Optimum. Economic Studies最新文献

{"title":"A regional variation in the vulnerability of socioeconomic systems to climate change. A case study of Poland","authors":"M. Burchard-Dziubińska, M. Grzelak","doi":"10.15290/oes.2022.02.108.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2022.02.108.04","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The aim of the study was to identify the differences in the vulnerability of Polish voivod-ships to climate change, which may pose a threat to the sustainable development of particular regions. Research method – To achieve the purpose of the research, for each voivodship, a Synthetic Measure of Socioeconomic Vulnerability to Climate Change (SMSEVCC) was calculated. The SMSEVCC was applied in the linear ordering of objects characterized by several diagnostic variables, which were later replaced by one diagnostic value. Results – The implementation of sustainable development in Poland is strongly determined by cli-mate change and the associated extreme weather phenomena. The risk varies regionally and depends on the natural vulnerability of a given area that results from environmental conditions and the level of socioeconomic development. Originality /value / implications / recommendations –The paper presents a comprehensive analysis, eva-luation of socioeconomic vulnerability of voivodeships in Poland to climate change. Progress in the im-plementation of sustainable development requires strengthening adaptation measures to climate change, which should be adapted to the specifics of individual regions. An important element of actions for sustainable development should be the increased importance of the economic insurance system.","PeriodicalId":373923,"journal":{"name":"Optimum. Economic Studies","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116041144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competences and Skills of SMEs for Industry 4.0 - Case Studies of Selected European Initiatives","authors":"L. Walaszczyk","doi":"10.15290/oes.2022.04.110.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2022.04.110.08","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – SMEs tend to have an intuitive approach when it comes to management, which means that, contrary to bigger companies, they frequently lack sufficient competences and expertise needed to implement the Industry 4.0 concept. The article identifies and analyses case studies of selected state-funded European initiatives (from Poland, Italy, Spain, Slovenia, the United Kingdom, and Finland), which help SMEs prepare for the implementation of Industry 4.0 through the acquisition of adequate competences and skills. Research method – With the use of the case study method, the author has performed the analysis of selected national public initiatives focused on the development of compe-tences and skills of enterprises needed to implement the Industry 4.0 concept. The initiatives were deeply analysed during the implementation of the Interreg Europe SMARTY project (Smart SMEs for Industry 4.0).Results – Based on the results of the case study analysis performed, the author identifies competences and skills SMEs need to successfully implement Industry 4.0. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The competences and skills identified as part of the case study analysis seem to be required for effective implementation of the Indus-try 4.0 concept in SMEs and they could also serve as recommendations for policy makers as regards the development and organisation of Industry 4.0-related training courses for SMEs.","PeriodicalId":373923,"journal":{"name":"Optimum. Economic Studies","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122819516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Foreign Direct Investment – The World Perspective","authors":"T. Napiórkowski","doi":"10.15290/oes.2022.04.110.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2022.04.110.05","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been considered a robust element of globalization that was chiefly immune to financial and economic threats. However, late 2019 introduced international direct investors to COVID-19, a yet unknown risk factor. The aim of this study is to take a holistic perspective and test a research hypothesis of a negative impact of COVID-19 on relative inward FDI activity on the global scale.Research method – FDI is modelled with a series of literature-based determinants including aggregate independent variables that allowed to overcome the issue of too many FDI determinants and model underspecification simultaneously. A series of tests is run on two models (n = 152 and n = 141) to assure their econometric validity.Results – Results show that number of COVID-19 related cases and number of deaths have not had an impact on relative inward FDI on the world scale. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – Unlike most studies, this one exa-mines relative FDI host attractiveness from a global/holistic perspective, which provides additional analytical context. Such determinants as market size, access to qualified labour force and quality of governance are shown to trump risks associated with COVID-19 in determining FDI activity. Policymakers should focus on economic growth, access to qualified labour force and political stability. Hence, lockdown policies were not the optimum solution.","PeriodicalId":373923,"journal":{"name":"Optimum. Economic Studies","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127767737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wpływ czwartej rewolucji przemysłowej na innowacyjność usług","authors":"Monika Wodnicka","doi":"10.15290/oes.2021.03.105.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2021.03.105.04","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The article is devoted to the Fourth Industrial Revolution and services innovation. It presents the essence of Industry 4.0, attempts to identify phenomena occurring in the area of services resulting from the spread of new technologies, as well as compares services and production with reference to innovation. Also, some practical examples of the areas of implementation of the new technologies in services are given. Research method – The research method was the analysis of literature and a case study – forms and areas of application in practice as well as author’s own observation of the changes taking place on the service market in the context of the new technologies. Results – Currently, the service sector and its innovative potential are determined by new technologies, which increasingly, directly and indirectly affect the provided services and service processes, thus implying their constant evolution. