Injury Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Alcohol and violent deaths in the United States, 2015-2022.","authors":"Jack Kappelman, Diana Silver, James Macinko","doi":"10.1186/s40621-026-00675-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40621-026-00675-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study describes alcohol involvement in violent deaths using the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) from 2015 to 2022 in 24 states where at least 90% of decedent records had available alcohol assessment data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using a repeated cross-sectional design, we construct a composite alcohol-involvement measure from toxicology results and NVDRS coder assessments and estimate negative binomial regression models with state-year demographic population counts as offsets to evaluate the roles of alcohol, firearms, and their intersection in violent deaths. The analytic sample included 204,739 decedents.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Alcohol was present in roughly 27% of all violent deaths (27% in suicide and 25% in homicide deaths), with age- and sex-adjusted alcohol-involved mortality rates ranging from 1.6 per 100,000 in Virginia to 7.8 per 100,000 in North Dakota. Firearms and alcohol co-occurred in 19% of homicide and 14% of suicide deaths. Alcohol involvement was most common among men and younger adults (aged 20-39) with the highest rates observed for men aged 30-39 who died from suicide. There was a slight (6%) decrease in mean alcohol-involved violent death rates within a subsample of 18 states observed from 2016 to 2022, although Alaska saw a larger decrease (39%) and Oregon and Connecticut saw a near doubling of their alcohol-involved violent death rates over this period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings indicate that alcohol plays a substantial and complex role in violent deaths. This role differs between homicides and suicides, and varies by sex, age, state, year, and firearm involvement. Violence reduction efforts may benefit from interrupting the links between alcohol consumption and violent behaviors. Improved data collection and toxicology standardization across states would greatly enhance efforts to monitor and evaluate ongoing and future interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":37379,"journal":{"name":"Injury Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13141262/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147521963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The need for protection: a cross-sectional analysis of direct exposure to firearm violence, attitudes towards firearms for protection, and firearm acquisition in California and Louisiana.","authors":"Julia M Fleckman, Lexie Contreras, Andrea DaViera, Priyanka Patel, Yingwei Yang, Jakana Thomas, Jennifer Wagman, Anita Raj","doi":"10.1186/s40621-026-00670-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40621-026-00670-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Firearm violence is a leading cause of injury and death in the United States. Understanding how exposure to firearm violence shapes attitudes and behaviors related to firearms is critical for informing prevention and intervention strategies. This study examined associations between recent and lifetime firearm violence exposure and attitudes toward firearms for safety, as well as recent firearm acquisition. We hypothesized that recent and direct firearm violence exposure would be associated with increased firearm acquisition, whereas direct exposure recently and across the lifetime would be associated with more positive attitudes toward firearm ownership for protection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the 2023 Violence Experiences (VEX) surveys, state-representative, population-based online surveys of adults 18 and older in California (CA) and Louisiana (LA). Data was combined from both states (n = 4492). Exposure variables included recent (past 12 months) and lifetime direct firearm violence exposure. Outcomes included attitudes toward having a firearm in the home for safety and past-year firearm acquisition. Poisson regressions with robust standard errors were utilized to examine the associations between violence exposure and attitudes toward firearms, and multinomial regressions to examine the association between violence exposure and firearm acquisition.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Respondents from LA reported higher lifetime exposure to violence, more positive attitudes toward having a firearm for safety, and greater recent firearm acquisition. Lifetime firearm violence exposure was associated with increased odds of positive attitudes regarding firearms for safety (APR 1.46, 95% CI 1.22-1.74), while recent exposure was associated with increased odds of firearm acquisition in the past year (ARR 4.15, 95% CI 2.36-7.28). Individuals with lifetime exposure had 1.50 the odds of reporting recent firearm acquisition compared to those with no lifetime exposure (95% CI 1.11, 2.03). Similar trends were found for state-specific analyses related to attitudes and acquisition.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings suggest that prior direct exposure to firearm violence may be associated with both attitudes toward firearms and decisions to acquire them. Future research should explore how state-level policies may mitigate these effects and identify strategies to support individuals who acquire firearms for protection following exposure to violence.</p>","PeriodicalId":37379,"journal":{"name":"Injury Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13104192/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147469374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intergenerational association of early childhood education and interpersonal violence: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Julia P Schleimer, Anjum Hajat, Gail Joseph, Min Sun, Frederick Rivara, Ali Rowhani-Rahbar","doi":"10.1186/s40621-026-00669-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40621-026-00669-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is a need for research on the effects of primary prevention strategies that modify upstream social and economic drivers of interpersonal violence, especially intergenerationally. We examined the association between maternal exposure to Head Start (a high-quality preschool program for low-income children) and offsprings' risk of violence, hypothesizing that benefits would be greatest for Black and Hispanic/Latino male offspring.