Atmospheric Environment: X最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ambient air and its health risk evaluation in an urban city, Bangalore, India","authors":"Thamaraikannan Mohankumar ,&nbsp;Dhananjayan Venugopal ,&nbsp;Ravichandran Beerappa ,&nbsp;Jayanthi Palaniyappan ,&nbsp;Raghavendra Lingayya ,&nbsp;Jawahar Salavath ,&nbsp;Mala Ambikapathy ,&nbsp;Panjakumar Karunamoorthy","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment have gained scientific interest because of their persistent nature, widespread occurrence, and the potential threats they pose to humans and the environment. Urban populations are exposed to PCBs through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption of particles present in the air. The present study aimed to evaluate the gaseous and particulate PCB concentrations present in the ambient air based on various seasons and locations and to evaluate the health risks associated with PCBs in urban areas of Bangalore, Karnataka, India. A total of 180 (each PUF and filter paper) samples were collected for the analysis of PCBs in ambient air. PCBs in filter paper and polyurethane foam (PUF) were extracted by ultra-sonication and soxhlet extraction methods, respectively, and analyzed using GC-MS/MS. The maximum mean ∑₁₀PCBs concentration was observed in industrial areas (3.11 ng/m³) and the minimum concentration in rural areas (0.44 ng/m³). Similarly, among the different seasons monitored, the maximum values were observed in the summer season (2.04 ng/m³) and the minimum was in the monsoon season (1.53 ng/m³). The USEPA exposure risk model was used to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of population exposure to PCBs. The current finding indicates that the carcinogenic risk from ∑₁₀PCBs through inhalation exposure was lower than the permissible limit (1.0E-04) for the urban population. The population residing near industrial, traffic, commercial, and residential areas has a slightly high carcinogenic risk through inhalation exposure and dermal contact. This study demonstrated that Inhalation is the primary route of atmospheric PCB exposure, leading to an increased carcinogenic risk for urban population. Therefore, to alleviate the situation and safeguard humans, further continuous monitoring of other toxic contaminants and investigations of biomarkers are highly recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100371"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re-evaluation of particulate matter emission rates and variability of livestock houses in the Netherlands","authors":"Marien Korevaar ,&nbsp;Nico Ogink ,&nbsp;Johanna Rebel ,&nbsp;Albert Winkel","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100369","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100369"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of industrial emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors in Spain (2017–2022)","authors":"Eliseo Monfort ,&nbsp;Irina Celades ,&nbsp;Salvador Gomar ,&nbsp;Gerard Balaguer ,&nbsp;Francesc Ochando ,&nbsp;Marc Guevara ,&nbsp;Jordi Massagué ,&nbsp;Xavier Querol","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tropospheric ozone (O₃) is a secondary atmospheric pollutant formed through complex photochemical reactions of precursors, mainly involving nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC), which poses critical challenges to air quality, public health, and environmental sustainability. This study provides an in-depth analysis of industrial emissions of O₃ precursors in Spain, focusing on their spatial distribution, sectoral contributions, temporal trends, and the effectiveness of realistic mitigation strategies. By analysing the emission inventories of the precursors and collecting information from visits to 50 industrial facilities in the four critical O₃ air basins in Spain, the research identifies the main emission sources, assesses the application of Best Available Techniques (BAT) and examines the potential impacts of decarbonisation initiatives. Findings revealed that a small number of facilities contribute largely to total emissions of precursors, with significant regional and sectoral differences in monitoring practices and emission abatements. NOx emissions, largely channelled, have seen significant reductions mainly due to the high penetration of renewable energies in electricity generation in Spain, while VOC emissions remain challenging due to their diffuse nature and reliance on solvent-intensive processes. Decarbonisation efforts are shown to have a dual effect, with potential reductions in NOx but limited influence on VOC emissions. The recommendations include strengthening regulatory harmonisation, improving emission monitoring methodologies, especially for multi-source and non-channelled emissions, as well as promoting innovation in precursor reduction technologies. The conclusions and recommendations will be integrated into the Spanish Tropospheric Ozone Mitigation Plan (STOMP) and may provide valuable insights for other mitigation plans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100365"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-dimensional