Atmospheric Environment: X最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of modelled and experimental PM10 source contributions for mapping source-specific oxidative potential","authors":"Floris Pekel ,&nbsp;Gaelle Uzu ,&nbsp;Samuel Weber ,&nbsp;Richard Kranenburg ,&nbsp;Janot Tokaya ,&nbsp;Martijn Schaap ,&nbsp;Pamela Dominutti ,&nbsp;Olivier Favez ,&nbsp;Jean-Luc Jaffrezo ,&nbsp;Renske Timmermans","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To effectively reduce the health burden of particulate matter (PM) pollution requires indicators more directly linked to adverse health effects than total PM mass alone. Oxidative potential (OP)—the ability of PM to induce oxidative stress based on its chemical composition—is gaining recognition as a health-relevant metric. Integrating source-specific OP values from field measurements into Chemical Transport Models (CTMs) enables the mapping of source-specific OP with broad spatiotemporal coverage. A critical step is ensuring alignment between CTM-derived and observation-based source contributions.</div><div>This study evaluates and optimises the consistency between the LOTOS-EUROS CTM and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source profiles, using PM10 data from 15 French sites (2013–2016). While total PM10 shows reasonable correlation with observations (r² = 0.35–0.66), source-specific comparisons vary across source-types and locations. Promising results are obtained for residential biomass burning (r² = 0.34–0.75), secondary inorganic aerosols (r² = 0.30–0.71), and sea salt (r² = 0.18–0.71), whereas road traffic shows weaker alignment (r² = 0.01–0.40). Using the optimized source matching, OP maps are generated over France, showing stronger contributions from anthropogenic sources to OP than to PM10 mass. The study highlights key challenges in matching CTM and PMF sources for OP modelling, due to secondary aerosol formation, source mixing within PMF profiles, and spatiotemporal representation differences.</div><div>Refining emission data, incorporating secondary organic aerosol and aging processes in CTMs, and expanding source-specific OP measurements, particularly for uncharacterized sources like agriculture are identified as essential next steps. Despite current limitations, this approach offers a promising framework for advancing health-oriented air quality management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100339"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of turbulent CFD with Gaussian dispersion models on a methane emission test site","authors":"Ryker Fish ,&nbsp;Federico Municchi ,&nbsp;Brennan Sprinkle ,&nbsp;Dorit Hammerling","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article investigates the influence of structures on the atmospheric transport of methane in an outdoor industrial environment, and provides a comparison in the predictive capability of Gaussian dispersion models against a turbulent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, implemented in OpenFOAM. Direct atmospheric measurements from the Methane Emissions Technology Evaluation Center (METEC), as well as a detailed computational mesh of on-site structures, are used to calibrate the turbulent closure model. By comparing the CFD model with and without the computational mesh of structures, it is shown that structures on METEC exhibit only a small effect on concentrations predicted by the CFD model. The calibrated CFD model is then used to assess the fidelity of the commonly employed Gaussian puff model that ignores the effect of any structures or topography. Despite the presence of structures, the Gaussian puff model is in consistent agreement with predictions from the CFD model, however both models fail to capture certain trends in the measurement data. To show that one cannot conclude, in general, that methane transport is unaffected by structures, a simulation study is performed with an emission source placed upwind of a large structure. In this case, it is found that predictions from the Gaussian puff model can deviate significantly from the CFD model due the Gaussian model’s inability to resolve spatially inhomogeneous wind fields caused by structures. This finding highlights the continued importance of CFD modeling for evaluating atmospheric dispersion models in environments with complex structures and topography.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100326"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144364912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of wildfire smoke aerosols on radiation, clouds, precipitation, climate, and air quality","authors":"Rahele Barjeste Vaezi ,&nbsp;Michael R. Martin ,&nbsp;Farnaz Hosseinpour","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wildfires have become increasingly prevalent, impacting ecosystems, climate, and human health on a global scale. This review aims to present a comprehensive analysis of current knowledge on the environmental factors and conditions driving wildfires, the characteristics and transport of smoke emissions, along the broader impacts of wildfire smoke on the weather and climate. These impacts include changes in atmospheric radiation, cloud formation, atmospheric circulation, precipitation patterns, and air quality, as well as their effects on land cover, safety, and public health. Wildfire emissions include various pollutants such as particulate matter that alter the Earth's energy balance, reduce air quality, and impact cloud microphysics. Key interactions, such as the direct and indirect effects of smoke aerosols, affect cloud cover and lifetime, precipitation, atmospheric stability, and ultimately induce changes in weather and climate dynamics. Moreover, smoke transport extends the effects of wildfires thousands of kilometers beyond their