Arheologia Moldovei最新文献

{"title":"Scales of Analysis: the Usage of Appropriate Magnification in Use-Wear Studies","authors":"J. Bradfield","doi":"10.15407/arheologia2022.03.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2022.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"The interpretative potential of microscopic use-wear polishes is a factor of the scale of analysis. Observational surface area decreases in inverse proportion to magnification. In this paper I present the results of polishes on bone tools that have developed from fricative contact with nine different materials. Microwear polish is viewed at five different magnifications. I show that 50x―200x magnification, or observational areas of 0.4―2.0 mm2, is the most appropriate scale of analysis of use-wear polishes regardless of whether one is conducting morphological identifications or relying on surface texture analysis software. The images presented here are meant to serve as an online reference collection to allow use-wear analysts to visualise how polish appearances change at different levels of magnification.","PeriodicalId":37391,"journal":{"name":"Arheologia Moldovei","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78195254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ukrainian Archaeologists-Nonconformists of the Totalitarian Era","authors":"Vitaliy Otroshchenko","doi":"10.15407/arheologia2022.03.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2022.03.131","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the study of manifestations of intellectual resistance of scientists to the ruling regime during 1920—80s, which has signs of non-conformism. The author considers the concept of “non-conformism”, based on the definition of the Russian human rights activist Yu. F. Lukin: in every society there are not only those who support the official policy, indifferent conformists, but also those who disagree, dissidents who oppose the dominant religion, ideology, the existing political system, a way of life. The topic of non-conformism in archaeology was substantiated by Russian thinker L. S. Klein, who included G. A. Bonch-Osmolovskyi, S. M. Zamyatnin, O. M. Rogachev, O. L. Mongait, G. B. Fedorov and A. S. Formozov among them. L. S. Klein should be added to them. Among the Ukrainian archaeologists of the totalitarian era, the personalities of M. O. Makarenko, V. P. Petrov (Domontovych), M. Yu. Braichevskyi, B. M. Mozolevskyi, S. N. Bratchenko attract attention. They represent four generations of native scholars who consistently carried the baton of resistance to the ruling regime until its logical collapse in 1991, which they had foreseen. They deliberately chose public forms of protest through speeches, statements, lectures, creation and distribution of resonant scientific texts in the country and abroad. An important role was played by communication with colleagues and students in the archaeological expeditions they led. In the system of total control created by the authorities, non-conformists quickly became the objects of close attention from the State Security Committee. The declassified archives of the special services shed light on the methods of their work with a contingent of people dangerous to the regime, including: study, recruitment attempts, prevention and repressive forms of influence, up to execution (the fate of M. O. Makarenko). All mentioned researchers had gone through the control system. B. M. Mozolevskyi was saved from arrest thanks to the Pectoral he found. The system did not allow revealing and realizing the powerful creative potential of deviant creators. This did not save it, and irreparable damage was done to science.","PeriodicalId":37391,"journal":{"name":"Arheologia Moldovei","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87235454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Iskorost Site and its Place in the Stine Age of Ukraine: Historiographical, Typological and Technological Aspects","authors":"O. Naumenko, Tetiana Radiievska","doi":"10.15407/arheologia2022.03.088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2022.03.088","url":null,"abstract":"The Palaeolithic legacy of V. Khvoika consists of three discovered and researched sites: Kyiv-Kyrylivska, Protasiv Yar (Kyiv), and Iskorost (Korosten, Zhytomyr Oblast). The Kyiv-Kyrylivska site gained the most publicity due to the large excavation area, clear and more understandable stratigraphy, and the representativeness of the collection of stone and bone inventory. The site of Iskorost was discovered in 1911 during the excavations of medieval barrows. The site has not been considered comprehensively, despite numerous attempts to clarify the cultural and chronological context through the study of stratigraphy. In this paper, the authors try to fill the gap by considering a range of issues related to the history of the research of the site and its general context, the study of the typological, technical, and technological parameters of the stone inventory, as well as determining the place of Iskorost in the Stone Age of Ukrainian Polissia. All artefacts of the site are made of local flint. There are 265 items in the collection. Blades and flakes constitute 95% (252 pieces) of the inventory. There is no doubt that all flaked and detached products are associated with one technology aimed at knapping blades. V. Khvoika purposefully selected artefacts from the cultural layer. Despite this, the inventory contains products of all main stages of the technological process: from the selection of raw materials and the preparation of precores to the formation