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective cohort study using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and intergenerationally linked Child and Young Adult Cohort (NLSCYA) data. Offspring were born between 1970 and 2014, with follow-up from 1988 to 2020. The exposure was Head Start availability in the birth county when mothers were aged 3-5 years. Outcomes were self-reported serious fighting (ages 10-17) and assault conviction (ages 15-25) among offspring. We excluded NLSCYA respondents whose mother was born outside the United States/moved to the United States after aged 5, who were never age eligible to answer the questions about violence, and whose maternal grandmother had a high school degree or higher (i.e., limiting the sample to NLSCYA respondents whose mother was most likely to have attended Head Start).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 4,741 and 4,734 NLSCYA respondents in the primary analytic sample for serious fighting and assault conviction, respectively. Maternal Head Start exposure was associated with 0.85 times the risk of serious fighting among offspring (95% CI = 0.71, 1.01), with results driven by Black (RR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.58, 0.87) and Hispanic/Latino male offspring (RR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.58, 0.92). No reductions in risk of serious fighting were observed among other subpopulations or for assault conviction, a rare outcome.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results of this study indicate that high-quality early childhood education may narrow disparities in interpersonal violence across generations, offering novel evidence on population-level and primary prevention programs to promote safety and wellbeing.</p>","PeriodicalId":37379,"journal":{"name":"Injury Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13097770/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147460278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nationwide trends in inpatient shoulder girdle injuries in Germany: a population-based analysis from 2010 to 2023.","authors":"Houmam Anees, Christian Heiss, Thaqif El Khassawna","doi":"10.1186/s40621-026-00668-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40621-026-00668-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Shoulder girdle injuries are common musculoskeletal conditions that frequently require medical attention and may result in substantial functional impairment and healthcare utilisation. While many cases are managed on an outpatient basis, a relevant proportion requires inpatient care. Comprehensive nationwide analyses of inpatient shoulder girdle injuries over extended time periods remain limited, particularly with regard to recent healthcare disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This nationwide, population-based, retrospective study analysed aggregated inpatient hospital discharge data from the German Federal Health Monitoring system (GBE-Bund). Inpatient hospitalisations for shoulder girdle injuries were identified using ICD-10-GM code S43 as the primary discharge diagnosis. The primary analysis covered the continuous annual period from 2010 to 2023, with data from 2000 and 2005 presented as historical reference years. Population-based hospitalisation rates per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated using official population statistics. Analyses were descriptive and included predefined age-stratified subgroup analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 2010 and 2023, the annual number of inpatient shoulder girdle injury hospitalisations declined from 23,549 to 17,532 cases. Correspondingly, the population-based hospitalisation rate decreased from 28.8 to 21.0 per 100,000 inhabitants. Hospitalisation rates remained largely stable during the early observation period, followed by a gradual decline and a pronounced reduction in 2020, coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic. A partial recovery was observed in subsequent years, with rates remaining below pre-pandemic levels. Throughout the study period, inpatient hospitalisations were consistently more frequent in males than in females. Age-stratified analyses showed that inpatient hospitalisations were highest in patients aged 15-44 years, followed by ≥ 65 years and 45-64 years, respectively. The mean length of hospital stay declined steadily from 3.9 days in 2010 to 2.9 days in 2023.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Nationwide inpatient hospitalisations for shoulder girdle injuries in Germany declined overall during the observation period, accompanied by a substantial reduction in length of hospital stay and a persistent male predominance. The marked decline observed during the COVID-19 pandemic and incomplete recovery thereafter highlight evolving patterns in hospital-based trauma care. These findings provide contemporary population-based epidemiological benchmarks and are relevant for healthcare planning and resource allocation.</p>","PeriodicalId":37379,"journal":{"name":"Injury Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13047791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147370482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in unintentional injury death among post-9/11 Army Veterans who do and do not use Veteran Health Administration services.","authors":"Rachel Sayko Adams, Jeri E Forster, Claire A Hoffmire, Jaimie L Gradus, Trisha A Hostetter, Mary Jo Larson, Alexandra L Schneider, Alexandra A Smith, Colin G Walsh, Lisa A Brenner","doi":"10.1186/s40621-026-00666-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40621-026-00666-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>It is unknown if unintentional injury death rates vary among Army Veterans who do and do not use the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). We estimated, and compared by VHA-use group, age-adjusted average annual unintentional injury death rates and time-dependent hazard rates (HRs) after separation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were from the Substance Use and Psychological Injury Combat Study, a longitudinal cohort of Army soldiers returning from an Afghanistan/Iraq deployment in FYs 2008-2014 using administrative data from the Military Health System, Veterans Health Administration and National Death Index. We selected soldiers who separated from active duty service by 9/30/2017 (n = 649,811). The exposure was time since separation, moderated by VHA-use group. The outcome was unintentional injury death (all, motor vehicle crash [MVC], overdose) through 2018.