sources, which reduces agricultural productivity, deteriorates human health, and threatens the environment. Advances in satellite retrievals and modeling techniques have improved the ability to monitor, analyze, and predict these complex interactions. Moreover, this review highlights the critical need for advancing research to more precisely quantify and project multi-scale trends in wildfire smoke and its far-reaching impact on public health, safety, infrastructure, and ecosystems. Developing more robust adaptation strategies and resilience measures is essential to effectively mitigate these complex, adverse effects on communities and the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100322"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil flooding increases greenhouse gas fluxes","authors":"Getachew A. Kefelegn ,&nbsp;Niguss S. Hailegnaw ,&nbsp;Haimanote K. Bayabil","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil flooding poses significant challenges to livelihoods, agriculture, and the environment by adversly affecting soil health. This study investigated the effects of flooding, flooding duration, and water source (seawater and freshwater) on greenhouse gas fluxes from two predominant soil types in South Florida—Krome and Biscayne. Experiments were conducted by flooding Krome and Biscayne soils with fresh and seawater, and greenhouse gas samples were collected using PVC chambers on the 1^st, 7^th, 14^th, and 28^th days of flooding. Samples were analyzed for soil carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and methane (CH₄) fluxes using a gas chromatograph. Results confirmed that CO₂ and N₂O fluxes exhibited a distinct pattern, peaking one day after flooding and sharply decreasing with the progression of flooding. Soil type, flooding duration, and water source were critical factors modulating CO₂ and N₂O fluxes, but CH₄ fluxes were consistently below the detection limit. Biscayne soil had the highest CO₂ and N₂O fluxes under seawater and freshwater flooding compared to Krome. These findings underscore the critical role of the initial flooding phase in driving greenhouse gas emissions, emphasizing the need for targeted mitigation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100333"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144106498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Task specific assessment of particle exposure and low-cost sensor performance in indoor construction environments","authors":"Anders Brostrøm ,&nbsp;Josephine Thalmann ,&nbsp;Jesper Baldtzer Liisberg ,&nbsp;Frederika Husovská ,&nbsp;Søren Hanghøj Møller ,&nbsp;Julie Tølbøl Rasmussen ,&nbsp;Thomas Nørregaard Jensen ,&nbsp;Søren Bendt Jensen ,&nbsp;Keld A. Jensen ,&nbsp;Thomas Cole-Hunter ,&nbsp;Ana S. Fonseca","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a workplace measurement campaign was conducted during indoor renovation of two apartments following panel removal, wallpaper removal (dry/wet), sweeping (dry/wet), and floor removal (including insulation) tasks. Measurements with a low-cost sensor (LCS; OPC-N3; Alphasense) was compared to a benchmark optical particle sizer (OPS, TSI Model 3330) to assess the applicability of this LCS in a construction worker environment. Additionally, ultrafine particle concentrations (&lt;0.1 μm) were measured using a mobility particle sizer (NanoScan, TSI Model 3091) and a diffusion size classifier (DiSCmini).</div><div>The highest particle number concentrations (PNC) were found during floor removal, dry sweeping, and wallpaper removal, where 63 % of particles were ultrafine (&lt;0.1 μm) and 96 % were smaller than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5). The PM₁₀ (particulate matter with a diameter &lt;10 μm) concentrations measured during some tasks exceeded the occupational exposure limit of 10 mg m⁻³ for total dust with values from 0.3 to 11 mg m⁻³. Analytical electron microscopy analysis revealed exposure to compounds such as talc, titania, quartz, and potential asbestos. Water-based dust control methods reduced PNC by at least 84 %, highlighting their effectiveness in mitigating exposure. LCS generally underestimated particle concentrations, particularly for PM₁, which was underestimated ranging from 31 % to 92 %. The largest discrepancies occurred during high concentrations in the presence of ultrafine particles, such as floor removal and dry wallpaper removal. This study also emphasizes the importance of multi-metric measurements and breathing zone assessments to accurately evaluate worker exposure and improve occupational safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100336"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deposition of phosphorous to open land and forests in Sweden","authors":"Per Erik Karlsson ,&nbsp;Gunilla Pihl Karlsson ,&nbsp;Sofie Hellsten ,&nbsp;Veronika Kronnäs ,&nbsp;Helena Danielsson ,&nbsp;Cecilia Akselsson","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deposition of phosphorus (P) is important for the nutrient supply to forests and open land but also contributes to the eutrophication of surface waters. Deposition to open land can be measured as bulk deposition while deposition to forests cannot be measured directly, due to internal circulation of P within forest canopies. This study aimed to quantify the total deposition of P to open land and forests in Sweden. The contribution from dry and wet deposition to the deposition to open land was investigated with bulk deposition sampling equipment placed under and outside a roof. The difference with and without the roofs was small and inconsistent. It was concluded that the deposition of P to open land occurred mostly as dry deposition. To estimate the dry deposition of P to coniferous forests, surrogate surfaces consisting of Teflon string samplers