Open Neuroimaging Journal最新文献

{"title":"Extending Inferential Group Analysis in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Multivariate GLM Implemented in SPM8.","authors":"Fábio S Ferreira,&nbsp;João M S Pereira,&nbsp;João V Duarte,&nbsp;Miguel Castelo-Branco","doi":"10.2174/1874440001711010032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874440001711010032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although voxel based morphometry studies are still the standard for analyzing brain structure, their dependence on massive univariate inferential methods is a limiting factor. A better understanding of brain pathologies can be achieved by applying inferential multivariate methods, which allow the study of multiple dependent variables, <i>e.g.</i> different imaging modalities of the same subject.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Given the widespread use of SPM software in the brain imaging community, the main aim of this work is the implementation of massive multivariate inferential analysis as a toolbox in this software package. applied to the use of T1 and T2 structural data from diabetic patients and controls. This implementation was compared with the traditional ANCOVA in SPM and a similar multivariate GLM toolbox (MRM).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We implemented the new toolbox and tested it by investigating brain alterations on a cohort of twenty-eight type 2 diabetes patients and twenty-six matched healthy controls, using information from both T1 and T2 weighted structural MRI scans, both separately - using standard univariate VBM - and simultaneously, with multivariate analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Univariate VBM replicated predominantly bilateral changes in basal ganglia and insular regions in type 2 diabetes patients. On the other hand, multivariate analyses replicated key findings of univariate results, while also revealing the thalami as additional foci of pathology.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While the presented algorithm must be further optimized, the proposed toolbox is the first implementation of multivariate statistics in SPM8 as a user-friendly toolbox, which shows great potential and is ready to be validated in other clinical cohorts and modalities.</p>","PeriodicalId":37431,"journal":{"name":"Open Neuroimaging Journal","volume":"11 ","pages":"32-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5510560/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35278483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Convexity Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (PA) Infective Endocarditis and Left Atrial Appendage Occluder (LAAO) Device Infection. A Case Report.","authors":"Monique Boukobza,&nbsp;Ibtissem Smaali,&nbsp;Xavier Duval,&nbsp;Jean-Pierre Laissy","doi":"10.2174/1874440001711010026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874440001711010026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An 83 year-old-man with left atrial appendage occluder (LAAO) developed Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (PA) infective endocarditis. MRI at day 3 of onset showed distal small infarcts in both middle cerebral arteries and left postero-inferior cerebellar artery territories. MRI at day 6 revealed two sites of convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage (cSAH). MRA and CTA failed to reveal a Mycotic aneurysm. The radiologic findings favor the assumption of necrosis of distal branches of mca or of pial arteries wall. This case present three unusual features: the presence of localized cSAH after initiation of antibiotherapy without mycotic aneurysm being individualized; the late occurrence of infective endocarditis after LAAO implantation; the very rare occurrence of PA in prosthetic infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":37431,"journal":{"name":"Open Neuroimaging Journal","volume":"11 ","pages":"26-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5470070/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35127658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Evaluation of Awareness in Vegetative and Minimally Conscious State.","authors":"Silvia Marino,&nbsp;Lilla Bonanno,&nbsp;Rosella Ciurleo,&nbsp;Annalisa Baglieri,&nbsp;Rosa Morabito,&nbsp;Silvia Guerrera,&nbsp;Carmela Rifici,&nbsp;Antonio Giorgio,&nbsp;Placido Bramanti,&nbsp;Nicola De Stefano","doi":"10.2174/1874440001711010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874440001711010017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to assess differences in brain activation in a large sample of Vegetative State (VS) and Minimally Conscious State (MCS) patients, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We studied 50 patients four to seven months after brain injury. By using international clinical criteria and validated behavioural scales such as the Glasgow Coma Scale and the Clinical Unawareness Assessment Scale, the patients were grouped into <i>VS</i> (n=23) and MCS (n=27). All patients underwent to fMRI examination. After 6 months, the patients were reassessed using Glasgow Outcome Scale and Revised Coma Recovery Scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>fMRI showed significant (p<0.01, cluster-corrected) brain activation in the primary auditory cortex bilaterally during the acoustic stimuli in patients with both VS and MCS. However, ten patients clinically classified as VS, showed a pattern of brain activation very similar to that of MCS patients. Six months later, these ten VS patients had significant clinical improvement, evolving into MCS, whereas the other VS patients and patients with MCS remained clinically stable.