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The HR for all unintentional injury and MVC death for 0-2 years post-separation were higher for the no VHA-use group than the VHA-use group (e.g., MVC, year 0-1 HR: 75.1 (95% CI: 61.7, 88.4) vs. 16.4 (95% CI: 12.8, 20.0)). This changed to either no difference or higher risk for the VHA-use group as time since separation increased. For unintentional overdose, there was no difference in HRs between groups in 0-2 years post-separation; risk was higher for the VHA-use group for the remainder of follow-up (e.g., no VHA use, years 3-5 HR: 8.7 (95% CI: 5.1, 12.3) vs. 28.9 (95% CI: 25.2, 32.5) for VHA use group).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The risk for unintentional MVC and overdose death since separation differed based on use of VHA services among post-9/11 Veterans. Intervention strategies that address differences in time since separation and whether Veterans use the VHA or not may be required.</p>","PeriodicalId":37379,"journal":{"name":"Injury Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13069699/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147356859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological characteristics of injury among stand-up paddleboarding athletes.","authors":"Hanyan Yan, Tingxv Zhang, Ziwen Mu, Haoxiang Wang, Zhiqiang Han, Huiru Ma, Kazuhiro Imai, Shaoshuai Shen, Hongtao Zeng, Xiao Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s40621-026-00667-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40621-026-00667-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Stand-up paddleboarding has developed rapidly in recent years, but research on stand-up paddleboarding-related injuries is limited. Clarifying the characteristics of its injuries is needed to inform future prospective surveillance and prevention research.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the distribution and incidence of self-reported stand-up paddleboarding-related injuries and to identify the paddling phases during which injuries were most frequently reported among stand-up paddleboarding athletes by age and gender.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was a retrospective, self-reported injury survey conducted using a questionnaire among stand-up paddleboarding athletes aged 8-67 years who participated in municipal-level or above paddleboard events. An injury was defined as any physical complaint sustained during paddleboarding that caused: (a) missed training/competition, or (b) medical attention. Injury rates were calculated using Poisson distribution to determine the standardized incidence per 1000 training hours.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among all the 330 athletes, 220 athletes (66.7%) reported 482 injuries. The shoulder was the most common injury site (20.1%, 97 cases), followed by the lower back (15.4%, 74 cases). Athletes experienced 5.39 sports injuries per 1000 training hours. Adult athletes had significantly higher injury rates than adolescent athletes (5.87 vs. 3.08 injuries per 1000 training hours). Adult athletes were more likely to sustain shoulder and lower back injuries than adolescent athletes. 50.6% (167 athletes) reported 355 injuries during paddling phases. The shoulder was the most common injury site during paddling phases (35.2%, 125 cases), followed by the lower back (23.4%, 83 cases). During the pull phase, 67.7% (113 athletes) of all the 167 athletes reported 155 injuries accounting for 43.7% of all phase-related injuries. The shoulder was the most common injury site in the pull phase (34.2%, 53 cases), while the lower back was the most common injury site in the exit phase (30.0%, 18 cases).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The shoulder and lower back were the most common injury sites among competitive stand-up paddleboarding athletes, and injuries were most frequently reported during the pull phase of paddling. These descriptive findings may improve future injury prevention research and help athletes and coaches enhance safety awareness.</p>","PeriodicalId":37379,"journal":{"name":"Injury Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13067584/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147356821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From mat to sand: a comparative injury surveillance study of Olympic and Beach Wrestling at the 2025 World championships.","authors":"Szabolcs Molnár, Dorsaf Metahni, Saam Falahati, Francisco Lee, Radivoj Filipov, Babak Shadgan","doi":"10.1186/s40621-026-00664-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40621-026-00664-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Wrestling is associated with a substantial risk of injury; however, comparative injury epidemiology between Olympic Wrestling (OW) and Beach Wrestling (BW) remains limited, constraining evidence-informed injury-prevention strategies across formats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective comparative epidemiological study was conducted during the 2025 Senior Olympic Wrestling World Championships and the 2025 Beach Wrestling World Series. Only competition-related bout injuries requiring on-site medical assessment or treatment were recorded. Injuries were documented using the United World Wrestling (UWW) standardized injury report form and expressed as incidence rates per 1,000 athlete-exposures (AEs). Injuries were classified by severity, anatomical region, and wrestling format. Between-group comparisons were performed using chi-square tests and independent-samples t-tests (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 53 competition-related injuries were recorded: 29 in BW (20.0 injuries per 1,000 AEs) and 24 in OW (13.3 injuries per 1,000 AEs). Although BW demonstrated a higher overall injury incidence, all BW injuries were classified as mild or moderate, with no severe or catastrophic cases. In contrast, OW demonstrated a significantly higher proportion of moderate-to-severe injuries compared with BW (75% vs. 14%; χ² = 14.73, p < 0.001). The head and face were the most commonly affected regions in both formats (38% in BW; 42% in OW). Secondary injury patterns differed, with OW injuries more frequently involving the knee (25%) and shoulder (17%), whereas BW injuries were more evenly distributed across the upper extremities (34.6%). No catastrophic injuries occurred in either format.