Engineering and Applied Science Research最新文献

{"title":"Sustainable management of plastic waste: Assessment of recycled biodegradable plastic market and projection for the future","authors":"O. Adekomaya, T. Majozi","doi":"10.14456/EASR.2020.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14456/EASR.2020.24","url":null,"abstract":"Global production of plastics has increased astronomically in the last five decades. This may not be unconnected with the rate of consumption of plastics owing to their increasing applications and good characteristics such as light weight, strength, durability, affordability, corrosion resistance and low production costs. Production of plastic materials accounts for 3 to 5% greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. Reports from published works show that, as of 2015 alone, close to 6300 metric tonnes of synthetic plastic waste were generated, of which only 9% were recycled with 12% being incinerated, and a large proportion, 79%, discarded in the natural environment. Further studies show that a sizeable proportion, 12,000 metric tonnes, of plastic waste may annually find their way into the environment by 2050. The adoption of biodegradable materials to replace the conventional plastics has been proposed and implemented with varying environmental implications. In this paper, a sustainable approach to plastic wastes was examined, taking into consideration the emerging and developing world’s attitudes about plastic waste management. Also discussed in this paper is the projection of the plastic waste market with particular reference to United States and China as global players in the industry. The concluding part of this paper focuses on future trends in plastic innovation with the evolution of nanoscale materials, bio-refining and most importantly cradle-to-cradle packaging materials. It is expected that this paper will assist various bodies involved in plastic waste management for developing better and sustainable methods.","PeriodicalId":37310,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Applied Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42531920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring the city bus service quality based on users’ perceptions: City bus service in Phnom Penh, Cambodia","authors":"Sonita Sum, Sajjakaj Jomnonkwao, Thanapong Champahom, R. Beeharry, V. Ratanavaraha","doi":"10.14456/EASR.2020.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14456/EASR.2020.4","url":null,"abstract":"The public transportation service quality continues to be one of the challenges for authorities and transportation stakeholders around the world. In this study, the researchers confront this challenge by identifying key attributes that affect the users’ perceptions on bus service quality in Phnom Penh City. Questionnaire surveys were collected from bus users to measure their perceptions of the bus service quality. After that, data were analyzed using Factor analysis. Twenty-four quality attributes were analyzed utilizing exploratory factor analysis (EFA). This has led to the conclusion that five main factors affecting the perceptions of users regarding the quality of bus services. They are Bus Stop Facilities, Bus Services, Driver Attitude, Bus Capacity, as well as Vehicle Condition. To check whether factor structure is acceptable, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was applied. In this context, the high factor loading of CFA means those attributes had forceful beneficial effectiveness on city bus service quality. The results of this study will help the authorities and involved stakeholders gain a depth of understanding of the underlying problems of city bus service and consequently will enhance the city bus service quality.","PeriodicalId":37310,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Applied Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46749049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of individual vehicle type choice and energy consumption in a heavy traffic metropolis of Southeast Asia featuring the case of Metro Manila","authors":"M. Rith, N. S. Lopez, Alexis M. Fillone, J. B. M. Biona","doi":"10.14456/EASR.2020.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14456/EASR.2020.5","url":null,"abstract":"Sustained economic growth with insufficient public transport in metropolitan areas encourages private vehicle dependency, thereby increasing petroleum oil consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) production. One way to mitigate these issues is to encourage private vehicle users to own smaller fuel-efficient vehicles. This paper intends to explore determinants (i.e., socio-economic characteristics, travel behavior, vehicle attributes and purchasing conditions, vehicle and gas prices, and built environment characteristics) of individual vehicle type owners and energy consumption in Metro Manila. The data sample of 846 observations and a copula-based joint discrete-continuous framework were employed. The findings highlighted that individuals using bank auto loans are more likely to choose SUVs than cars, thereby consuming more energy. Furthermore, people located in high population density areas and those with road-based public transport line dense areas prefer cars to SUVs. An increase in gas and vehicle cost contributes to energy saving and discourages SUV dependency. The developed models were also applied for a “what-if” scenario analysis to quantify the competing options as an innovative perspective for crafting proactive transportation policies. Understanding the determinants of vehicle type ownership and energy consumption is the precursor of designing consistent transportation policies to mitigate petroleum oil consumption and mobile emissions.","PeriodicalId":37310,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Applied Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48074230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the impact of urban form attributes on household vehicle ownership and choice in metro Manila: Modeling, simulation, and application","authors":"M. Rith, Raymund Paolo B. Abad, Alexis M. Fillone, K. Doi, J. B. Biona","doi":"10.14456/EASR.2019.