computational investigations on a 3- cylinder spark ignition engine fuelled LPG/H2, methanol/gasoline blends, and E85 for meeting future emission norms","authors":"Ufaith Qadiri ,&nbsp;Mohammad Alkhedher","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores a new strategy for enhancing performance and lowering emissions in a three-cylinder spark ignition engine by utilizing various blended alternative fuels. Using one-dimensional simulation software. Avl Boost analysed the engine's emission characteristics and performance metrics across a speed range of 1500–5000 rpm. The optimal fuel blend 80 % LPG and 20 % hydrogen delivered impressive results. It boosted Brake power by 30 % compared to M10/G90 and by 20 % over E85/G15 while also improving thermal efficiency by 25 %. A comparative analysis of three fuel blends (mixed by volume) showed performance gains across all options. Both M10/G90 and E85/G15 blends exhibited better power output. Brake-specific fuel consumption, and Brake mean effective pressure notably, the E85/G15 blend produced 15 % more brake power than M10/G90 and achieved a 10 % reduction in Bsfc. The LPG80/H₂20 blend stood out for its efficiency, registering the lowest Bsfc values 45 % and 50 % lower than ethanol and methanol blends, respectively. Emission modelling further confirmed its advantages, as it resulted in the lowest CO, HC, and NOx emissions. However, a slight rise in NOx emissions was observed at higher engine speeds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100360"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of plants interactions with airborne pollutants in an atmospheric simulation chamber","authors":"M. Bosio ,&nbsp;F. Mazzei ,&nbsp;M. Brunoldi ,&nbsp;D. Massabó ,&nbsp;V. Vernocchi ,&nbsp;F. Parodi ,&nbsp;P. Prati ,&nbsp;E. Roccotiello","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As urban areas continue to grow, the need for effective pollution mitigation strategies becomes more critical. This study presents the outcomes of a set of experiments conducted in an atmospheric simulation chamber (ChAMBRe: Chamber for Aerosol Modelling and Bioaerosol Research) to evaluate the uptake of NO₂ and PM main components (black carbon and dust) capacity of 3 different plant species: <em>Myrtus communis</em>, <em>Nerium oleander</em> and <em>Taxus baccata</em>. To isolate the interactions between plants and individual pollutants, each pollutant was sequentially injected into ChAMBRe one at a time. Finally, to simulate real-world conditions, a mixture of all pollutants was injected. The concentration of pollutants within the chamber was monitored in real-time thanks to the ChAMBRe slow control and data logging system. Results indicate different removal capacities of the selected species and varying relationships between plants and pollutants, suggesting different potential applications in urban pollution mitigation strategies. Among the tested species, <em>T. baccata</em> demonstrated the most consistent and well-balanced performance across all pollutants, with notably high effectiveness in capturing black carbon. <em>M. communis</em> exhibited the highest specialization in the uptake of black carbon, although its performance declined significantly in the dust exposure scenarios. In contrast, <em>N. oleander</em> showed the highest capacity for capturing dust particles, while being less effective in the presence of the other pollutants. This study provides new insights into the ability of plants, especially <em>M. communis</em>, to act as natural biofilters and lays the groundwork for future applications in environmental and urban planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100355"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solar activity and mortality: a meta-analysis of six cities in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East","authors":"Madeleine Wissoker ,&nbsp;Carolina Zilli Vieira ,&nbsp;Souzana Achilleos ,&nbsp;Barrak Alahmad ,&nbsp;Maria Athanasiadou ,&nbsp;Anastasia Paschalidou ,&nbsp;Nikos Kalivitis ,&nbsp;Evangelia Samoli ,&nbsp;Petros Koutrakis ,&nbsp;Annalisa Quattrocchi","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Solar and geomagnetic activity have been linked to a multitude of impacts on human health including cardiovascular disease (CVD), and total non-accidental mortality. However, this has not been assessed in the Eastern Mediterranean Region or the Middle East. Our study aimed to assess the effects of short-term geomagnetic disturbances (GMD) on mortality in six locations across the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East regions (Athens, Thessaloniki, Crete, Greece; Kuwait City, Kuwait; Limassol and Nicosia, Cyprus).