International Review of Social Research最新文献

{"title":"Augmenting Tribal Economy through Leveraging Common and Private Land: Cases from Koraput","authors":"M. Kar","doi":"10.48154/IRSR.2019.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48154/IRSR.2019.0016","url":null,"abstract":"At a time when tribal livelihood base is shrinking because of loss of forest and agriculture land, the tribals have become marginalized. The disintegrated economy has a negative consequence on socio-cultural lives of the tribals. Therefore, it is important that their livelihood is ensured and they be provided with more economic opportunities. There has been a realization that livelihood security depends on access to productive assets like land, water and trees. In geographical areas where poverty and lack of livelihood security have been major concerns, it has been observed that people have least access to productive assets. In this background, in the present article I have discussed how leveraging common and private land for agriculture purposes can help poor and marginalized people in expanding their livelihood base, thus adding to their income.","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"165-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44530604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Politics of Difference: Ol-Chiki and Santal Identity in Eastern India","authors":"Rajakishor Mahana","doi":"10.48154/IRSR.2019.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48154/IRSR.2019.0014","url":null,"abstract":"The indigenous people of India have a very contested history of their origin, and hence a blurred identity. The initial contours of tribal identity in India was shaped by the idea that tribals should be assimilated into the dominant Hindu fold or integrated as citizens of a nation state. The dominant communities wanted the tribals even to learn and speak the languages of the dominant groups over their own native languages. On the other hand, the struggles against this discrimination waged by the oppressed and subordinated forlast two centuries or more were seen as struggle for recognition as equals. However, in recent times, as a counter to the threat posed to the tribal ways of living by the dominant groups, articulation of tribal identity has been emerging from within. The new struggle encompassed another completely new and opposite demand – the demand for recognition of difference. Building on Santali script (Ol-Chiki) movement in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha, the paper argues that the struggle for equal rights of citizenship and distribution along with taking pride in their own tribal identity has led to the development of subnationalism among the Santals in Eastern India.","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41682520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State, Development and Marginalization: Adivasis (Tribal) and Identity Politics in India","authors":"N. P. Kumar, Mahana Rajakishor, M. Angelica","doi":"10.48154/IRSR.2019.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48154/IRSR.2019.0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"84-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41925539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community Management of Forests and Social Capital in Tribal and Non-Tribal Villages of Odisha","authors":"A. Behera","doi":"10.48154/IRSR.2019.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48154/IRSR.2019.0017","url":null,"abstract":"The paper focuses on the creation of different forms of social capital in the context of CFM (Community Management of Forests) in tribal and non-tribal communities in Odisha using case study method. What is found is that CFM has made a substantial contribution to the building of social capital. On the front of bonding, bridging capital, close similarities are observed between the tribal and non-tribal villages. The extent of linking capital is slightly higher in tribal villages than non-tribal villages.","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"175-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44928022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adivasi Identity, Kingly-citizenship and Ethno-cultural Politics in the Jungle Kingdoms of Odisha","authors":"P. Nayak, Rajakishor Mahana, Angelica Marinescu","doi":"10.48154/IRSR.2019.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48154/IRSR.2019.0011","url":null,"abstract":"The paper sheds light on the socio-cultural and political identity of the adivasis in relationship to their king(s), in the past as well as nowadays. Based on long time field observations (Nayak, 1972-2005), enforced by theoretical remarks and viewpoints, the research emphasizes that the adivasis in the former “Jungle Kingdoms” of Odisha organize community-based rituals and festivals as politically more organized groups than mere social groups, lineage groups or clan groups with the ultimate purpose of upholding and renewing legitimacy over their land and territory. The use of certain royal symbols and insignia in ritual rites makes explicit how the authority of the king assumes prime- most importance from the point of view of their identity and status as legitimate citizens or, at least as state-owned denizens. The paper intends to discuss these kingly religious rites in their varied manifestations drawing examples from tribal people inhabiting Odisha as a regional variation of the middle Indian tribes.","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"89-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48802972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretation for Odisha’s ‘Buddhist Diamond’","authors":"N. James","doi":"10.2478/irsr-2019-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/irsr-2019-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cultural heritage tourism in India is growing and it is changing. In Odisha, the archaeological sites of four early Buddhist monasteries are being promoted as a set of attractions. Presentation of monuments entails, first, preservation and then interpretation. Effective interpretation has to take account of the visitors. A case study is made of visitor management and interpretation at Lalitagiri. The measures for preservation there are good but there is little provision for interpretation, even in the new museum. It can no longer be assumed that visitors have the background to understand the original contexts of the displays. Without that, they can hardly make adequate sense of what is presented. Options for improving the quality of interpretation are assessed.","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"65 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42851351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theravada Buddhism in North-East India: a study of the Tai-Khamtis","authors":"Chow Chandra Mantche","doi":"10.2478/irsr-2019-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/irsr-2019-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract North-East India is an abode of colourful ethnic communities having distinct cultural pattern and way of life. Among the ethnic communities of North-East India, the Buddhist ethnic communities are significant as far as the history and culture of the region is concerned. Among the ethnic communities of the region, professing Theravada form of Buddhism the ethnic groups