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Brain activity could help in discerning whether the status of wakefulness in <i>VS</i> is also accompanied by partial awareness, as occurs in MCS. This may have very important prognostic implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":37431,"journal":{"name":"Open Neuroimaging Journal","volume":"11 ","pages":"17-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427708/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35037271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Functional MRI-Based Model for Individual Memory Assessment in Patients Eligible for Anterior Temporal Lobe Resection.","authors":"Maria Strandberg,&nbsp;Peter Mannfolk,&nbsp;Lars Stenberg,&nbsp;Hanna Ljung,&nbsp;Ia Rorsman,&nbsp;Elna-Marie Larsson,&nbsp;Danielle van Westen,&nbsp;Kristina Källén","doi":"10.2174/1874440001711010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874440001711010001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Title: </strong>A functional (f) MRI-based model for individual memory assessment in patients eligible for temporal lobe resection.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate if pre-operative fMRI memory paradigms, add predictive information with regard to post-surgical memory deficits.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fourteen pharmacoresistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) patients accepted for Anterior Temporal Lobe Resection (ATLR) were included. A clinical risk assessment score (RAS 0-3) was constructed from structural MRI, neuropsychological testing and hemisphere dominance. fMRI lateralization indices (LIs) over frontal language and medial temporal regions were calculated. Predictive value from clinical risk scoring and added value from fMRI LIs were correlated to post-surgical memory change scores (significant decline -1 SD). Verbal memory outcome was classified either as expected (RAS 2-3 and post-operative decline; RAS 0-1 and intact post-operative verbal memory) or as unexpected (RAS 2-3 and intact post-operative verbal memory post-surgery; RAS 0-1 and post-operative decline).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RAS for verbal memory decline exhibited a specificity of 67% and a sensitivity of 75%. Significant correlations were found between frontal language LIs and post-operative verbal memory (r = -0.802; p = 0.017) for left (L) TLE and between medial temporal lobe LIs and visuospatial memory (r = 0.829; p = 0.021), as well as verbal memory (r = 0.714; p = 0.055) for right (R) TLE. Ten patients had expected outcome and four patients had an unexpected outcome. In two MRI-negative RTLE patients that suffered significant verbal memory decline post-operatively, fMRI identified bilateral language and right lateralized medial temporal verbal encoding. In two LTLE patients with MRI pathology and verbal memory dysfunction, neither RAS nor fMRI identified the risk for aggravated verbal memory decline following ATLR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>fMRI visualization of temporal-frontal network activation may add value to the pre-surgical work-up in epilepsy patients eligible for ATLR. Frontal language patterns are important for prediction in both L and RTLE. Strong left lateralized language in LTLE, as well as bilateral language combined with right lateralized encoding in RTLE, seems to indicate an increased risk for post-operative verbal memory decline.</p>","PeriodicalId":37431,"journal":{"name":"Open Neuroimaging Journal","volume":"11 ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5420180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35048005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manganese-enhanced MRI Offers Correlation with Severity of Spinal Cord Injury in Experimental Models","authors":"N. Martirosyan, G. Turner, J. Kaufman, Arpan A. Patel, E. Belykh, M. Kalani, N. Theodore, M. Preul","doi":"10.2174/1874440001610010139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874440001610010139","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Spinal cord injuries (SCI) are clinically challenging, because neural regeneration after cord damage is unknown. In SCI animal models, regeneration is evaluated histologically, requiring animal sacrifice. Noninvasive techniques are needed to detect longitudinal SCI changes. Objective: To compare manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI [MEMRI]) in hemisection and transection of SCI rat models with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and histology. Methods: Rats underwent T9 spinal cord transection (n=6), hemisection (n=6), or laminectomy without SCI (controls, n=6). One-half of each group received lateral ventricle MnCl2 injections 24 hours later. Conventional DTI or T1-weighted MRI was performed 84 hours post-surgery. MEMRI signal intensity ratio above and below the SCI level was calculated. Fractional anisotropy (FA) measurements were taken 1 cm rostral to the SCI. The percentage of FA change was calculated 10 mm rostral to the SCI epicenter, between FA at the dorsal column lesion normalized to a lateral area without FA change. Myelin load (percentage difference) among groups was analyzed by histology. Results: In transection and hemisection groups, mean MEMRI ratios were 0.62 and 0.87, respectively, versus 0.99 in controls (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively); mean FA decreases were 67.5% and 40.1%, respectively, compared with a 6.1% increase in controls (P=0.002 and P=0.019, respectively). Mean myelin load decreased by 38.8% (transection) and 51.8% (hemisection) compared to controls (99.1%) (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). Pearson’s correlation coefficients were -0.94 for MEMRI ratio and FA changes and 0.87 for MEMRI and myelin