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – Assuming that the development of new 4.0 technologies will continue, there is a need to intensify the interdisciplinary research on the problem of service innovation in the light of the rapid generation of new solutions and the blurring of the boundary between the product and the service.","PeriodicalId":373923,"journal":{"name":"Optimum. Economic Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125702172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinanty konkurencyjności produkcji przemysłowej krajów Grupy Wyszehradzkiej","authors":"Marta Ulbrych, Jakub Lesiak","doi":"10.15290/oes.2022.04.110.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2022.04.110.09","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The purpose of the article is to present the results of the study on determi-nants, measurement and analysis of changes in the competitiveness of manufacturing in the Visegrad Group countries against the selected EU countries, with particular emphasis on the environmental dimension. Research method – To achieve the goal of the paper, the method of analysing the source material and the available statistical data for the selected years of the period 2004–2019 was used.Then, the formal and statistical significance of the criteria and selection of indicators was performed, and deductive inference was carried out according to the results of taxonomic analysis using the Hellwig linear ordering method. Results – On the basis of the collected material and the conducted analysis, a ranking of the manufacturing competitiveness was established based on a synthetic measure.The Czech Republic turned out to be the leader within the Visegrad Group, while Poland achieved the worst results. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The subject of the study, i.e. the factors determining the competitiveness of manufacturing in the changing macro economic environment, is important and up -to-date.The article is an attempt to organise the contemporary determinants of manufacturing competitiveness.The conducted research and formulated conclusions fill the existing gap as regards taking into account the challenges related to the climate and energy transformation, thus contributing to further considerations.","PeriodicalId":373923,"journal":{"name":"Optimum. Economic Studies","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125580438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The EU-China trade in goods in the years 2004–2020 – is the EU exploiting its comparative advantage?","authors":"Małgorzata Fronczek","doi":"10.15290/oes.2022.03.109.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2022.03.109.06","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The study aims to identify the EU’s and China’s comparative advantage in reciprocal trade and indicate the relations between the structure of this trade and such advantage. Research method – The study used Balassa’s Revealed Comparative Advantage index (RCA), which shows the competitive position in the exports of particular commodities compared to a selected partner. The calculations were based on 2004–2020 data, obtained from the UN Comtrade Database. Results – The results show that in the years under examination the EU-China bilateral trade followed a trend unfavourable for the EU (with an increasing negative balance). The most important commodities were machinery and equipment and they manifested a negative change for the EU. It meant that at the beginning of the analysed period (2004–2006) the EU had a comparative advantage in their exports, which was lost in 2007 and had not been regained by the end of the analysed years. Despite this change, machinery and equipment remained the dominant group of goods exported by the EU to China. Originality/value/implications/recommendations – The answer to the question posed in the title is that in bilateral trade China makes better use of its comparative advantage in exports, while the European Union has the imports structure that is more compatible with its comparative advantage. The EU countries shape the structure of their imports more effectively and, in the vast majority of cases, they purchase goods that they are not competitive with. On the other hand, they definitely underperform as suppliers to the Chinese market, selling goods (mainly machinery and equipment) in which they ceased to be competitive years ago.","PeriodicalId":373923,"journal":{"name":"Optimum. Economic Studies","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128114770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Polish Deal” and financial autonomy of communes in Poland","authors":"Dorota Wyszkowska, Adam Wyszkowski, P. Dziekański","doi":"10.15290/oes.2022.03.109.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2022.03.109.09","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The article aims to present the main changes in the financing of municipalities in Poland resulting from the implemented “Polish Deal” and “Polish Deal 2.0” programs and to assess the consequences of their introduction for the financial autonomy of municipalities. Research method – The article will use methods typical of social sciences, i.e. the method of empirical cognition, in particular observation, comparison, and measurement. The authors will compare the amount of loss of revenue of municipalities resulting from the reduction of their revenue from share in PIT with the amount of “compensation” in the form of a development part of the general subsidy and will assess their impact on the financial autonomy of municipalities. Results – A significant loss of own revenue from the share of municipalities in PIT is to be compensated by revenue under the development part of the general subsidy. However, even the cumulative equalised compensation, which is unlikely to occur, will lead to a reduction in the financial autonomy of municipalities. The proposed construction