios with limited comparability, constraining valid synthesis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>W-CBT is associated with meaningful symptom improvement and increased likelihood of RTW. However, misalignment between RTW outcome properties and analytic methods represents a major threat to validity. Future research requires improved outcome definitions, appropriate statistical modeling, and greater methodological consistency.</p>","PeriodicalId":37867,"journal":{"name":"BMC Psychology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13599331/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149026211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining mothers' exposure to intimate partner violence, levels of hopelessness, intolerance of uncertainty, and their attitudes toward child violence in earthquake zones in Türkiye.","authors":"Rukiye Turk Delibalta, Gizem Kerimoğlu Yıldız, Zehra Turhan Coktay, Kadriye Tuzcu","doi":"10.1186/s40359-026-05645-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40359-026-05645-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aims to investigate the mothers' exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV), their levels of hopelessness, intolerance of uncertainty, and attitudes toward violence against children in 11 earthquake-affected provinces in Türkiye.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An explanatory sequential mixed-method design was employed. First, quantitative data were collected using an \"Introductory information form,\" the \"Intimate Partner Violence Against Women Scale,\" the \"Beck Hopelessness Scale,\" the \"Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale,\" and the \"Sensitivity to Violence Against Children Scale.\" In the second phase, qualitative data were gathered through in-depth interviews and analyzed thematically to provide deeper insight into the quantitative findings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Quantitative results showed that no significant differences in mothers' sensitivity to violence against children (p > 0.05). Higher intimate partner violence scores observed among mothers reported helplessness, while hopelessness was higher among those describing the earthquake as loss/ending and lower among those receiving family support. Living in container houses was associated with greater intolerance of uncertainty, and family support was linked to lower levels of hopelessness. The qualitative analysis revealed six themes: Sex inequality, failure to grieve, unpreventable violence, violence against children after the earthquake, perceived limits and potential roles of nurses in responding to violence, and hopelessness and intolerance regarding the future.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Domestic violence may remain a serious concern for mothers and children even one year after an earthquake. The combination of qualitative and quantitative findings highlights the need for long-term, trauma-informed post-disaster care. Nurses and other health professionals should routinely assess mothers and children for violence and hopelessness, provide appropriate psychosocial support and referral to mental health services. Post-disaster interventions should therefore extend beyond the immediate crisis period and include sustained psychosocial support to affected families.</p>","PeriodicalId":37867,"journal":{"name":"BMC Psychology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13599328/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149026182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Because you just get stuck in this hamster wheel\" - experience and narratives of work-family conflicts among patients in psychosomatic rehabilitation.","authors":"H Bindels, H Miluczenko, M Bethge, M Schuler","doi":"10.1186/s40359-026-05615-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40359-026-05615-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Workplace problems are among the most common reasons for entering psychosomatic rehabilitation (PR). Parents with mental disorders (MD) often face additional caregiving demands alongside combined work and family responsibilities. However, this issue has received little attention in rehabilitation research so far. This so-called Work-Family Conflict (WFC) is associated with depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions, yet little is known about how patients with MD experience and interpret these conflicts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a secondary qualitative analysis of 32 semi-structured interviews with parents with MD undergoing inpatient PR in Germany. Using a typifying content analysis approach, we combined deductive and inductive category formation to examine recurring ways in which these patients experienced and internally processed WFC. In addition, we developed narrative case summaries to explore how participants link work-related stress, family demands, and their MD to the decision to seek rehabilitation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified eight empirically derived intrapersonal manifestations of WFC, e.g. Self-Sacrifice, Invisible Loneliness, and Threat to Self-Identity. These manifestations offer an experiential perspective on WFC, capturing recurring patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. In addition, 13 distinct narrative scenarios emerged, illustrating the diverse explanatory relationships participants constructed between work-related stress, family demands, MD, and their need for rehabilitation. While several patterns overlapped with symptoms of depression or burnout, patients framed them as distinct experiences that captured their everyday struggles with balancing roles.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>WFCs represent a clinically relevant dimension of psychosocial burden in parents with MD undergoing PR. Explicitly addressing WFC in clinical assessment and treatment may improve case formulations, validate patients' lived experiences, and inform individualized rehabilitation strategies. Recognizing WFC as a distinct source of distress may therefore enhance patient-centered psychosomatic care. Future longitudinal research may clarify how WFC relates to rehabilitation outcomes such as symptom reduction, return to work, and quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":37867,"journal":{"name":"BMC Psychology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13595641/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149018157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms, parenting stress, and child psychological and cognitive outcomes among Syrian refugee mother-child dyads in Türkiye: a mixed-methods study.","authors":"Metin Çınaroğlu","doi":"10.1186/s40359-026-05202-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40359-026-05202-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Refugee children exposed to war and forced displacement are at elevated risk for emotional, behavioral, and cognitive difficulties. However, child outcomes may be shaped not only by direct trauma exposure but also by the psychological functioning of caregivers and stress within the parent-child relationship. The present mixed-methods study examined whether parenting stress was associated with the relationship between maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms and child psychological and cognitive outcomes among Syrian refugee families living in Mardin, Türkiye.