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used a time series analysis adjusted for temperature and humidity over the period between 1997 and 2019 to estimate the effects of GMD (K_<em>p</em> index, sunspot number - SSN, plasma beta, and interplanetary magnetic field - IMF) on daily total non-accidental, CVD, and respiratory mortality, for each study area. We applied meta-analysis to estimate the pooled GMD mortality effect across all locations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our analysis included 664,427 deaths over the study period. K_<em>p</em> index was found to be significantly associated with total, CVD, and respiratory mortality. There was a 0.94 % (95 % CI: 0.019, 1.87) increase in total non-accidental mortality; a 0.63 % (95 % CI: 0.013, 1.25) increase in CVD mortality; and a 2.53 % (95 % CI: 0.36, 4.75) increase in respiratory mortality per IQR increase in K_<em>p</em> index (IQR = 15.63). However, solar activity parameters (SSN, Plasma beta, or IMF) were not statistically significantly associated with mortality.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings indicate an association between exposure to higher levels of K_<em>p</em> index and total non-accidental, CVD and respiratory mortality in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East Regions. The results warrant additional exploration to ascertain if variations in solar activity-driven human physiological dynamics may also be linked to other health consequences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100352"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144748889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduced contrail radiative effect for fleets with low soot and water vapour emissions","authors":"Milenko Rubin-Zuzic ,&nbsp;Luca Bugliaro ,&nbsp;Andreas Marsing ,&nbsp;Ziming Wang ,&nbsp;Christiane Voigt ,&nbsp;Christopher Simson ,&nbsp;Sascha Kaiser ,&nbsp;Paul Ziegler","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Besides the goal of net-zero carbon dioxide (CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>) emissions, reducing aviation’s climate impact also involves addressing other forcing effects, particularly radiative forcing from contrails. Current understanding suggests that decreasing both soot and water vapour emissions from aircraft engines reduces the occurrence and persistence of contrails, thereby lowering their radiative forcing. This may be achieved by engine concepts that combine water recovery from the exhaust with particle washout. This study presents an idealized sensitivity analysis using the Contrail Cirrus Prediction (CoCiP) model to assess how reductions in soot number and water vapour emissions could affect the radiative impact of contrail cirrus over Europe. The emission scenarios are not tied to any specific engine design but are chosen to explore the physical sensitivity of contrail formation and radiative effects. The number of emitted soot particles is reduced by up to two orders of magnitude, and water vapour emissions by one. We find that the mitigation effect becomes more pronounced with higher emission reductions. While both components contribute to the overall reduction, their combination leads to a stronger effect. The magnitude of the effect depends on their interactions during contrail formation and on subsequent atmospheric processes. The radiative forcing response exhibits marked geographic variability, with the strongest effects over regions with frequent ice-supersaturated air masses. Daily and seasonal variations in contrail occurrence and radiative impact further modulate the overall mitigation potential. The simulations indicate a substantial decrease in contrail radiative effect if technologies that lower soot and water vapour emissions are applied across a broad fleet. A limitation of this study is that other contrail nucleation pathways, such as condensation on volatile particles, are not considered. Thus, our assessment may provide an upper bound on the reduction of contrail cirrus radiative impact from soot and/or water vapour emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100353"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the global response of secondary atmospheric pollutants to emission reductions imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Apostolos T. Koumparos ,&nbsp;Vlassis A. Karydis ,&nbsp;Georgios I. Gkatzelis ,&nbsp;Nikolaos Mihalopoulos ,&nbsp;Alexandra P. Tsimpidi","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs the global chemistry–climate model EMAC, combined with emission adjustment factors (CONFORM), to evaluate the global impacts of the 2020 COVID-19 lockdowns on secondary air pollutants. Unlike earlier studies limited to short periods or specific regions, this work captures seasonal, spatial, and sectoral variability in emissions and pollutant formation. It examines both primary pollutants (e.g., NO_x, SO₂) and secondary pollutants such as ozone and PM_2.5 components. Significant NO_x reductions were simulated, with peak decreases of 31 % in Europe and 25 % in Eastern Asia during lockdowns. SO₂ dropped by up to 20 % in Southern Asia, while Eastern Asia saw a 14 % post-lockdown rebound due to increased industrial activity. Ozone responses varied regionally, with increases of up to 4 % in urban areas in Eastern Asia due to reduced titration, while Southern Asia saw decreases up to 1.4 %. Aerosol concentrations followed similar regional trends. Sulfate declined