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14456/EASR.2019.27","url":null,"abstract":"Projected economic growth is expected to further increase vehicle ownership among households in Metropolitan Manila. This increase is likely to translate to higher energy requirements, elevated greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, as well as a worsening of traffic congestion. A multinomial logit-based household vehicle ownership model was developed taking into account household characteristics and urban form peculiarities that are hypothesized to affect the level of vehicle ownership among households. The model utilized data gathered from a survey of 2,300 households from various areas of Metropolitan Manila. Results indicated that flooding susceptibility of communities does not affect vehicle ownership and type among its residents. Higher public transport density and closer proximity to essential facilities and services were found to be strong determinants that discourage vehicle ownership. Higher population density, contrary to findings in most studies, tends to reinforce vehicle ownership due to the inadequacy of public transport service, especially in crowded areas. The model was used to simulate “what if” shares of levels of vehicle ownership and apply the model under scenarios of 1) access to essential facilities, 2) improved road public transport line density, and 3) their combination. The results indicated that these interventions, relative to the baseline scenario, could respectively reduce vehicles owned by 26.63%, 35.02%, and 59.61% among the households surveyed and CO 2 emission by 1.33 million tonnes, 1.63 million tonnes, and 2.69 million tonnes.","PeriodicalId":37310,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Applied Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48037603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"STEM education in mathematics education: focusing on students’ argumentation in primary school","authors":"Narumon Changsri, Maitree Inprasitha","doi":"10.14456/EASR.2018.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14456/EASR.2018.43","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to explore student argumentation in a mathematics classroom using lesson study and an open approach. The research methodology employed a qualitative approach that focused on the protocols of student problem solving and the results of the study are presented as an analytical description. The target group was 14 third grade students, divided into four groups in the 2016 academic year. This research collected data while teaching with a lesson study and open approach, analyzing student argumentation. The results revealed that the students who attended mathematics classes with a lesson study and open approach went through the four steps of the argumentation process, which occurred in the second step of the open approach, promoting student self-learning.","PeriodicalId":37310,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Applied Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44795879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of lead oxide on structural and elastic properties of strontium lead silicate glass from deteriorated silica gel","authors":"P. Gunhakoon, J. Laopaiboon, O. Jaiboon, S. Pencharee, R. Laopaiboon","doi":"10.14456/EASR.2018.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14456/EASR.2018.33","url":null,"abstract":"Preparation of glass samples in the system, 10SrO – xPbO – (90-x)SGD, where SGD stands for deteriorated silica gel and x = 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 mol%, were prepared by a melted quenching technique at a temperature of 1250 °C. The Archimedes principle was used to measure density of the glass samples, and then these data were used to calculate their molar volumes. Ultrasonic velocities of this glass system were investigated using the pulse echo technique at room temperature. Both velocities and density of the system were further used to estimate the elastic moduli. The results showed that the concentration of PbO has an effect on the glass structure. The elastic moduli of the glass samples were varied by changing the concentration of PbO and its maximum appeared at 35 mol% of PbO. The structural properties of the glass samples were studied using FTIR spectroscopy, measuring in the range of 400-2000 cm-1. It was found that higher contents result in the breakdown of Si-O bonds and the formation of NBOs. The average strength of the bonds was related to the elastic moduli of the glass samples. Therefore, the information about the bonds obtained from FTIR spectroscopy supported the measurements of the elastic moduli from the pulse echo technique. Moreover, these data showed that deteriorated silica gel can be recycled into a potential glass product.","PeriodicalId":37310,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Applied Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48684861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of supervised learning algorithms with various training data sizes and missing attributes","authors":"Chaluemwut Noyunsan, Tatpong Katanyukul, K. Saikaew","doi":"10.14456/EASR.2018.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14456/EASR.2018.28","url":null,"abstract":"Supervised learning is a machine learning technique used for creating a data prediction model. This article focuses on finding high performance supervised learning algorithms with varied training data sizes, varied number of attributes, and time spent on prediction. This studied evaluated seven algorithms, Boosting, Random Forest, Bagging, Naive Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbours (K-NN), Decision Tree, and Support Vector Machine (SVM), on seven data sets that are the standard benchmark from University of California, Irvine (UCI) with two evaluation metrics and experimental settings of various training data sizes and missing key attributes. Our findings reveal that Bagging, Random Forest, and SVM are overall the three most accurate algorithms. However, when presence of key attribute values is of concern, K-NN is recommended as its performance is affected the least. Alternatively, when training data sizes may be not large enough, Naive Bayes is preferable since it is the most insensitive algorithm to training data sizes. The algorithms are characterized on a two-dimension chart based on prediction performance and computation time. This chart is expected to guide a novice user to choose an appropriate method for his/her demand. Based on this chart, in general, Bagging and Random Forest are the two most recommended algorithms because of their high performance and speed.","PeriodicalId":37310,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Applied Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44594463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing a dual-touch 4-wire analog resistive touchscreen via regression analysis","authors":"Apiwat Boonkong, D. Hormdee","doi":"10.14456/EASR.2018.