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were 200 Syrian refugee mother-child dyads with children aged 6-11 years. Mothers completed measures of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PCL-5), parenting stress (PSI-SF), depressive symptoms (BDI-II), anxiety symptoms (GAD-7), and child emotional and behavioral problems (CBCL/6-18). Children completed the Stroop Color-Word Test assessing inhibitory control and selective attention. Mediation analyses were conducted using bootstrapped indirect effects while controlling for maternal depression, maternal anxiety, child age, and child gender. A purposeful subsample of 30 dyads participated in semi-structured qualitative interviews exploring trauma experiences, parenting stress, attachment-related behaviors, and child emotional and cognitive functioning.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms were positively associated with parenting stress, child emotional and behavioral problems, and poorer child executive functioning. Parenting stress significantly mediated the association between maternal PTSD symptoms and CBCL Total Problems, indirect effect = 0.12, 95% CI [0.058, 0.196], and also mediated the association between maternal PTSD symptoms and Stroop interference, indirect effect = 0.052, 95% CI [0.012, 0.103]. Secondary analyses demonstrated significant indirect effects for both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Qualitative findings converged with the quantitative results and showed that maternal trauma-related distress, emotional exhaustion, irritability, and inconsistent responsiveness were reflected in children's fear, withdrawal, dysregulation, separation distress, and attentional difficulties. Protective factors included maternal warmth, school support, supportive relationships, religious coping, and future-oriented hope.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings suggest that parenting stress may represent an important relational pathway linking maternal trauma-related distress with children's emotional, behavioral, and cognitive functioning in refugee families. Interventions targeting refugee child mental health may benefit from simultaneously addressing caregiver trauma symptoms, parenting stress, and the broader relational environment in which children develop and recover.</p>","PeriodicalId":37867,"journal":{"name":"BMC Psychology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13589340/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149002790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Students' perceptions of school climate factors supporting school belonging in faith-based schools: a qualitative study.","authors":"Beyza Nur Turgut, Hasan Batmaz, Eyüp Çelik","doi":"10.1186/s40359-026-05307-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40359-026-05307-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose & relevance: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the factors that foster school belonging, students' levels of belonging, and the role of school climate in faith-based educational institutions. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing inclusive educational environments that support students' psychological and social integration.</p><p><strong>Type of research & population: </strong>Adopting a qualitative research design to provide in-depth insights into students',perceptions, and interpretations, the study was conducted with a study group of 78 students (Mean age = 15.74, SD = 1.09; 48 girls and 30 boys).</p><p><strong>Instruments: </strong>Data were collected through a semi-structured interview form designed to explore various dimensions of the school perception.</p><p><strong>Main results: </strong>The findings revealed that positive peer relationships and sincere teacher-student bonds form the core of school belonging. Voluntary enrollment significantly accelerates the development of belonging, whereas family pressure acts as a barrier, although some students adapt over time. Negative factors such as bullying, exclusion, and cultural or linguistic differences were found to hinder adaptation. Furthermore, while the school's religious structure and academic support positively influence belonging, inadequate sports and social activity facilities, high academic pressure, and negative teacher attitudes weaken this bond. Perceptions of disciplinary practices varied: some students favored flexibility, while others associated strict discipline with a stronger sense of belonging. Some participants reported experiencing religious practices under duress and perceiving the spiritual atmosphere as oppressive.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>To enhance students' sense of belonging, religious-based schools should prioritize strengthening social relationships, improving teacher communication, and upgrading physical and social infrastructure. Additionally, targeted interventions are essential to mitigate the negative impacts of cultural differences and exclusionary social behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":37867,"journal":{"name":"BMC Psychology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13613842/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring body checking and avoidance in adolescents: validation of a behavioral questionnaire.","authors":"Clara Sophie Beer, Stephan Zillmer, Nelly Drießnack, Charlotte Jaite, Tanja Legenbauer","doi":"10.1186/s40359-026-05614-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40359-026-05614-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Body image distortion (BID) is central to eating disorder (ED) pathology and is closely linked to body dissatisfaction. While most questionnaires assess affective, cognitive, or perceptual components of body image, the behavioral component manifesting in body checking (BC) and body avoidance (BA) has received comparatively little attention. Given that EDs typically emerge during adolescence, validated measures of behavioral BID are particularly needed for this age group. The Body Checking and Avoidance Questionnaire (BCAQ) is the only instrument assessing both BC and BA, but it has not yet been validated in adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The present study aimed to evaluate the BCAQ in a clinical sample of female German adolescents with (atypical) anorexia nervosa. Factor structure, internal consistency, and convergent and known-groups validity were examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An initial confirmatory factor analysis of the original 27-item BCAQ indicated poor model fit. An exploratory factor analysis identified four items with low or inconsistent loadings. Analyses of the resulting 23-item version yielded a preliminary three-factor structure and demonstrated good reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.78-0.94) and satisfactory convergent validity, while known-groups comparisons provided limited and exploratory evidence, with a small group difference observed only for avoidance behavior.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings provide preliminary evidence for the use of the adapted 23-item BCAQ to assess behavioral aspects of body image distortion in adolescents with (atypical) anorexia nervosa. Further longitudinal research is needed to evaluate the measure's temporal stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":37867,"journal":{"name":"BMC Psychology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13589350/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149002787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}