{"title":"中世纪比荷罗德的陶器:1969年、1971年的发掘材料","authors":"I. Teslenko, L. Myronenko","doi":"10.15407/arheologia2022.02.128","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"In the focus of the study is pottery together with its archaeological context from the excavations of Bilhorod (Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, Odesa Oblast, Ukraine), led by S. D. Kryzhytskyi in 1969 and 1971. These are 17 items, 15 of which are stored in the Scientific Repository of the Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine. They were found in a section of the medieval site north-east of the fortress walls in the area of one of the pottery workshops, set up on the ruins of a round antique tower. The previous researchers of medieval Bilhorod (S. Kryzhytskyi, A. Kravchenko, H. Bohuslavskyi and others) associated a thick medieval horizon outside the fortress, as well as on the area investigated in 1969 and 1971, with the “Golden Horde” stage in the history of the city, dating back to the turn of the 13th-14th – the 1370s. They identified three construction periods in its structure, correlated the earliest one with the functioning of the pottery kilns, and dated back not later than the beginning of the 14th century. However, a careful study of the excavated material allowed us determining stove tiles of Central European morphological types by the second half of the 15th century, among the main products of this pottery workshop. Therefore, firstly, the activities of the workshop cannot be dated earlier than the middle or second half of the 15th century. Secondly, this type of pottery was not inherent in the “Golden Horde” cultural tradition at all, and therefore cannot be associated with it. The dwellings and other objects on the ruins of the kilns were built even later. Thus, the remains of ceramic production, as well as subsequent construction, can be correlated only with the late stages of the “Moldavian” period of Bilhorod’s history, which lasted in general from the end of the 1370s to 1485, but not with the Golden Horde. Related ceramic finds, studied in the Scientific Funds of the Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine, also refer mainly to the 15th century or to the last quarter of the 15th-16th centuries. The latter most likely marks the time of the destruction of buildings. At the same time, several finds from excavations in 1969 and 1971 (Dzhuchid coins, fragments of amphorae, and glazed pottery) indicate some anthropogenic activity at the site in the 14th century as well. However, they mostly do not have a clear context. Therefore, it is quite difficult to localize the stratified archaeological objects of this time through the data from the reports.","PeriodicalId":37391,"journal":{"name":"Arheologia Moldovei","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Ceramics of the Medieval Bilhorod: Excavation Materials of 1969, 1971\",\"authors\":\"I. Teslenko, L. Myronenko\",\"doi\":\"10.15407/arheologia2022.02.128\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"In the focus of the study is pottery together with its archaeological context from the excavations of Bilhorod (Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, Odesa Oblast, Ukraine), led by S. D. Kryzhytskyi in 1969 and 1971. These are 17 items, 15 of which are stored in the Scientific Repository of the Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine. They were found in a section of the medieval site north-east of the fortress walls in the area of one of the pottery workshops, set up on the ruins of a round antique tower. The previous researchers of medieval Bilhorod (S. Kryzhytskyi, A. Kravchenko, H. Bohuslavskyi and others) associated a thick medieval horizon outside the fortress, as well as on the area investigated in 1969 and 1971, with the “Golden Horde” stage in the history of the city, dating back to the turn of the 13th-14th – the 1370s. They identified three construction periods in its structure, correlated the earliest one with the functioning of the pottery kilns, and dated back not later than the beginning of the 14th century. However, a careful study of the excavated material allowed us determining stove tiles of Central European morphological types by the second half of the 15th century, among the main products of this pottery workshop. Therefore, firstly, the activities of the workshop cannot be dated earlier than the middle or second half of the 15th century. Secondly, this type of pottery was not inherent in the “Golden Horde” cultural tradition at all, and therefore cannot be associated with it. The dwellings and other objects on the ruins of the kilns were built even later. Thus, the remains of ceramic production, as well as subsequent construction, can be correlated only with the late stages of the “Moldavian” period of Bilhorod’s history, which lasted in general from the end of the 1370s to 1485, but not with the Golden Horde. Related ceramic finds, studied in the Scientific Funds of the Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine, also refer mainly to the 15th century or to the last quarter of the 15th-16th centuries. The latter most likely marks the time of the destruction of buildings. At the same time, several finds from excavations in 1969 and 1971 (Dzhuchid coins, fragments of amphorae, and glazed pottery) indicate some anthropogenic activity at the site in the 14th century as well. However, they mostly do not have a clear context. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
研究的重点是陶器及其考古背景,这些陶器是由S. D. Kryzhytskyi在1969年和1971年领导的Bilhorod (Bilhorod- dnistrovskyi,敖德萨州,乌克兰)发掘的。这是17件物品,其中15件保存在乌克兰国家科学院考古研究所的科学库中。它们是在堡垒东北的中世纪遗址中发现的,在一个陶器作坊的区域,建立在一个圆形的古塔的废墟上。先前的中世纪Bilhorod研究人员(S. Kryzhytskyi, a . Kravchenko, H. Bohuslavskyi等人)将堡垒外的一片广阔的中世纪地平线,以及1969年和1971年调查的地区,与城市历史上的“金帐汗国”阶段联系在一起,可以追溯到13 -14世纪之交——1370年代。他们在其结构中确定了三个建筑时期,并将最早的一个时期与陶器窑的功能联系起来,并将其追溯到不迟于14世纪初。然而,通过对挖掘材料的仔细研究,我们确定了15世纪下半叶中欧形态类型的炉砖,这是这个陶器作坊的主要产品之一。因此,首先,车间的活动不能早于15世纪中期或下半叶。其次,这种类型的陶器根本不是“金帐汗国”文化传统所固有的,因此不能与之联系在一起。窑炉废墟上的房屋和其他物品是在更晚的时候建造的。因此,陶瓷生产的遗迹,以及随后的建筑,只能与比尔霍罗德历史上的“摩尔达维亚”时期的后期相关联,这一时期一般从1370年代末持续到1485年,但与金帐汗国无关。乌克兰国家科学院考古研究所的科学基金研究了相关的陶瓷发现,也主要是指15世纪或15 -16世纪的最后25年。后者很可能标志着建筑物被摧毁的时间。与此同时,1969年和1971年发掘的一些发现(朱赤硬币、双耳陶罐碎片和釉面陶器)也表明,在14世纪,该遗址也有一些人类活动。然而,它们大多没有明确的背景。因此,通过报告的数据来定位这一时期的分层考古对象是相当困难的。
Ceramics of the Medieval Bilhorod: Excavation Materials of 1969, 1971
In the focus of the study is pottery together with its archaeological context from the excavations of Bilhorod (Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, Odesa Oblast, Ukraine), led by S. D. Kryzhytskyi in 1969 and 1971. These are 17 items, 15 of which are stored in the Scientific Repository of the Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine. They were found in a section of the medieval site north-east of the fortress walls in the area of one of the pottery workshops, set up on the ruins of a round antique tower. The previous researchers of medieval Bilhorod (S. Kryzhytskyi, A. Kravchenko, H. Bohuslavskyi and others) associated a thick medieval horizon outside the fortress, as well as on the area investigated in 1969 and 1971, with the “Golden Horde” stage in the history of the city, dating back to the turn of the 13th-14th – the 1370s. They identified three construction periods in its structure, correlated the earliest one with the functioning of the pottery kilns, and dated back not later than the beginning of the 14th century. However, a careful study of the excavated material allowed us determining stove tiles of Central European morphological types by the second half of the 15th century, among the main products of this pottery workshop. Therefore, firstly, the activities of the workshop cannot be dated earlier than the middle or second half of the 15th century. Secondly, this type of pottery was not inherent in the “Golden Horde” cultural tradition at all, and therefore cannot be associated with it. The dwellings and other objects on the ruins of the kilns were built even later. Thus, the remains of ceramic production, as well as subsequent construction, can be correlated only with the late stages of the “Moldavian” period of Bilhorod’s history, which lasted in general from the end of the 1370s to 1485, but not with the Golden Horde. Related ceramic finds, studied in the Scientific Funds of the Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine, also refer mainly to the 15th century or to the last quarter of the 15th-16th centuries. The latter most likely marks the time of the destruction of buildings. At the same time, several finds from excavations in 1969 and 1971 (Dzhuchid coins, fragments of amphorae, and glazed pottery) indicate some anthropogenic activity at the site in the 14th century as well. However, they mostly do not have a clear context. Therefore, it is quite difficult to localize the stratified archaeological objects of this time through the data from the reports.
期刊介绍:
Arheologia Moldovei is one of the most prestigious Romanian scientific journals in the field of Archaeology, issued since 1961 by the Institute of Archaeology in Iasi, under the aegis of the Romanian Academy. Since 1990 the issues of the journal are published yearly. The journal publishes larger studies, papers, as well as notes and reviews pertaining to all fields of Archaeology, in terms of both chronology (from prehistory to the Middle Ages) and thematic (from theoretical essays to excavation reports and archaeometry). The languages of publication are English, German, French and Romanian (the latter with with larger English abstracts).