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14456/EASR.2018.10","url":null,"abstract":"As touch mania sweeps across many applications, a large number of venders seek to upgrade to dual-touch if not to multi-touch features, but cannot justify the price of capacitive touchscreens. To get around this, other methods - both legacy and cutting edge – are available. The idea is to create inexpensive alternatives to capacitive touchscreens or retrofit dual-touch/multi-touch gestures to existing resistive-touchscreen designs, for example. \u0000This paper introduces a new scheme to detect any dual-touch on an analog resistive touchscreen. A 4-wire version was chosen due to the simplicity of its structure. Both linear and polynomial regression, was used to support the ability of detecting any position. Four screen sizes, 4.3-inch, 5.7-inch, 7-inch, and 10.2-inch, were explored. The findings revealed that resistance changes during touch can be utilized for detecting the coordinates of finger(s), for a single-touch and any dual-touch. The maximum error across all screen sizes, evaluated by RMSE, is under 3mm from the exact position on both the X and Y-axes.","PeriodicalId":37310,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Applied Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42240314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modification of a design storm pattern for urban drainage systems considering the impact of climate change","authors":"U. Weesakul, Winai Chaowiwat, Muhammad Rehan, S. Weesakul","doi":"10.14456/EASR.2017.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14456/EASR.2017.24","url":null,"abstract":"Inundation of urban areas due to heavy rainfall more frequently occurs in many large cities all over the world. This is more evident now due to the impacts of climate change. The design rainfall storm pattern, an input used to design urban drainage systems, plays an important role for developing sufficient drainage capacity for big cities. There are few studies in Thailand focusing on the accuracy of the Chicago Design Storm, which has been widely used for decades, in estimation of the peak intensity of rainfall for drainage systems. This study aims to first examine the accuracy of the Chicago Design Storm using observed data. Second, the impacts of climate change on rainfall intensity and on the Chicago Design Storm were investigated. Bangkok and its vicinity were selected as study area. Rainfall storm data with 1-5 minutes records and 15 minute records were collected from the meteorological station at AIT over the past 21 years and from the rainfall station in Sukhumvit area of Bangkok for 15 years. The Gumbel distribution was used in a Frequency Analysis to establish IDF Curves. The CDS, Yen & Chow and Sifalda methods were used to synthesize a Design Storm Pattern. Comparison of results of these methods with the observed data revealed that the CDS has good agreement in shape, i.e. peak intensity and time to peak. The CDS is still recommended for use in practice. However, MAPE was also used to evaluate accuracy of the synthesized CDS in comparison with the observed data. It was found that the CDS should be modified to reduce its peak intensity. Moreover, the impact of climate was also investigated. The Equidistance Quantile-Matching Method was adopted to compute IDF curves to include the climate change impact. The Global Climate Model (GCM), and HasGEM2-ES with RCP4.5 were used to generate rainfall data for the next 25 years. The changes in IDF curves due to climate change were compared. With the changed IDF curves, the peak intensity of design storms increased by up to 25%. It is therefore recommended to account for the impacts of climate change on design storms.","PeriodicalId":37310,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Applied Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48276466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subsurface drip irrigation: A technology for safer irrigation of vegetable crops","authors":"D. Slack, Rocio G. Reyes Esteves, Aketzalli Espejel, Bernardo Oyorsaval, Yingjie Ma","doi":"10.14456/EASR.2017.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14456/EASR.2017.16","url":null,"abstract":"A number of recent outbreaks of foodborne illnesses in the US have been traced to contaminated water either used in washing vegetables or in irrigating them.  It is readily apparent that such foods as leafy green vegetables or crops such as melons that touch the soil surface or come in contact with irrigation water can become contaminated by pathogens in irrigation water. There is strong evidence in the literature that such crops do not become contaminated so long as the edible portions of the plant do not come in contact with irrigation water or a wetted soil surface. Thus, we undertook a modeling study utilizing the well-known software, HYDRUS-2D, to determine minimum depths of placement of irrigation tubing for subsurface irrigation that ensure that the soil surface does not become contaminated.  We chose to model a cropping system commonly used for lettuce production in Arizona where the crop is nearly always irrigated using furrow irrigation.  Lettuce is usually grown in Arizona in the fall and winter months when maximum crop evapotranspiration (ET) is about 4.9 mm per day.  We used an application efficiency of 95% for subsurface drip irrigation on two different soil types, sandy clay loam and loam.   Assuming that we would irrigate daily for two hours to apply the required 5.2 mm of water, we found water would wet the soil to a distance of 16 cm above the drip emitter in the both the clay loam and clay soils.  Thus it would appear that in these soils, a drip tube placed 20 cm below the surface should avoid soil surface wetting.   However, given the great spatial variability in such soil parameters as bulk density and hydraulic conductivity, we would recommend a minimum design depth of 30cm to avoid soil surface wetting.","PeriodicalId":37310,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Applied Science Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42324119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}