Amber Beads from Slavic Early Medieval Sites: Analysis of the Source Base

Q4 Arts and Humanities
Yaroslav Volodarets-Urbanovych, V. Nesterovskyi
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

In the article amber beads from Slavic sites of the early Middle Ages are presented. A catalogue was compiled, which included information on 21 archaeological monuments and complexes. These locations are divided into three regions of concentration. Such finds come from the hoards of Martynivka and Pastyrske circles and the Pastyrske hill-fort, inhumated burials (Mokhnach, Balaklia) and the hill-forts of the Kolochyn culture. According to the number of finds, the monuments and complexes can be divided into six groups (fig. 2): 1 — the number of finds is unknown; 2 — with the number of finds from one to eight beads; 3 — complexes with the number of finds of about one and a half dozen copies of amber beads; 4 — with about 20 beads; 5 — a burial from Balaklia, where 30 beads were found; 6 — a burial from Mokhnach with 117 items. At least 285 amber beads come from Slavic monuments. However, the number of finds in some of the complexes is unknown. Only 132 items are defined typologically. As a result of morphological analysis, seven types were identified based on general outlines, which were divided into variants based on the section (fig. 3; Table 2). All of these types were found in the hoards of Martynivka and Pastyrske circles, on the sites and in complexes associated with these two chronological groups. Only the materials of Demydivka settlement indicate the beginning of the existence of type 1 within the second half of the 5th — beginning / first half of the 6th centuries. Amber beads are not typical for the materials of previous Proto-Slavic archaeological cultures. They are known only on a few monuments of the Kyiv culture (Table. 3; fig. 11). Finds of amber beads are unknown for the materials of the Volyntseve, Romny and Raiky cultures. Amber beads appear only in Kyivan Rus period. The analysis and comparison of beads from two complexes — Khyttsi hoard and the collection of Kolomak region were carried out. An analysis of scientific publications, the geological situation of the region and direct research of artefacts by laboratory methods allows us to draw the following conclusions: - amber from all the monuments may be of local origin or imported from the deposits of the Right-Bank of the Dnipro River; - processing of amber was carried out by local craftsmen. To do so, they used a grinding stone (sandstone) and a polishing material (clay), which was applied to a cloth or felt. Holes were drilled mechanically using a metal flattened at the end of the needle. The shape of the beads generally depended on the primary morphology of the found amber fragments and did not differ in complexity. The most time-consuming, in our opinion, is a round disk-shaped one, since for its manufacture it was necessary to obtain a flat, even surface on both sides.
来自斯拉夫中世纪早期遗址的琥珀珠:来源基础分析
文章介绍了中世纪早期斯拉夫遗址的琥珀珠。编制了一个目录,其中包括21个考古古迹和建筑群的信息。这些地点被分为三个集中区域。这些发现来自于Martynivka和Pastyrske圈子和Pastyrske山堡,非人葬(Mokhnach, Balaklia)和Kolochyn文化的山堡。根据发现的数量,古迹和建筑群可分为六组(图2):1 -发现的数量未知;二——所发现的珠数,从一颗到八颗;3 -发现了大约一个半打琥珀珠副本的复合物;4 -约20粒;5 - Balaklia的一场葬礼,在那里发现了30颗珠子;6 - Mokhnach墓葬,有117件物品。至少有285颗琥珀珠来自斯拉夫纪念碑。然而,在一些复合物中发现的数量是未知的。只有132个项目是按类型定义的。形态学分析的结果是,根据总体轮廓识别出7种类型,并根据截面划分为变体(图3;表2)所有这些类型都在Martynivka和Pastyrske圈子的储藏中,在与这两个年代组相关的遗址和建筑群中被发现。只有Demydivka定居点的材料表明,第一类人的存在始于5世纪下半叶- 6世纪上半叶。琥珀珠在以前的原始斯拉夫考古文化中并不典型。它们只在基辅文化的几个纪念碑上为人所知(表3;图11)。琥珀珠的发现对于Volyntseve, Romny和Raiky文化的材料来说是未知的。琥珀珠只出现在基辅罗斯时期。对Khyttsi窖藏和Kolomak地区收集的两个复合体进行了分析和比较。对科学出版物、该地区的地质情况和通过实验室方法对人工制品的直接研究进行了分析,使我们能够得出以下结论:-所有纪念碑上的琥珀可能是当地产的,也可能是从第聂伯罗河右岸的沉积物进口的;-琥珀的加工是由当地的工匠进行的。为了做到这一点,他们使用了一种研磨石(砂岩)和一种抛光材料(粘土),这种材料被涂在布料或毛毡上。钻孔是用在针的末端压平的金属机械钻出来的。珠子的形状通常取决于发现的琥珀碎片的原始形态,在复杂性上没有差异。在我们看来,最耗时的是一个圆盘形的,因为它的制造必须得到一个平坦的,均匀的表面在两边。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Arheologia Moldovei
Arheologia Moldovei Arts and Humanities-Archeology (arts and humanities)
CiteScore
0.30
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
期刊介绍: Arheologia Moldovei is one of the most prestigious Romanian scientific journals in the field of Archaeology, issued since 1961 by the Institute of Archaeology in Iasi, under the aegis of the Romanian Academy. Since 1990 the issues of the journal are published yearly. The journal publishes larger studies, papers, as well as notes and reviews pertaining to all fields of Archaeology, in terms of both chronology (from prehistory to the Middle Ages) and thematic (from theoretical essays to excavation reports and archaeometry). The languages of publication are English, German, French and Romanian (the latter with with larger English abstracts).
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