load. Conclusion: MEMERI results correlated to SCI severity measured by FA and myelin load. MEMRI is a useful noninvasive tool to assess neuronal damage after SCI.","PeriodicalId":37431,"journal":{"name":"Open Neuroimaging Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"139 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68073915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Putamen Activation Represents an Intrinsic Positive Prediction Error Signal for Visual Search in Repeated Configurations","authors":"S. Sommer, S. Pollmann","doi":"10.2174/1874440001610010126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874440001610010126","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated fMRI responses to visual search targets appearing at locations that were predicted by the search context. Based on previous work in visual category learning we expected an intrinsic reward prediction error signal in the putamen whenever the target appeared at a location that was predicted with some degree of uncertainty. Comparing target appearance at locations predicted with 50% probability to either locations predicted with 100% probability or unpredicted locations, increased activation was observed in left posterior putamen and adjacent left posterior insula. Thus, our hypothesis of an intrinsic prediction error-like signal was confirmed. This extends the observation of intrinsic prediction error-like signals, driven by intrinsic rather than extrinsic reward, to memory-driven visual search.","PeriodicalId":37431,"journal":{"name":"Open Neuroimaging Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"126 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68073906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroimaging Genetics Edited by Bigos et al. Oxford University Press","authors":"K. Mathiak, M. Klasen","doi":"10.2174/1874440001610010125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874440001610010125","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last two decades, the association of genetic variation and brain function has received considerable attention. It is well established that most psychiatric and neurological diseases have a substantial genetic contribution. Therefore, investigating the influences of genotypes on brain structure and function should lead to a better understanding of the neurobiology of physiological brain functions and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuroimaging Genetics - Principles and Practices is a comprehensive volume which exhaustively covers this field of imaging genetics. The table of contributors is a who-is-who of top-ranking researchers in the field, and the scientific quality of the single chapters is extraordinary. The book offers an impressive range of thematic fields, spanning from basic neuroscience to clinical implications. Most of the topics are covered with stunning detail, including basically all relevant studies on the respective issue. This makes the volume an important reference book for experienced researchers of the neuroimaging genetics community. Beginners, however, may miss a broader introduction to basic concepts concerning the molecular biology as well as the imaging techniques. Methodological overviews in future editions may render the book more accessible to less specialized readers. In a similar vein, more figures may help to illustrate the content of the text better and help to get a faster insight into the topics.","PeriodicalId":37431,"journal":{"name":"Open Neuroimaging Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"125 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68074437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Neurocircuitry Underpinning Predictability of Threat in Soldiers with PTSD Compared to Deployment Exposed Controls.","authors":"Michael N Dretsch, Kimberly H Wood, Thomas A Daniel, Jeffrey S Katz, Gopikrishna Deshpande, Adam M Goodman, Muriah D Wheelock, Kayli B Wood, Thomas S Denney, Stephanie Traynham, David C Knight","doi":"10.2174/1874440001610010111","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1874440001610010111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Prior work examining emotional dysregulation observed in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has primarily been limited to fear-learning processes specific to anticipation, habituation, and extinction of threat. In contrast, the response to threat itself has not been systematically evaluated.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To explore potential disruption in fear conditioning neurocircuitry in service members with PTSD, specifically in response to predictable <i>versus</i> unpredictable threats.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In the current study, active-duty U.S. Army soldiers with (PTSD group; <i>n</i> = 38) and without PTSD (deployment-exposed controls; DEC; <i>n</i> = 40), participated in a fear-conditioning study in which threat predictability was manipulated by presenting an aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that was either preceded by a conditioned stimulus (<i>i.e.</i>, predictable) or UCS alone (<i>i.e.</i>, unpredictable). Threat expectation, skin conductance response (SCR), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal to predictable and unpredictable threats (<i>i.e.