by 17 % in Southern Asia while nitrate and ammonium dropped by 27 % and 33 % in Europe, respectively. Global primary organic aerosol decreased by 4 %, with South Asia showing an 8 % reduction. Secondary organic aerosol fell by 4 %, with the largest drop (8 %) in Latin America and the Caribbean. Overall, PM_2.5 over land declined by 2 %, with Europe showing the largest regional decrease (6 %). These results highlight the substantial but regionally varied effects of pandemic-related emission changes. However, even substantial short-term reductions had limited impact on PM_2.5 levels, underscoring the need for sustained, large-scale emission cuts to meet WHO air quality guidelines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100361"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobile monitoring of atmospheric terpene dynamics across the subtropical megacities Greater Bay Area","authors":"Zhuangxi Liu ,&nbsp;Daocheng Gong ,&nbsp;Shanqing Huang ,&nbsp;Jiangyong Li ,&nbsp;Qinghua Chang ,&nbsp;Yiming Zhao ,&nbsp;Chengliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuo Deng ,&nbsp;Qinqin Li ,&nbsp;Chunlin Zhang ,&nbsp;Hao Wang ,&nbsp;Boguang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, the relative importance of anthropogenic versus biogenic terpenes in subtropical megacities of developing countries remains poorly understood, particularly in rapidly urbanizing regions like the China's Greater Bay Area (GBA), characterized by high population density, intensive industrial activity, and subtropical climate favoring both emission sources. Herein, we provide spatially resolved measurements of ambient terpenes (isoprene and six monoterpenes) in the GBA, employing a vehicle-mounted platform across diverse land-use zones (urban, suburban and rural) during autumn 2022. Results showed total terpene concentrations averaged 0.922 ± 0.280 ppbv, with isoprene and α-pinene dominating (&gt;80 %). Diurnal variations revealed monoterpenes peaking in early morning in urban areas, likely linked to volatile chemical products (VCPs) and residential cooking, whereas isoprene exhibited midday maxima driven by biogenic emissions. Strong correlations with anthropogenic tracers indicated significant co-emissions. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source apportionment quantified VCPs as the primary urban source for monoterpenes, while industrial activities dominated suburban regions. Biogenic emissions prevailed in rural zones but were overshadowed by anthropogenic influences in urbanized areas. These findings underscore the pivotal role of anthropogenic sources in shaping terpene dynamics in subtropical megacities, and emphasizes the need for region-specific terpene emission inventories and targeted control strategies for the GBA and analogous regions globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100357"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expressing the energy consumption of electric buses with mesoscopic traffic variables","authors":"Sokratis Mamarikas ,&nbsp;Stylianos Doulgeris ,&nbsp;Nikolaos Aletras ,&nbsp;Carol Ka-Lok Wong ,&nbsp;Zissis Samaras ,&nbsp;Leonidas Ntziachristos","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper focuses on energy consumption modeling approaches for traffic and examines how they deviate when applied to evaluate Battery Electric Buses (BEBs), in a try to identify an approach that combines simplicity with accuracy. To do so, the paper exploits three of them: a micro, a meso and a macro one. The microscopic approach relies on a detailed power-based vehicle model that uses second-by-second vehicle speed profiles as traffic activity input, and it serves here as a reference tool. The approach of average speed was employed to represent the macroscopic one that uses a single traffic activity input. For the mesoscopic case, a new function had to be developed that would require traffic inputs on a level-of-detail in between the macroscopic and microscopic scale. A statistical analysis on several standardized driving cycles was conducted to select such inputs, leading to a relationship that associates consumption with two stop-related variables (number and duration). The mesoscopic and macroscopic models could then be evaluated, by comparing their consumption estimations with the detailed microscopic calculations over the same cases (real-world urban traffic of Athens &amp; Hong-Kong, and traffic measures). While the macroscopic results revealed well-known limitations in accuracy of the average speed approach, as it deviated from the microscopic model by 10 % for urban traffic and 20 % for measures, the mesoscopic one closely matched the microscopic model (max 5 % error). Thus, for BEBs, a mesoscopic approach with only two activity inputs (stop-related variables) can satisfy requirements from energy modeling for valid estimations and simplicity in use. With these characteristics, the approach presents exploitation potential in multiple applications of urban transportation systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100367"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}