and correction of prismatic relief, as well as the knapping of blades from the flaking surfaces of the cores. The use of soft active elements prevails at all stages of the reduction sequence. However, traces of the use of hard hammerstones are recorded on flaked and detached products as well (especially in the first phases of precores formation). In conformity with the available data, Iskorost could be a workshop site with a small content of retouched tools. At the same time, V. Khvoika excavated only an insignificant area, which could only be the place of primary processing of flint at the site. According to the geomorphological position of the site, the type of used raw materials, and the features of the technology, it can be assumed that Iskorost belongs to the Final Palaeolithic sites of Ukrainian Polissia. The high blade index and intensity of utilization of the working surfaces of the cores, which mainly have two beveled opposed platforms and a bidirectional type of knapping, the technical, morphological, and metric parameters of the flaked and detached products (including a high percentage of willow-leaf blades among the blades from the working surfaces of the cores), the features of the preparation of the fracture zone make it possible to refer Iskorost to the Swiderian industries.","PeriodicalId":37391,"journal":{"name":"Arheologia Moldovei","volume":"136 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80484479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amber Beads from Slavic Early Medieval Sites: Analysis of the Source Base","authors":"Yaroslav Volodarets-Urbanovych, V. Nesterovskyi","doi":"10.15407/arheologia2022.03.032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2022.03.032","url":null,"abstract":"In the article amber beads from Slavic sites of the early Middle Ages are presented. A catalogue was compiled, which included information on 21 archaeological monuments and complexes. These locations are divided into three regions of concentration. Such finds come from the hoards of Martynivka and Pastyrske circles and the Pastyrske hill-fort, inhumated burials (Mokhnach, Balaklia) and the hill-forts of the Kolochyn culture. According to the number of finds, the monuments and complexes can be divided into six groups (fig. 2): 1 — the number of finds is unknown; 2 — with the number of finds from one to eight beads; 3 — complexes with the number of finds of about one and a half dozen copies of amber beads; 4 — with about 20 beads; 5 — a burial from Balaklia, where 30 beads were found; 6 — a burial from Mokhnach with 117 items. At least 285 amber beads come from Slavic monuments. However, the number of finds in some of the complexes is unknown. Only 132 items are defined typologically. As a result of morphological analysis, seven types were identified based on general outlines, which were divided into variants based on the section (fig. 3; Table 2). All of these types were found in the hoards of Martynivka and Pastyrske circles, on the sites and in complexes associated with these two chronological groups. Only the materials of Demydivka settlement indicate the beginning of the existence of type 1 within the second half of the 5th — beginning / first half of the 6th centuries. Amber beads are not typical for the materials of previous Proto-Slavic archaeological cultures. They are known only on a few monuments of the Kyiv culture (Table. 3; fig. 11). Finds of amber beads are unknown for the materials of the Volyntseve, Romny and Raiky cultures. Amber beads appear only in Kyivan Rus period. The analysis and comparison of beads from two complexes — Khyttsi hoard and the collection of Kolomak region were carried out. An analysis of scientific publications, the geological situation of the region and direct research of artefacts by laboratory methods allows us to draw the following conclusions: - amber from all the monuments may be of local origin or imported from the deposits of the Right-Bank of the Dnipro River; - processing of amber was carried out by local craftsmen. To do so, they used a grinding stone (sandstone) and a polishing material (clay), which was applied to a cloth or felt. Holes were drilled mechanically using a metal flattened at the end of the needle. The shape of the beads generally depended on the primary morphology of the found amber fragments and did not differ in complexity. The most time-consuming, in our opinion, is a round disk-shaped one, since for its manufacture it was necessary to obtain a flat, even surface on both sides.","PeriodicalId":37391,"journal":{"name":"Arheologia Moldovei","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87332794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithic Assemblages of the Linear Pottery Culture Settlement Modrychi-I","authors":"Serhii Telizhenko, Oleksandr Silaiev","doi":"10.15407/arheologia2022.03.