Atmospheric Environment: X最新文献

{"title":"Verification of fossil CO2 emissions from Swiss cement factories using direct and indirect 14CO2 measurements","authors":"Dylan Geissbühler ,&nbsp;Thomas Laemmel ,&nbsp;Mathieu Antoni ,&nbsp;Philip Gautschi ,&nbsp;Lukas Wacker ,&nbsp;Sönke Szidat","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cement production currently emits approximately 8 % of global CO₂. However, the fossil content of these emissions can vary significantly due to methods used to reduce fossil emissions, such as the increased use of alternative fuels. Here, we investigated three CO₂ sampling methods used to analyse ¹⁴CO₂ and estimate the fossil fraction (in terms of F¹⁴C) of emissions from three Swiss cement factories. First, direct stack exhaust gas sampling was conducted at a main study site over 6 months and ¹⁴CO₂ measurements were compared with ¹⁴C values from producer fuel use data. A positive offset in F¹⁴C was observed with theoretical values compared to the measurements. This could be reduced by adjusting the assumed ¹⁴C content of some fuels, particularly shredded wood waste. Second, repeated downwind CO₂ emission plume sampling campaigns were carried out at all sites, allowing for a remote estimation and comparison of their F¹⁴C signatures. These measurements yielded realistic average values but also demonstrated sensitivity to local wind conditions, i.e. wind speed and direction. Lastly, we analysed the bulk ¹⁴C content of tree leaves collected around each site to assess their long-term atmospheric fossil CO₂ exposure. Although the observed ¹⁴C depletion and fossil fraction were generally small (close to uncertainty ranges), trees near the factories consistently showed lower F¹⁴C values than background trees. Direct stack exhaust gas sampling proved to be the most reliable approach for quantifying fossil CO₂ emissions from cement production. Crucially, adjustments made to fuel ¹⁴C contents to match measurements suggested an underestimation of fossil CO₂ emissions from the producer at our main site by more than 2 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100349"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144696613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the potential of biogeochemical models to predict hot moments of N2O following dry-wet cycles","authors":"Lukas Hey ,&nbsp;Katharina H.E. Meurer ,&nbsp;Hermann F. Jungkunst","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100347","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100347"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144605255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contributions of different livestock production animals to dispersion-modelled ambient ammonia and particulate matter in a livestock-dense area","authors":"Ceder R. Raben ,&nbsp;Hans J. Erbrink ,&nbsp;Serigne B. Lô ,&nbsp;Gerard Hoek ,&nbsp;Dick J.J. Heederik ,&nbsp;Wietske Dohmen","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia (NH₃) and primary PM10 emitted by livestock production affect health and biodiversity, making their reduction essential. Quantities of emitted NH₃ and PM10 vary across different livestock species, potentially leading to different regional spatial patterns of NH₃ and PM10. This complicates the development of effective mitigation strategies. This study aims to provide insight into how different livestock production animals affect spatial patterns of NH₃ and PM10.</div><div>The study area of ∼40 x 50 km2 encompassed a livestock-dense area with ∼2000 farms, several residential clusters and nature parks in the Netherlands. Spatial concentration patterns were predicted for ∼100,000 receptor points on a 100 x 100 m² grid using a dispersion model based on farm emissions. Model assumptions were evaluated through sensitivity analyses.</div><div>Livestock production emissions significantly increased local levels of NH₃ and more moderately elevated local levels of PM10. Spatial concentration patterns were strongly driven by geospatial distributions of farms as well as livestock species, with elevated concentrations observed in areas where farms were densely clustered. The distribution of farm contributions to total NH₃ concentrations at receptor points was characterized by numerous small contributions from multiple farms across the study area. Concentrations were higher in rural parts of the study area and characterized by the combination of these small contributions with a few large contributions from nearby farms. Inclusion of farms in a wide radius was especially important for modelling NH₃ concentrations in nature areas. These findings imply that generic reduction of livestock farm emissions should be investigated for the formulation of mitigation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100345"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive analysis of heavy metals in indoor PM2.5: Source identification and health risk assessment in Dhaka, Bangladesh","authors":"Snigdha Aziz ,&nbsp;Shahid Uz Zaman ,&nbsp;Shatabdi Roy ,&nbsp;Farah Jeba ,&nbsp;Md