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Automated Detection of Coffee Bean Defects using Multi-Deep Learning Models 基于多深度学习模型的咖啡豆缺陷自动检测
2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234059
Chuan-Shiuan Liang, Zhenyu Xu, Jian-Yu Zhou, Chieh-Ming Yang, Jen-Yeu Chen
{"title":"Automated Detection of Coffee Bean Defects using Multi-Deep Learning Models","authors":"Chuan-Shiuan Liang, Zhenyu Xu, Jian-Yu Zhou, Chieh-Ming Yang, Jen-Yeu Chen","doi":"10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234059","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional methods of coffee bean inspection mainly rely on manual labor, which results in issues such as low efficiency and subjectivity. However, with the advancement of computer vision and machine learning technologies, automated coffee bean inspection has become possible. Therefore, this study aims to develop a system that can distinguish between good and bad coffee beans using two main components: YOLOv7 and convolutional neural network (CNN). The image recognition model in this study is divided into three categories: broken, insect-infested, and mold, all of which employ transfer learning. Using YOLOv7, the coffee beans are easily recognized and processed by the image classification model Then, the captured coffee beans are used as the input for the image classification model. If the output results are all negative, it means that the bean is good, and it will be kept. However, if there is at least one output indicating a defect, the bean will be labeled as the corresponding defect type. In the end, using the DenseNet201 model, we achieve an accuracy of 98.97% in classify defective coffee beans.","PeriodicalId":375211,"journal":{"name":"2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123429579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Bandwidth Limitation of De-Embedding Technique for Microstrip Line Measurement 微带线测量中去嵌入技术的带宽限制
2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234038
Yu-Chuan Luo, Yen-Hao Chen, Cheng-Yi Zhuang, Jia-He Lu, Ding-Bing Lin
{"title":"The Bandwidth Limitation of De-Embedding Technique for Microstrip Line Measurement","authors":"Yu-Chuan Luo, Yen-Hao Chen, Cheng-Yi Zhuang, Jia-He Lu, Ding-Bing Lin","doi":"10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234038","url":null,"abstract":"With the advancement of radio frequency and semiconductor technologies, circuit operating frequencies have increased, and their areas have decreased. Therefore, many circuits require embedded fixtures for measurement, leading to increased difficulty in measuring high-frequency circuits. As a result, various measurement techniques have been developed, with 2x-Thru automatic fixture removal (AFR) being the most common and widely used. However, as operating frequencies continue to increase, the measurement bandwidth of this technique has reached its limit, necessitating the urgent need to expand the measurement bandwidth through new methods. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for such a technique, identify potential reasons that may limit measurement bandwidth, and validate our approach through both actual measurements and simulation results.","PeriodicalId":375211,"journal":{"name":"2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129273126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optimization of Physical Layer Security in IRSs-assisted Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems irss辅助的无小区大规模MIMO系统物理层安全优化
2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234028
Xuan-Toan Dang, Oh-Soon Shin
{"title":"Optimization of Physical Layer Security in IRSs-assisted Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems","authors":"Xuan-Toan Dang, Oh-Soon Shin","doi":"10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234028","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we examine the physical layer security challenge in a cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system with multiple intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs), referred to as IRSs-CFMM. To maximize the secrecy downlink rate, we introduce a problem formulation that simultaneously optimizes the beamforming at all access points (APs) and the phase shift of all IRSs. To tackle this intricate optimization problem, we utilize an alternating algorithm that achieves at least a locally optimal solution. Our numerical findings confirm that the proposed algorithm effectively addresses the problem with low computational complexity.","PeriodicalId":375211,"journal":{"name":"2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS)","volume":"279 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123457829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Physical Cell ID Detection Probability in the Presence of CFO Including Doppler Shift for NR TN and NTN 包含多普勒频移的NR、TN和NTN存在时物理小区ID检测概率
2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234037
Shun Yoneda, M. Sawahashi, Satoshi Nagata