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2022.03.017","url":null,"abstract":"A total of 145 flint items, as well as four obsidians and seven stone-made artefacts, were collected during the excavations on the Linear Pottery culture settlement Modrychi-1 in Lviv Oblast, which is located within Ukrainian Outer Subcarpathia. The assemblage of flint and obsidian items has been analyzed as an integral complex that characterizes the material culture of the Neolithic settlement. The prevailing number of flint items such as cores, flakes and blades reflect on-site production. As for the obsidian artefacts, an attempt was made to establish the origin of raw materials.","PeriodicalId":37391,"journal":{"name":"Arheologia Moldovei","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77165731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cocklebur in the Archaeological Chronicle of Ukraine","authors":"Serhii Horbanenko","doi":"10.15407/arheologia2022.03.058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2022.03.058","url":null,"abstract":"In the article, data on common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) finds from the archaeological sites of modern Ukraine is collected and organized. Three of them come from the Scythian period sites. The first find (Bilsk, Poltava Oblast) comes from random sample. Two more finds (Tsyrkuny and Novoselivka, Kharkiv Oblast) are represented by prints on clay objects. They were discovered as a result of a purposeful inspection of ceramics in order to search for palaeoethnobotanical materials. Two other items were found on ancient Rus sites, where burnt material was collected. In the first case (Manzheliia, Poltava Oblast) the material was examined during the classical excavations. Palaeoethnobotanical remains were in clearly visible accumulations. In the second case (Peresopnytsia, Rivne Oblast) the material was obtained by soil flotation. The territory of modern Ukraine is located at the crossroads of land routes and waterways of Eurasia. It is a part of the path of constant migration from Asia to Europe. We can assume that at least in the early Iron Age, due to the nomads, the common cocklebur had already reached the territory of modern Ukraine. The earlier appearance of this plant in the area can be considered purely hypothetically, only on the grounds that in the western territories it was discovered at the sites of the end of the Bronze Age / beginning of the Early Iron Age. According to isolated materials from the Scythian period sites and from ancient Rus dwellings in Peresopnytsia, it is difficult to assume something about the use of common cocklebur. According to the materials from Manzhelia (several dozens of fruits), it is possible to presume purposeful collecting of cocklebur, probably as a medicinal plant. The presented findings are important for the restoration of the penetration history of common cocklebur into Europe.","PeriodicalId":37391,"journal":{"name":"Arheologia Moldovei","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77394774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clay Miniature Altars from Olbia","authors":"T. Shevchenko","doi":"10.15407/arheologia2022.02.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2022.02.105","url":null,"abstract":"Аrulae bearing four standard relief scenes on their sides are discussed in the paper and mapped on the area of their spread in Pontic region. Their origin is being discussed for almost a century. According to number of finds, Southern Italy was believed to be the place of their production, while according to the analogies on mouldmade pottery it was Athens. However, a find of such item made of imported clay in Athens, as well as quantitative prevailing of them in the Black Sea region allow presuming the additional centres of their production. Most of published here terracottas from Olbia were found in a botros at the Central temenos where a coroplast’s workshop had functioned. No mould for arulae production was discovered there, but their significant number, the variations in décor and size of the upper part, finds of smaller size arulae of the next generation of mould, as well as manufactural techniques peculiar for Olbian coroplastics of the 2nd century BC allow presuming the local production of these items. It is revealed that the height of the area above the denticule between the palmettes depended on processing by hand and varied significantly. It means that such an indicator as size of the altars should not be considered as decisive in determining of their origin. The publication of Olbian finds brings corrections also into the discussion on the interpretation of relief scenes on the altars. There are various versions of attributing the kitharode and a god with a trident, as well as their companions. Temples of Zeus an Apollo functioned at the temenos where the published items were found. Relief scenes on analyzed arulae at least for habitants of Olbia depicted the gods worshipped here. The god with a trident was Zeus for them, not Poseidon, while the god with a kithara was Apollo, not Orpheus. Accordingly, the order of personages on such thymiateria for Olbian worshippers was as following: Zeus, Nike, Dionysus and Apollo. Images of various gods on a single item could reflect the need to worship many gods at once during the cultic practices at home. The arulae could be produced within the sacral precinct for the needs of family cults, as they are often found in houses. Probably the very scenes as a set of main cults were the reason of rapid spread of such arulae in the Greek world.","PeriodicalId":37391,"journal":{"name":"Arheologia Moldovei","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86373078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Evidence of Spear-thrower Usage in the Late Upper Palaeolithic (Upper Magdalenian) from the Isturitz Cave Site, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France","authors":"Jean-Marc Pétillon, P. Cattelain","doi":"10.15407/arheologia2022.02.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2022.