Safiqul Islam ,&nbsp;Mohammad Moniruzzaman ,&nbsp;Abdus Salam","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indoor air pollution and its associated health risks have become a critical concern in developing countries. This study analyzed particulate matter (PM_2.5) collected from six indoor locations in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for measuring the concentration of thirteen heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Be, V, Ni, Hg, As, Co, Se, Mn, and Cu). Among these, Mn, Cd, Hg, and Pb exceeded United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guideline values, with Hg surpassing USEPA thresholds by over 50 times, Cd by more than 6-fold, and Pb by over fourfold, indicating substantial anthropogenic influence. Zn and Pb were identified as the primary contributors to indoor PM_2.5, with high enrichment of Zn, Pb, Hg, Se, and Cd indicating strong anthropogenic influence. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed two major components, explaining 71.26 % of the total variance. Acidity-alkalinity analysis revealed that PM_2.5 in Dhaka was predominantly acidic, with greater concentrations of NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ further supporting the role of anthropogenic activities. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment showed hazard index (HI) values exceeding 10 at three locations, with Ni, Mn, and Cd posing the greatest risks for both children and adults. For carcinogenic risks, Total Cancer Risk (TCR) values at all sites exceeded acceptable thresholds. Cr, Cd, and As were the dominant contributors to TCR, and adults consistently exhibited higher risks than children due to lifetime exposure. This study provides novel, policy-relevant evidence on indoor air quality challenges in Dhaka, highlighting the urgent need for targeted interventions to mitigate heavy metal exposure and safeguard public health in dense urban environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100346"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144605253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study of VOCs in waste incinerator plumes and landfill emissions via drone sounding","authors":"Chih-Yuan Chang ,&nbsp;Yen-Chen Chen ,&nbsp;Jia-Lin Wang ,&nbsp;Wen-He Kao ,&nbsp;Chieh-Heng Wang ,&nbsp;Xiang-Xu Pan ,&nbsp;Chang-Feng Ou-Yang ,&nbsp;Hsin-Cheng Hsieh ,&nbsp;Wen-Tzu Liu ,&nbsp;Chih-Chung Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Incineration is a waste treatment method that involves burning the organic components of waste. While this process significantly reduces the volume of waste sent to landfills, it also generates environmental pollution and poses potential risks to public health. Although volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from some combustion processes have been studied, VOCs released in the form of aerial plumes from incinerator smokestacks have rarely been evaluated. This knowledge gap is primarily due to the lack of suitable observation techniques for accurately detecting and capturing smokestack plumes. In this study, we employed novel drone-based observation and sampling techniques to investigate the characteristic VOCs emitted from a waste incineration smokestack. Additionally, we analyzed VOC emissions from landfills to provide a comparative assessment. Our findings indicate that incinerator plumes presented higher proportions of ethane, propane, ethyne, benzene, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and benzaldehyde, while nonanal and decanal originated mainly from landfills. Another species of interest is trimethylsilanol (TMSiOH), which has been observed in particularly high concentrations in both incinerator plumes and landfill emissions. TMSiOH levels from these sources were significantly higher than those detected in urban, rural, roadside, and background atmospheric environments, highlighting its potential as a characteristic marker of incinerator plumes and landfill emissions to identify pollution sources. Overall, this study demonstrates that unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV<em>)</em>-based sounding enables real-time detection of aerial plumes and characterization of incinerator plumes and landfill emissions. In addition, we proposed TMSiOH as a potential marker for incinerator plume and landfill emissions, which may provide important assistance in identifying pollution sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100344"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144605254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pollutants variability over the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","authors":"Amgad Saber ,&nbsp;Ahmad E. Samman ,&nbsp;Abdallah Abdaldym ,&nbsp;Motirh Al-Mutairi ,&nbsp;Mohamed Eid ,&nbsp;Heshmat Abdel Basset","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air pollution poses significant threats to ecosystems, public health, and urban areas. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of O₃, CO, NO_x, and SO₂ across Saudi Arabia (KSA), comparing industrial Al-Ahsa (east) with mountainous Al-Baha (west). Using CAMS data (2003–2023), we examined pollutant distributions and wind relationships across 15 pressure levels. O₃ peaks in summer (110 DU) due to high temperatures and subsiding air, with winter lows (70 DU). Summer O₃ is also influenced by vertical motion. CO concentrations are highest in winter (22 g/m²), linked to fuel combustion, and lowest in summer due to higher temperatures and elevated hydroxyl radicals. In the western region, NO_x peaks in summer (0.8 g/m²) and dips in winter/early spring. SO₂ is highest in autumn (1.4 g/m²) and lowest in summer. Eastern NO_x and SO₂ fluctuations are tied to local emissions and meteorology, with summer minima. CO shows the least variability, while SO₂ has the most, followed by NO_x and O₃. Trends reveal O₃ significantly increasing in southwestern KSA, CO generally decreasing but rising in the southwest and southeast, NO_x showing weak increases (except central decreases), and SO₂ increasing in industrial areas but declining broadly. These diverse trends highlight the strong regional impact of emissions and human activities on pollutant behavior across KSA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100343"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144571077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observation-based investigation reveals major sources of heavy metals associated with fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in an East Asian urban area","authors":"Shane S.-E. Sun,&nbsp;Yi-Tang Huang,&nbsp;Mei-June Chen,&nbsp;Xuan-Ru Huang,&nbsp;Shu-Hui Huang,&nbsp;Wen-Yu Liao,&nbsp;Charles C.-K. Chou","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exposure to elevated levels of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) has been a major public health concern for decades. However, the specific sources of air toxics associated with PM_2.5 remain unclear. In this study, we investigate PM_2.5 pollution in Taichung, Taiwan—a representative East Asian metropolitan area— during March and November of 2021–2023 using an advanced two-stage positive matrix factorization (PMFxPMF) approach. This method enables detailed source apportionment of both bulk PM_2.5 and PM_2.5-bound heavy metals. Our analysis reveals that, during the East Asian winter monsoon seasons, regional transboundary pollution contributed 38 % to the PM_2.5 load, while local sources—such as carbonaceous aerosols, industrial processes, ammonium nitrate/chloride, and transformed sea spray—contributed between 9 % and 20 %. Furthermore, the formation of nitrate was the primary driver of air quality deterioration. Heavy metals constituted 1.2 %–1.5 % of PM_2.5 mass (0.24–0.32 μg m⁻³). By incorporating heavy metal fingerprints from two major local sources—coal-fired power plants and steel sintering facilities—as constraints in our PMF analysis, we reveal that ambient non-Fe heavy metals were mainly associated with suspended dust (34 %), implying significant health risk of dust exposure. Besides, vehicular pollution accounted for 14 % of non-Fe heavy metals, highlighting the need for a stronger control on non-exhaust vehicular emissions. Substantial contributions arose from coal combustion (9 %), steel sintering (5 %) and various industrial sources (22 %). Our results underscore the importance of accelerating the timeline for coal phaseout, and warrant a further investigation on the emissions of heavy metals from industrial activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100342"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144634585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of modelled and experimental PM10 source contributions for mapping source-specific oxidative potential","authors":"Floris Pekel ,&nbsp;Gaelle Uzu ,&nbsp;Samuel Weber ,&nbsp;Richard Kranenburg ,&nbsp;Janot Tokaya ,&nbsp;Martijn Schaap ,&nbsp;Pamela Dominutti ,&nbsp;Olivier Favez ,&nbsp;Jean-Luc Jaffrezo ,&nbsp;Renske Timmermans","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To effectively reduce the health burden of particulate matter (PM) pollution requires indicators more directly linked to adverse health effects than total PM mass alone. Oxidative potential (OP)—the ability of PM to induce oxidative stress based on its chemical composition—is gaining recognition as a health-relevant metric. Integrating source-specific OP values from field measurements into Chemical Transport Models (CTMs) enables the mapping of source-specific OP with broad spatiotemporal coverage. A critical step is ensuring alignment between CTM-derived and observation-based source contributions.