of the development part of the subsidy will favour units with funds for the implementation of property expenditures, and at the same time, the upper limits of its allocation will restrict the acquisition of funds by the largest units in terms of investment potential. Although shares in taxes constituting central budget revenue are not a source of revenue that clearly has a positive impact on the financial autonomy of municipalities, their replacement with an additional part of the general subsidy will contribute to further limitiations of this autonomy, which should be the foundation of the local government. Originality/value/implications/recommendations – It seems necessary to undertake a broad discussion on the reconstruction of the system of financing municipalities and other local government units in Poland. The system does not currently provide an appropriate revenue structure for the entities and does not favour the sustentation of one of the basic principles of operation – financial autonomy.","PeriodicalId":373923,"journal":{"name":"Optimum. Economic Studies","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132652855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zaufanie – istotny czynnik w human–robot collaboration","authors":"M. Morze","doi":"10.15290/oes.2023.01.111.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2023.01.111.09","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The purpose of this article is to present factors affecting the quality of human–robot collaboration (HRI) in the workplace. The impact of trust is described in detail. According to the Polish Economic Institute, between 1993 and 2018, the number of industrial robots in the world increased from 557,000 to 2.4 million. Implemented robots, cease to be just tools in human hands. Thanks to their autonomy, they are becoming known as teammates. Research method – The article is based on a literature review conducted to identify factors, particularly trust, that affect human–robot collaboration. Results – It has been revealed that research conducted in the HRI area proves that human trust in robots, is one of the most important determinants of proper cooperation. Above that, the relevance of areas such as reliability, predictability of robots, the personality of people, or appearance of robots was pointed out. The mentioned areas have a direct impact on the formation and level of trust in human–robot teams. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The publication highlights the relevance of the area of human–robot collaboration (HRC), as part of the implementation of robots in modern enterprises. The article details which elements in the formation of HRC play the most important role. The topic of HRC is vaguely known in Poland, and as the referenced literature indicates, the correct cooperation of humans and robots is an important element affecting the success of robotization. Learning how HRC works is one of the challenges facing today’s organizations.","PeriodicalId":373923,"journal":{"name":"Optimum. Economic Studies","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129545549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Problem agencji z perspektywy menedżera spoza rodziny na przykładzie wybranej firmy rodzinnej","authors":"Łukasz Kielan, Maciej Władysław Pełczewski","doi":"10.15290/oes.2021.04.106.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2021.04.106.09","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The purpose of the article is to present the problem of an agency from the perspective of a manager managing a family business. The authors will present a theoretical outline, then analyse the results of research carried out on a selected family enterprise and present a problem management model. Research method – The study uses classical research methods, such as the analysis of the literature on the subject, as well as a single-case study. Result – Presenting the perspective of a manager, from outside the family, managing a family business, as well as solutions minimizing the conflict between agent and principal. Conclusions – In this case, the authors presented the results of research in a company in which part of the management is assigned to the manager. In the light of the already knownresearch of companies in Poland, there are very few such examples, which was a research gap that the authors wanted to fill.","PeriodicalId":373923,"journal":{"name":"Optimum. Economic Studies","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124850458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modele gospodarki rynkowej a wzrost gospodarczy i jego wahania","authors":"S. Swadźba","doi":"10.15290/OES.2021.01.103.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/OES.2021.01.103.05","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The purpose of this article is to show the impact of the economic system (economic model) on the rate of economic growth and its fluctuations. Research method – Various research methods were used, including: descriptive analysis, comparative analysis of the economic systems and the analysis of statistical data on economic growth in 12 countries. The quantitative analysis was based on the latest available statistical data from the Eurostat and the World Bank database. Results – The economic growth rate and its fluctuations vary across countries. However, some of them are very similar. Most often these are the countries with a similar economic system. The countries that represent the Mediterranean model and the social market economy model are the most similar. We can also speak of a certain similarity in the case of countries belonging to the neoliberal model, and its lack in the welfare state model. Countries representing the Mediterranean model cope with economic growth and its stability in the worst way. On the other hand, the stability of economic growth and good coping with cyclicality are characteristic of the countries implementing the social market economy model. Originality /value – This article deals with issues that are rarely discussed in the literature. So, to some extent, it completes the existing research gap.","PeriodicalId":373923,"journal":{"name":"Optimum. Economic Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134495148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}