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Beach Wrestling demonstrated a more favourable injury-severity profile despite a higher overall injury incidence, whereas Olympic Wrestling was associated with a greater proportion of clinically significant injuries. These findings highlight important format-specific differences in injury patterns and support the need for targeted injury-prevention strategies and continued evaluation of competition rules and environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":37379,"journal":{"name":"Injury Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13049754/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147318261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designated and non-designated trauma centers and trauma patients: a retrospective analysis of non-fatal trauma discharges in Georgia, 2021.","authors":"Biplav Babu Tiwari, Eunhae Shin, Nemin Wu, Lan Mu, M Mahmud Khan, Elizabeth Atkins, Elizabeth Benjamin, Janani Rajbhandari","doi":"10.1186/s40621-026-00665-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40621-026-00665-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37379,"journal":{"name":"Injury Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13041175/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147310923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Privately made firearm in the US: results from a national survey.","authors":"Symphony Fletcher, Deborah Azrael, Matthew Miller","doi":"10.1186/s40621-026-00661-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40621-026-00661-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Almost nothing is known about the size or composition of the stock of privately made firearms (PMF).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Estimate the size and composition of the U.S. PMF stock.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A probability-based online survey of US adults conducted in December 2024 were used to generate nationally representative estimates. 12,907/ 20,907 adults (59%) responded to the survey invitation; 4,059 owned a working firearm. Respondents were asked whether they owned PMFs, defined as \"firearms that were NOT produced by a manufacturer (sometimes called privately made firearms), such as guns that were assembled from a kit, 3-D printed or otherwise put together\" and if so, how many and what types. They were also asked about their most recent PMF acquisition.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We estimate that 2.9 million [CI: 2.2 million, 3.8 million] US adults own approximately 10.1 million PMFs. Most were constructed from kits (34%) or unfinished parts (32%); 16% were 3D printed, and the remainder were machined from raw materials (18%). Half 49% [CI: 0.43, 0.53] were unserialized. Among US adults who last acquired a PMF within 24 months of the survey, 67.2%, [CI: 48.7, 81.6] had a background check for their most recent acquisition, compared with 45.2% [33.9, 56.9] for PMF owners who last acquired a PMF > 24 months prior (P < 0.05). Comparable statistics for serialization were 68.9% [CI: 51.7, 82.1] and 53.8% [42.2, 64.9] (P = 0.14).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Approximately half of the 10 million PMFs owned by US adults were not serialized. More recently acquired PMFs are more likely to be serialized.</p>","PeriodicalId":37379,"journal":{"name":"Injury Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12983585/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147272308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A synthetic control study of the effects of comprehensive background check policies on non-fatal firearm crime in five states.","authors":"Amanda Charbonneau, Christopher McCort, Alex Kwong, Alexander D McCourt, Daniel Webster, Jon S Vernick, Garen Wintemute, Rose Kagawa","doi":"10.1186/s40621-026-00662-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40621-026-00662-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Research on the effectiveness of comprehensive background check requirements for firearm purchases often finds individual-level associations that do not translate to the population level. However, few studies assess the effects of these policies on nonfatal firearm violence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>First, several imputation strategies were compared to mitigate the effects of systematic missingness of crime data reported to the Federal Bureau of Investigation by law enforcement agencies. Next, the imputed data and the augmented synthetic control method, adapted for multiple treated units, were used to estimate the effects of implementing comprehensive background check policies on nonfatal firearm violence in five states. The study period began 15 years prior to the enactment date for each state and extended through 2020.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results were largely null across multiple specifications and sensitivity analyses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Background checks are central to many firearm policies in the United States, yet several studies, including this one, do not detect an association between comprehensive background check policies and state-level firearm violence rates. These findings highlight the need to understand how the design, implementation, and enforcement of these laws can be improved.</p>","PeriodicalId":37379,"journal":{"name":"Injury Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13011692/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146207886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}