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"Dating the appearance of the spear-thrower and the bow among Paleolithic hunter-gatherers has long been an important concern for prehistoric research. In Western Europe, the direct evidence (antler spear-thrower “hooks” from the Middle Magdalenian ca. 19-16 cal ka BP, and pine arrows from the Ahrensburgian ca. 12-11.5 cal ka BP) suggests that the spear-thrower was replaced, or at least largely superseded, by the bow around the end of the Magdalenian period, but the nature and evolution of the weapons used at the transitional period remains unclear. Unlike point morphometry, the comparative study of the points’ fracture patterns offers interesting perspectives for the identification of the projectile delivery mode; but it was rarely applied, especially to points from that period. Projectile experiments carried out in the Cedarc / Musée du Malgré-Tout in the early 2000s bring new data into this debate. Both spear-thrower and bow were used in conditions replicating Palaeolithic hunting, and the projectiles were equipped with experimental copies of antler fork-based points from the Upper Magdalenian (ca. 16-14 cal ka BP) of the Isturitz cave site. After impact, several experimental specimens show proximal fractures characteristic of spear-thrower use, likely due to the much greater size and mass of the spears compared to the arrows, as well as their more irregular trajectory. Similar fractures are found on many of the archaeological specimens: these points were thus used as spearheads rather than arrowheads. The radiocarbon dating of one antler spear-thrower from Isturitz confirms this association. However, the complementary usage of spear-throwers made of perishable materials is plausible, and the concomitant existence of the bow cannot be ruled out.","PeriodicalId":37391,"journal":{"name":"Arheologia Moldovei","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80618489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Authentic and Therapeutic Engagement with the Past for Veterans at Nokalakevi, Georgia, and on Breaking Ground Heritage Projects in the UK","authors":"P. Everill, Nikoloz Murgulia, R. Bennett, Davit Lomitashvili, K. Burnell","doi":"10.15407/arheologia2022.02.053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2022.02.053","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a study of the value of archaeological excavation as a non-medical intervention to support mental health and wellbeing among military veterans. Beginning by discussing quantitative psychological data that shows that it is effective, the article considers qualitative data from UK, Georgian, and Ukrainian veterans to begin establishing “how” archaeology is effective.","PeriodicalId":37391,"journal":{"name":"Arheologia Moldovei","volume":"155 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86313315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ceram­ics of the Medieval Bilhorod: Excavation Materials of 1969, 1971","authors":"I. Teslenko, L. Myronenko","doi":"10.15407/arheologia2022.02.128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2022.02.128","url":null,"abstract":"In the focus of the study is pottery together with its archaeological context from the excavations of Bilhorod (Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, Odesa Oblast, Ukraine), led by S. D. Kryzhytskyi in 1969 and 1971. These are 17 items, 15 of which are stored in the Scientific Repository of the Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine. They were found in a section of the medieval site north-east of the fortress walls in the area of one of the pottery workshops, set up on the ruins of a round antique tower. The previous researchers of medieval Bilhorod (S. Kryzhytskyi, A. Kravchenko, H. Bohuslavskyi and others) associated a thick medieval horizon outside the fortress, as well as on the area investigated in 1969 and 1971, with the “Golden Horde” stage in the history of the city, dating back to the turn of the 13th-14th – the 1370s. They identified three construction periods in its structure, correlated the earliest one with the functioning of the pottery kilns, and dated back not later than the beginning of the 14th century. However, a careful study of the excavated material allowed us determining stove tiles of Central European morphological types by the second half of the 15th century, among the main products of this pottery workshop. Therefore, firstly, the activities of the workshop cannot be dated earlier than the middle or second half of the 15th century. Secondly, this type of pottery was not inherent in the “Golden Horde” cultural tradition at all, and therefore cannot be associated with it. The dwellings and other objects on the ruins of the kilns were built even later. Thus, the remains of ceramic production, as well as subsequent construction, can be correlated only with the late stages of the “Moldavian” period of Bilhorod’s history, which lasted in general from the end of the 1370s to 1485, but not with the Golden Horde. Related ceramic finds, studied in the Scientific Funds of the Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine, also refer mainly to the 15th century or to the last quarter of the 15th-16th centuries. The latter most likely marks the time of the destruction of buildings. At the same time, several finds from excavations in 1969 and 1971 (Dzhuchid coins, fragments of amphorae, and glazed pottery) indicate some anthropogenic activity at the site in the 14th century as well. However, they mostly do not have a clear context. Therefore, it is quite difficult to localize the stratified archaeological objects of this time through the data from the reports.","PeriodicalId":37391,"journal":{"name":"Arheologia Moldovei","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87571611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}