{"title":"Physical Cell ID Detection Probability in the Presence of CFO Including Doppler Shift for NR TN and NTN","authors":"Shun Yoneda, M. Sawahashi, Satoshi Nagata","doi":"10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234037","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the physical-layer cell identity (PCID) detection probability in the presence of a large carrier frequency offset (CFO) including a large Doppler shift and phase noise from a local oscillator for the 5G New Radio (NR) terrestrial network (TN) and non-terrestrial network (NTN) in the millimeter-wave bands. We employ the same PCID detection method with CFO estimation for both the TN and NTN, which employs cyclic prefix (CP)-based fractional frequency offset (FFO) estimation and joint integer frequency offset (IFO) estimation with the primary synchronization signal sequence (PSS). Link-level simulation results show that the CFO due to the frequency stability of a local oscillator of a set of user equipment of up to 20 ppm and a large Doppler shift resulting from satellite movement are suppressed to a low level employing the same PCID detection method with CFO compensation. We also show that the impact of the time-varying phase noise on the PCID detection probability is slight. Accordingly, the high PCID detection probabilities of approximately 95% and 99% are achieved at the average received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of approximately 0dB and -4dB for the Tapped Delay Line (TDL)-C and NTN-TDL-A channel models in a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environment, and the NTN-TDL-C channel model in a LOS environment, respectively.","PeriodicalId":375211,"journal":{"name":"2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115963841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Implementation of Neural Network-Based Linear Block Code Decoder in SAC-OCDMA System 基于神经网络的线性分组码解码器在SAC-OCDMA系统中的实现
2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234052
Sheng-Wen Wang, Chun-Ming Huang, Chao-Chin Yang, Gang-Ying Yang
{"title":"Implementation of Neural Network-Based Linear Block Code Decoder in SAC-OCDMA System","authors":"Sheng-Wen Wang, Chun-Ming Huang, Chao-Chin Yang, Gang-Ying Yang","doi":"10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234052","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the application of deep learning technology to realize a linear block code decoder in a spectral-amplitude-coding optical code-division multiple access (SAC-OCDMA) system. To enhance the system’s performance, the neural network approach is employed to design a linear block code decoder capable of independently learning the optimal method for recovering original data from received signals. Simulation results demonstrate that the deep learning-based linear block code decoder outperforms traditional decoders at various signal-to-noise ratios (i.e., different active user numbers), showcasing the potential of deep learning in the field of optical communication.","PeriodicalId":375211,"journal":{"name":"2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127868165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Quantum Reinforcement Learning for Large-Scale Multi-Agent Decision-Making in Autonomous Aerial Networks 自主航空网络中大规模多智能体决策的量子强化学习
2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10233966
Soohyun Park, Joongheon Kim
{"title":"Quantum Reinforcement Learning for Large-Scale Multi-Agent Decision-Making in Autonomous Aerial Networks","authors":"Soohyun Park, Joongheon Kim","doi":"10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10233966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10233966","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses a new quantum computing-based multi-agent reinforcement learning (QMARL) algorithm which is inspired by the quantum neural network (QNN)-based centralized critic and multiple actor networks. The benefit of the proposed QMARL-based algorithm is in the action control dimension reduction where it can reduce the size into a logarithmic-scale when project value measure (PVM) is utilized. Therefore, our proposed QMARL-based algorithm is beneficial for massive-agent MARL training convergence. Moreover, the various applications of QMARL-based algorithms are presented in massive-scale unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks. Lastly, our performance evaluation results verify that the proposed QMARL-based algorithm can successfully converge when massive-action dimensions should be utilized.","PeriodicalId":375211,"journal":{"name":"2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125322704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Design of Graph Filter Using Hilbert Matrix and Vandermonde Matrix 利用Hilbert矩阵和Vandermonde矩阵设计图滤波器
2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234045
C. Tseng, Su-Ling Lee
{"title":"Design of Graph Filter Using Hilbert Matrix and Vandermonde Matrix","authors":"C. Tseng, Su-Ling Lee","doi":"10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234045","url":null,"abstract":"The graph filter is a useful tool for processing signals collected from various networks. This paper presents the closed-form design of a graph filter. Depending on whether the graph frequency is known or not, there are two types of designs studied here. The first design is the graph-unaware method, where the graph frequency does not need to be known in advance. In this case, the filter coefficients are determined by minimizing the integral squared errors between the actual response and the ideal response. The optimal solution is then obtained by using the inverse of the Hilbert matrix. The second design is the graph-aware method, where the graph frequency needs to be known in advance. In this case, the filter coefficients are obtained by letting the actual response be equal to the ideal response at the prescribed frequency points. The solution is obtained by using the inverse of the Vandermonde matrix. Finally, the temperature data denoising of sensor networks with different sizes are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed graph filters.","PeriodicalId":375211,"journal":{"name":"2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS)","volume":"21 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120994939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Impact of 3D-BF against the Number of Picocell Sector in mmWave HetNets 3D-BF对毫米波HetNets中皮cell扇区数的影响
