International Review of Social Research最新文献

{"title":"Legitimising Strategies in the Field of Independent Cultural Production: the Case of Reissue Record Labels in the USA","authors":"Andrew Bowsher","doi":"10.1515/irsr-2015-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2015-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines the cultural practice of effecting an independent marketplace for reissued music in the United States, based on ethnographic fieldwork in Austin, Texas with independent record labels and consumers. As the music industry is not a homogenous entity (Williamson and Cloonan, 2007), I argue that the practice of legitimising an independent marketplace requires the formulation of a ‘mainstream’ market to which the independent is opposed, and the erecting of marketplace myths (Arsel and Thompson, 2010) to substantiate the independent marketplace’s claims to differ from the mainstream. Legitimising strategies (Strachan, 2007) protect the investments made by producers and consumers of goods in their marketplace. To overcome the anxiety that commodified culture is inauthentic culture, the independent marketplace for reissued music is idealised as a realm of soft capitalism that enables the commodification of cultural goods without the stigmatisation of profiteering, exploitation and ‘inorganic’ music associated with the mainstream (Negus, 1992).","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"102 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/irsr-2015-0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66817576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Opera Experience: Performing a Vibrato with the Audience","authors":"Macarena Cuenca, J. López-Sintas, Ercilia García-Álvarez","doi":"10.1515/irsr-2015-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2015-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Audience development is a key issue in the cultural sector, so opera house managers and policy makers need to understand how and why opera goers enjoy an opera. Our research, which investigates opera enjoyment, is framed in the social constructivist paradigm and draws on interview data collected from 15 informants. Results suggest that certain pre-conditions are necessary to be able to enjoy an opera, mainly, being cultivated and actively acquiring a liking for the genre. As for strategies to prepare for an upcoming performance, some respondents approached it as a ‘special day’, while others viewed it as a ‘cultural experience’. For all our respondents, the experience was an emotional one. We conclude the article by discussing the implications of the results of our research.","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"141 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/irsr-2015-0013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66817186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bringing the transnational into ‘new wars’: the case of islamic state","authors":"Peter Layton","doi":"10.1515/irsr-2015-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2015-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In her seminal 1998 work on ‘new wars’ Mary Kaldor developed a heuristic framework usefully for understanding the characteristics of armed non-state groups involved in contemporary conflicts. This framework was derived from analysing the 1992-1995 Bosnia-Herzegovina conflict. Some two decades after this however, adjustments may now be necessary. A focussed examination of the strategy used during 2014 by Islamic State Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) reveals Kaldor’s framework may now need to include a more explicit focus on the transnational. Since the mid-1990s, the transnational has been made more accessible by advances in social media in particular, and by globalization more generally. ISIS’s use of the transnational indicates this may be an area that astute non-state actors can advantageously exploit - perhaps better than states - although there are some difficulties involved. ISIS’s success suggests that the transnational may in time have greater influence on the politics of international society.","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"191 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66817414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Institutional Logics as orchestras’ strategic dilemma","authors":"Andréas Heinen, U. Weisenfeld","doi":"10.1515/irsr-2015-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2015-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In many societies, professional orchestras serve cultural, educational, entertaining, and economic functions, and they aim high: they aim to be artistically excellent. Pursuing partly cultural, social and economic goals, orchestras are exposed simultaneously to respective institutional logics. These logics provide a framework for relevant actors (state, benefactors, audiences) to support orchestras. Changing logics coupled with drastic changes in audiences afford to classical orchestras the challenge of developing strategies in order to survive. While Germany with its high number of orchestras per habitants experiences particularly high pressure to walk new paths, strategic development will become a more urgent topic in other countries as well since each performance begs for recognition in the big and increasing panoply of culture, education, and entertainment. Based on historical developments and an empirical study of German audiences we discuss two directions for strategic development, here for orchestras in Germany: a) the combination of elements from different logics, and b) the development of audiences.","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"130 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66817177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Culture, market and society. Between marketization of culture and culturalization of market","authors":"P. Chantepie, A. Becuț, Dan-Eugen Raţiu","doi":"10.1515/irsr-2015-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2015-0006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"75 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/irsr-2015-0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66817522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Class, Status, and Education: The Influence of Parental Resources on IEO in Europe, 1893-1987","authors":"C. Meraviglia, M. Buis","doi":"10.1515/irsr-2015-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2015-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: There is a long tradition of studying the influence of parental background on educational attainment of the offspring. Recently the emphasis in this tradition has shifted to the question of what parental background is. In particular, what contributes to social background, for example parental occupational status, parental occupational class, and/or parental education? Moreover, who contributes to parental background, the mother, the father, or both? In this article we asked the question whether these different components of parental background are stable across time and across countries, or are some components more important in some countries or periods than in other countries or periods. We were able to reject the hypothesis that the contributions of the different components were constant across 29 European countries. In most