</div><div>This study evaluates and optimises the consistency between the LOTOS-EUROS CTM and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source profiles, using PM10 data from 15 French sites (2013–2016). While total PM10 shows reasonable correlation with observations (r² = 0.35–0.66), source-specific comparisons vary across source-types and locations. Promising results are obtained for residential biomass burning (r² = 0.34–0.75), secondary inorganic aerosols (r² = 0.30–0.71), and sea salt (r² = 0.18–0.71), whereas road traffic shows weaker alignment (r² = 0.01–0.40). Using the optimized source matching, OP maps are generated over France, showing stronger contributions from anthropogenic sources to OP than to PM10 mass. The study highlights key challenges in matching CTM and PMF sources for OP modelling, due to secondary aerosol formation, source mixing within PMF profiles, and spatiotemporal representation differences.</div><div>Refining emission data, incorporating secondary organic aerosol and aging processes in CTMs, and expanding source-specific OP measurements, particularly for uncharacterized sources like agriculture are identified as essential next steps. Despite current limitations, this approach offers a promising framework for advancing health-oriented air quality management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100339"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of turbulent CFD with Gaussian dispersion models on a methane emission test site","authors":"Ryker Fish ,&nbsp;Federico Municchi ,&nbsp;Brennan Sprinkle ,&nbsp;Dorit Hammerling","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article investigates the influence of structures on the atmospheric transport of methane in an outdoor industrial environment, and provides a comparison in the predictive capability of Gaussian dispersion models against a turbulent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, implemented in OpenFOAM. Direct atmospheric measurements from the Methane Emissions Technology Evaluation Center (METEC), as well as a detailed computational mesh of on-site structures, are used to calibrate the turbulent closure model. By comparing the CFD model with and without the computational mesh of structures, it is shown that structures on METEC exhibit only a small effect on concentrations predicted by the CFD model. The calibrated CFD model is then used to assess the fidelity of the commonly employed Gaussian puff model that ignores the effect of any structures or topography. Despite the presence of structures, the Gaussian puff model is in consistent agreement with predictions from the CFD model, however both models fail to capture certain trends in the measurement data. To show that one cannot conclude, in general, that methane transport is unaffected by structures, a simulation study is performed with an emission source placed upwind of a large structure. In this case, it is found that predictions from the Gaussian puff model can deviate significantly from the CFD model due the Gaussian model’s inability to resolve spatially inhomogeneous wind fields caused by structures. This finding highlights the continued importance of CFD modeling for evaluating atmospheric dispersion models in environments with complex structures and topography.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100326"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144364912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of wildfire smoke aerosols on radiation, clouds, precipitation, climate, and air quality","authors":"Rahele Barjeste Vaezi ,&nbsp;Michael R. Martin ,&nbsp;Farnaz Hosseinpour","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wildfires have become increasingly prevalent, impacting ecosystems, climate, and human health on a global scale. This review aims to present a comprehensive analysis of current knowledge on the environmental factors and conditions driving wildfires, the characteristics and transport of smoke emissions, along the broader impacts of wildfire smoke on the weather and climate. These impacts include changes in atmospheric radiation, cloud formation, atmospheric circulation, precipitation patterns, and air quality, as well as their effects on land cover, safety, and public health. Wildfire emissions include various pollutants such as particulate matter that alter the Earth's energy balance, reduce air quality, and impact cloud microphysics. Key interactions, such as the direct and indirect effects of smoke aerosols, affect cloud cover and lifetime, precipitation, atmospheric stability, and ultimately induce changes in weather and climate dynamics. Moreover, smoke transport extends the effects of wildfires thousands of kilometers beyond their sources, which reduces agricultural productivity, deteriorates human health, and threatens the environment. Advances in satellite retrievals and modeling techniques have improved the ability to monitor, analyze, and predict these complex interactions. Moreover, this review highlights the critical need for advancing research to more precisely quantify and project multi-scale trends in wildfire smoke and its far-reaching impact on public health, safety, infrastructure, and ecosystems. Developing more robust adaptation strategies and resilience measures is essential to effectively mitigate these complex, adverse effects on communities and the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100322"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}