2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234049
Naoto Inagaki, Kentaro Yoda, Takumi Yasaka, Satoshi Suyama, H. Otsuka
{"title":"Impact of 3D-BF against the Number of Picocell Sector in mmWave HetNets","authors":"Naoto Inagaki, Kentaro Yoda, Takumi Yasaka, Satoshi Suyama, H. Otsuka","doi":"10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234049","url":null,"abstract":"Three-dimensional beamforming (3D-BF) is a promising technique to improve the received SINR or extend cell coverage in mobile systems. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) with picocells operating at millimeter wave (mmWave) band are expected to achieve higher user throughput because of the enormous amount of signal bandwidth in 5G mobile systems and beyond. This paper discusses the impact of 3D-BF against the number of picocell sector in mmWave HetNets. The average and 5-percentile user throughput are clarified for five types of picocells as parameters of Tx beams used in 3D-BF, using system-level computer simulations. We confirmed that six-sector picocell using 3D-BF with 18 Tx beams can improve the average user throughput by approximate 1.4 times compared with three-sector picocell using 3D-BF with 36 Tx beams. We also clarified that the 3D-BF applied to picocells can increase the use rate of high-order modulation such as 1024-QAM in mmWave HetNets.","PeriodicalId":375211,"journal":{"name":"2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122822472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Impact of Constellation and Index Mapper Selection in OFDM-IM Systems 星座和索引映射器选择对OFDM-IM系统的影响
2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234053
L. Cho, Sheng-Hsiang Fu
{"title":"Impact of Constellation and Index Mapper Selection in OFDM-IM Systems","authors":"L. Cho, Sheng-Hsiang Fu","doi":"10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234053","url":null,"abstract":"Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation (OFDM-IM) offers significant flexibility to address the diverse communication scenarios of 5G and beyond. However, the selection of an appropriate index mapper remains an unresolved issue that could pose challenges to the standardization of OFDM-IM. Through the evaluation of a specific example in this paper, it is observed that without optimizing the index mapper, a performance loss of approximately 0.7 dB (SNR gain) may occur. Additionally, we discovered that the optimized index mapper can be universally applied to various constellations, despite OFDM-IM exhibiting sensitivity to subcarrier power variations.","PeriodicalId":375211,"journal":{"name":"2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS)","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134296894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Speed-Aware Flow Management with Packet Classification to Mitigate Congestion in VANETs 基于分组分类的速度感知流管理缓解vanet中的拥塞
2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234061
You-Chiun Wang, Cheng-En Ho
{"title":"Speed-Aware Flow Management with Packet Classification to Mitigate Congestion in VANETs","authors":"You-Chiun Wang, Cheng-En Ho","doi":"10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APWCS60142.2023.10234061","url":null,"abstract":"Due to service diversity, there may be many packet flows with different urgency and importance in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). In a traffic jam, numerous vehicles vie to send packets, which leads to network congestion. Moreover, when accidents occur, the vehicles detecting them will broadcast safety-critical messages to warn others, which could worsen congestion and thus cause the loss of many messages. To this end, the paper proposes a speed-aware flow management with packet classification (SFM-PC) scheme. In SFM-PC, packets will be classified by their services. According to its speed, each vehicle gauges the traffic conditions locally and adjusts the transmission rate of packets by itself. On receiving the packets of safety-critical messages, vehicles use packet consolidation to reduce the dissemination of duplicate messages. Through simulations, we demonstrate that the SFM-PC scheme can efficiently mitigate congestion in a VANET, where it has a much lower packet loss rate than other methods.","PeriodicalId":375211,"journal":{"name":"2023 VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS)","volume":"476 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133040211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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