of these countries we were also able to reject that these contributions were constant over time.","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"35 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/irsr-2015-0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66817484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Social Class Shapes Attitudes on Economic Inequality: The Competing Forces of Self-Interest and Legitimation","authors":"Josh Curtis, Robert Andersen","doi":"10.1515/irsr-2015-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2015-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Using survey data from the World Values Survey (WVS) and national-level statistics from various official sources, we explore how attitudes toward economic inequality are shaped by economic conditions across 24 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Consistent with the economic self-interest thesis, we find that where income inequality is low, those in lower economic positions tend to be less likely than those in higher economic positions to favor it being increased. On the other hand, where economic resources are highly unequally distributed, the adverse effects of inequality climb the class ladder, resulting in the middle classes being just as likely as the working class to favor a reduction in inequality. Our results further suggest that people tend to see current levels of inequality as legitimate, regardless of their own economic position, but nonetheless desire economic change—i.e., they would like to see inequality reduced—if they perceive it could improve their own economic situation.","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"19 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/irsr-2015-0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66817431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social mobility in China and Britain: a comparative study","authors":"Yaojun Li, Shun-chao Zhang, Jianxun Kong","doi":"10.1515/irsr-2015-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2015-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This paper looks at social mobility in China and Britain. It explores whether the rapid economic development in China in the last thirty years has brought its mobility closer to that in Britain. It also examines the effects of China’s household registration system (hukou) on people’s mobility chances. Using national representative surveys in the two countries, we found a convergence in total mobility in the two countries but higher levels of inequality in China in terms of relative mobility. Chinese women faced the greatest disadvantages. The prime driver for social inequality in China was the hukou system. Rural people in China had very limited opportunities for education but even those who had similar levels of education were still very much hampered by the hukou penalty in trying to gain access to advantaged positions. Both societies are highly unequal but China has an additional barrier.","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"20 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/irsr-2015-0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66817441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Class, Life Events and Poverty Risks in Comparative European Perspective","authors":"L. Vandecasteele","doi":"10.1515/irsr-2015-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2015-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In this article I examine the role of social class for poverty transitions. Social class has traditionally been an important predictor of social inequalities, but it is sometimes argued that it has lost its relevance for explaining precariousness and economic risk in contemporary societies. This paper reviews the debate regarding the relevance of social class, the literature on life course dynamics as well as the tensions and links between the social stratification framework and the dynamic perspective on economic risk. In the empirical partI assess the importance of life events as predictors of poverty in combination with social stratification variables. The results show that the risk of experiencing poverty triggering life events is not equally spread across populations, but rather varies across welfare states and linked to social class, gender and education level. Secondly, random effects discrete-time hazard models in thirteen European countries show the relative importance of life course events and social stratification determinants as predictors of poverty entry.","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"61 - 74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/irsr-2015-0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66817515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Views on Social Class, Status, and Mobility","authors":"Paula A. Tufiș, D. Alwin","doi":"10.1515/irsr-2015-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2015-0001","url":null,"abstract":"measure social position. These options reflect differences at the conceptual level but also in the empirical approach taken to construct measures of social position. Is it better to operationalize social position as a single dimension or multiple dimensions (Alwin & Wray, 2005), is it a continuous measure, a collection of continuous measures, or is it a discrete variable (Weeden & Grusky, 2005)? If it is a discrete variable, how many class categories are sufficient for capturing groups that are sufficiently different from one another, but homogenous within? Some schemes use three classes, others use seven or eleven, and still others (the micro-class approach) use more than one hundred groupings (Erikson & Goldthorpe, 1992; Weeden & Grusky, 2005). Are we talking about groups that are clearly delimited from one another, or, rather, about fuzzy groups with flexible boundaries? Is one measure enough to capture education? The same question applies for other measures such as occupation or social origins. Recent recommendations in the literature and the use of models with latent variables in social stratification research have suggested that it is better to use multiple indicators to measure each of these, in order to account for measurement errors (Ganzeboom, 2009; Ganzeboom & Treiman, 2003; Kerckhoff, 1984). For researchers adopting a model in which social origins and social status are latent variables with multiple indicators, a further question is: should the model be a reflective indicators model, or a formative indicator model (Alwin, 1988; Blau & Duncan, 1978; Hauser, 1972; Hauser, Tsai, & Sewell, 1983; Heise, 1972; Tufiș, 2010)? There is no best way to approach the conceptualization and measurement of social position, and each of the above strategies has strengths and limitations depending on the research question being tackled. In the landscape of available options for conceptualizing and measuring social positions, the multidimensional approach (Alwin & Wray, 2005) and the micro-class approach (Weeden & Grusky, 2005) seem to be the most complex and to have a better conceptual grounding. The former would be better suited to capture social status in conceptual frameworks that take into account various capitals (cultural, material, social, DOI 10.1515/irsr-2015-0001","PeriodicalId":37251,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66817425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}