</i>, UCS) were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both groups showed greater threat expectancy and diminished threat-elicited SCRs to predictable compared to unpredictable threat. Significant group differences were observed within the amygdala, hippocampus, insula, and superior and middle temporal gyri. Contrary to our predictions, the PTSD group showed a diminished threat-related response within each of these brain regions during predictable compared to unpredictable threat, whereas the DEC group showed increased activation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although, the PTSD group showed greater threat-related diminution, hypersensitivity to unpredictable threat cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, pre-trauma, trait-like factors may have contributed to group differences in activation of the neurocircuitry underpinning fear conditioning.</p>","PeriodicalId":37431,"journal":{"name":"Open Neuroimaging Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"111-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5101630/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68074394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attentional Networks in Adolescents with High-functioning Autism: An fMRI Investigation","authors":"E. Hames, R. Rajmohan, Dan Fang, Ron Anderson, M. Baker, D. Richman, M. O'Boyle","doi":"10.2174/1874440001610010102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874440001610010102","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Attentional deficits in Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are often noted, but their specific nature remains unclear. Objective: The present study used the child Attentional Network Task (Child ANT) in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to determine if the consistently cited deficits of orienting attention are truly due to dysfunctions of orienting-based networks. We hypothesized that these observations are, in fact, a reflection of executive dysfunctions. As such, we expected that although ASD adolescents would perform worse on the orienting portion of the Child ANT, the strongest differences in activation between them and the neurotypical (NT) control group would be in areas classically associated with executive functioning (e.g., the frontal gyri and anterior cingulate cortex). Method: The brain activity of six high-functioning adolescents with ASD and six NT adolescents was recorded while these individuals performed the three subcomponents of the Child ANT. Results: ASDs were shown to be more accurate than NTs for the alerting, less accurate for the orienting, and similar in accuracy for the executive portions of the Child ANT. fMRI data showed increased bilateral frontal gyri recruitment, areas conventionally associated with executive control, during the orienting task for the ASD group. Conclusion: We submit that the increased activations represent neurocorrelates of signal fixation attributable to the subset of executive control responsible for sustained maintenance signals, not the main components of orienting. Therefore, excessive fixation in ASD adolescents is likely due to dysfunctions of executive control and not the orienting subcomponent of the attention network.","PeriodicalId":37431,"journal":{"name":"Open Neuroimaging Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"102 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874440001610010102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68074381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex Differences in Gamma Band Functional Connectivity Between the Frontal Lobe and Cortical Areas During an Auditory Oddball Task, as Revealed by Imaginary Coherence Assessment","authors":"T. Fujimoto, E. Okumura, A. Kodabashi, K. Takeuchi, T. Otsubo, Katsumi Nakamura, K. Yatsushiro, M. Sekine, Shinichiro Kamiya, S. Shimooki, T. Tamura","doi":"10.2174/1874440001610010085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874440001610010085","url":null,"abstract":"We studied sex-related differences in gamma oscillation during an auditory oddball task, using magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography assessment of imaginary coherence (IC). We obtained a statistical source map of event-related desynchronization (ERD) / event-related synchronization (ERS), and compared females and males regarding ERD / ERS. Based on the results, we chose respectively seed regions for IC determinations in low (30-50 Hz), mid (50-100 Hz) and high gamma (100-150 Hz) bands. In males, ERD was increased in the left posterior cingulate cortex (CGp) at 500 ms in the low gamma band, and in the right caudal anterior cingulate cortex (cACC) at 125 ms in the mid-gamma band. ERS was increased in the left rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) at 375 ms in the high gamma band. We chose the CGp, cACC and rACC as seeds, and examined IC between the seed and certain target regions using the IC map. IC changes depended on the height of the gamma frequency and the time window in the gamma band. Although IC in the mid and high gamma bands did not show sex-specific differences, IC at 30-50 Hz in males was increased between the left rACC and the frontal, orbitofrontal, inferior temporal and fusiform target regions. Increased IC in males suggested that males may acomplish the task constructively, analysingly, emotionally, and by perfoming analysis, and that information processing was more complicated in the cortico-cortical circuit. On the other hand, females showed few differences in IC. Females planned the task with general attention and economical well-balanced processing, which was explained by the higher overall functional cortical connectivity. CGp, cACC and rACC were involved in sex differences in information processing and were likely related to differences in neuroanatomy, hormones and neurotransmitter systems.","PeriodicalId":37431,"journal":{"name":"Open Neuroimaging Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"85 - 101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874440001610010085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68074369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}