namely, Tai-Khamtis, Tai-Phakeys, Tai-Khamyangs, Tai-Turungs, Tai-Aitons, Singphos, Tikhak Tangsas, Chakmas, Moghs, Boruahs etc are prominent. Among the eight states of North-East India, the state of Arunachal Pradesh is notable for Theravada Buddhism.The Tai-Khamtis are the largest Theravada Buddhist community of Arunachal Pradesh. The paper attempts to glean on the Theravada Buddhism among the Tai-Khamtis living in present day Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.The methodology followed in the paper is both historical and analytical. The study reveals that Theravada Buddhism forms an intregal part of the life and culture of the Tai-Khamtis. They are the follower of Theravada form of Buddhism after Burmese (Myanmarees) tradition. Their tangible and intangible cultural heritage bears traits of South-East Asian culture. The religious belief and practices of the Tai-Khamtis are more or less similar to those of the Buddhists of South-East Asia. The study of the Theravada Buddhism is significant to appreciate India’s relations with South-East Asian countries in a proper perspective.","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"28 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43449658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making Borobudur a Buddhist Religious Tourist Destination: an Effort to Preserve Buddhist Temples in Indonesia","authors":"Budi Hermawan, U. Salim, F. Rohman, Mintarti Rahayu","doi":"10.2478/irsr-2019-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/irsr-2019-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Borobudur Temple is designated as one of the new excellent destinations by the government in an effort to increase foreign exchange. In line with the increasing number of visitors to the Borobudur Temple, it also increased the threat to the sustainability of the site. This research is conducted to provide alternative solutions for the management of Borobudur temple that pay attention to its sustainability. Data used are from various published and unpublished research results. Content analysis with interpretive approach is used to analyze the research data. The change of management paradigm of Borobudur Temple becomes a must. The paradigm of sustainable tourism is an appropriate alternative if applied in the largest Buddhist temple in the world. Changing the theme of heritage tourism destinations into heritage tourism destinations, spiritual and religious will help the sustainability of Borobudur Temple. As a site related to Buddhism, its sustainability is a shared responsibility of Buddhists.","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"71 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46841289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Buddhism and Buddhist Studies: From History to Contemporaneity","authors":"S. K. Patnaik, Angelica Marinescu","doi":"10.2478/IRSR-2019-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/IRSR-2019-0001","url":null,"abstract":"“the great thinkers, great mystics, great sages [...], by their uncommon intellect, and supreme wisdom made a great impression upon the thought of people; the sculptors and artists and Buddhism hewed great cave temples and stupas which are to this day among the great achievement of humankind” (Sankrityayan, 1973: 328-349 apud Ahir, 2013: ix). In its long history, Buddhism became the national religion of India during King Aśoka, reaching its zenith during the reign of Harsavardhana (606-647 C.E.), the last “Buddhist Emperor”. Different researchers have defined the historical phases of the evolution of Buddhism in India as: consolidation, systematic propagation, becoming a popular religion, struggling and maintaining, massacre and regression, followed by a period of apparently disappearance (see Naik, 2006). A renaissance and revival of Buddhism is agreed to have started in India as early as 1891, with the intention of restoring the sacred Buddhist shrines, as well as with the discovery of numerous relics on the Indian territory, or the return of the relics kept abroad. After 1947, “the Buddhist revival movement came to be associated with nationalism and ancient Indian culture” (ibid: 9). In 1956, to mark 2500 years of Buddhist Era commenced on the day of the Mahaparinirvana celebrated worldwide, in India a Buddha Jayanti Celebrations Committee has been appointed; the same year, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar adhered to Buddhism, along with half a million followers. While a significant increase in the Buddhist population in India took place since then, Buddhism in India is still far from having the power of a living religion (Ahir, 2011: 201). Starting with 1950, India Archeological Survey also started systematic archeological works and restoration of Buddhist heritage, the Buddhist sites being nowadays among the most important travel and tourism destinations, nationally and internationally. India is now represented as “The Land of Buddha”, in the Ministry of Tourism promotion campaigns. In the context of all Indian religions, Buddhism occupies a unique place, firstly for addressing and accepting people of all strata of society, but also populations like the Indo-Greeks and Indo-Scythians, who settled in India at the time, and secondly, for its https://doi.org/10.2478/irsr-2019-0001 Received: June 12, 2019; Accepted: June 14, 2019","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45345483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Buddhist Monuments in South-Eastern India: A Study of Forms and Patronage","authors":"S. K. Patnaik","doi":"10.2478/irsr-2019-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/irsr-2019-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The advent of Buddhism in India is usually dated back to 6th century BCE. Siddhartha Goutama, a Sakya Prince left for quest of truth and reality of life. He was showered with the divine light of enlightenment, then, instead of keeping it to himself, Gautama preferred to enlighten others. The teachings preached and propounded by Gautama Buddha were warmly accepted by a large number of people and emerged as a new school of thought i.e. Buddhism which later turned into a major religion of the world and the Buddhist remains discovered through archaeological investigations help us to reconstruct our past. (Chakrabarti, 2006: 315) It is a well known fact that various the kings of different kingdoms like Magadha, Vaisali, the Sakayas, the Bullis, the Koliyas, the Mallas, the Moriyas and Kalinga (Ancient Odisha) sought for the relics of the Buddha after the parinirvana. (Kern, 1989: 46) The emperors, kings, traders and commoners extended patronage and built monuments, kept relics, offered gifts to pay ovation to the Master Teacher. This historical phenomenon is known from various forms of Buddhist monuments built across India. Odisha, a geographical orbit of South Eastern India, is fortunate to have received a good deal of Buddhist monuments and relics. This paper is intended to present an account of different forms of Buddhist monuments that have been discovered so far, such as Stupas, Chaitys, Monasteries under the possible patronage of Buddhism in this part of India from third century BCE to sixth-seventh century CE.","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"38 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49502312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}