were used positioned under roofs. Co-located measurements of dry deposition to forests and bulk deposition to open land at ten different sites across Sweden showed that P deposition was up to five times higher for forests compared to open land. The highest deposition of P to the open land and forests was found for the inland of southern Sweden. This geographical pattern implied only a small contribution from transboundary sources of P outside Sweden. The deposition of P during 2017–2023 was on average 78 g ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ to open land in north and 240 g ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in inland south Sweden. Corresponding deposition to forests was 120 and 730 g ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100327"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cement and brick factories contribute elevated levels of NO2 pollution in Nepal: Evidence of high-resolution view from space","authors":"Madhu S. Gyawali ,&nbsp;Lok N. Lamsal ,&nbsp;Sujan Neupane ,&nbsp;Bimal Gyawali ,&nbsp;Keshav Bhattarai ,&nbsp;Bradford Fisher ,&nbsp;Nickolay Krotkov ,&nbsp;Jos van Geffen ,&nbsp;Henk Eskes ,&nbsp;Shriram Sharma ,&nbsp;Cameron Brunt ,&nbsp;Rudra Aryal","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An upsurge in the pollution level in areas with a high concentration of brick and cement factories in Nepal is concerning. Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), a key air quality indicator, can be effectively monitored from space. This study utilizes high-resolution satellite observations of NO₂ from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). It examines the NO₂ distribution over areas with emerging sources of nitrogen oxides from brick and cement factories from 2018 to 2021. Rapid growth of brick and cement factories has turned the Lumbini-Butwal-Palpa corridor, in Midwest Nepal, more polluted than the capital city Kathmandu. Between 2019 and 2021, NO₂ levels in this corridor rose considerably, while it remained steady in the Kathmandu Valley. TROPOMI-derived NO₂ levels and inferred NO_x emissions over the corridor nearly doubled in the span of three years. Conversely, Kathmandu Valley exhibited no significant changes except in 2020 when NO₂ and NO_x levels declined. This drop coincided with COVID-19-related travel restrictions and other reduced activities. NO₂ pollution recorded by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) from 2005 to 2019 shows an annual NO₂ increase of ∼3.5 % over both regions. A comparison between NO_x emissions from the 2018 EDGAR inventory and TROPOMI-derived estimates for 2019 reveal comparable values over the Lumbini-Butwal-Palpa corridor but around 35 % higher estimates over Kathmandu. This discrepancy over the capital city, as well as the rapid rise in emissions over the Lumbini-Butwal-Palpa corridor due to a large-scale development of cement and brick industries, highlights the need for timely updates in bottom-up emission inventory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100324"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence factors on airborne pollen dispersal in a tropical island over China: morphology and meteorology","authors":"Mengyuan Pang,&nbsp;Ningyan Fu,&nbsp;Siyang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Airborne pollen is an important primary biological aerosol particle in tropical regions, greatly impacting climate and human health. However, the pollen morphology in tropical areas, particularly their impact on pollen dispersal, remains unknown. To determine the relationship between the dispersal and morphology of airborne pollens, we collected the airborne pollen by Durham samplers at three vertical heights, including 1.5 m, ∼18.5 m, and ∼55 m in Haikou City, China. Pollen particles showed higher concentrations at higher heights above ground level. The quantitative analysis of single pollen particles based on the size index showed that the airborne pollen sizes in the tropics were mainly small (10–25 μm) (45.9%) and medium (25–50 μm) (32.2%). That's consistent with the pollen morphology of spring and summer flowering plants in the surrounding areas. The proportions of very small (&lt;10 μm) and small (10–25 μm) pollen particles increased significantly with the vertical height. The shape index showed the prominent shape of airborne pollen was subspheroidal/spheroidal (∼80%). The pollen concentration of other shapes, like prolate or oblate, slightly increased with height. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that local meteorological conditions had an important role in influencing pollen amounts, with some associations found to be statistically significant. Temperature variables had significant positive correlation with pollen amounts, especially the maximum temperature (r = 0.71, P &lt; 0.01). The rainfall and relative humidity exhibited a negative correlation with pollen concentration. Notably, pollen release was influenced by meteorological factors with a 1–7 day lagged effect. This study provided a near-ground vertical profile of tropical pollen concentration and morphology. These findings also offer a comprehensive understanding of how airborne pollen morphology and meteorological factors influence their transport and deposition characteristics on a tropical island.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100323"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emissions from fuel-operated heaters in battery-electric buses","authors":"Åsa M. Hallquist,&nbsp;Håkan Salberg","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Battery-electric buses have become more common in the urban environment. At low ambient temperatures the energy consumption due to heating of the passenger and driving compartment can be significant, and to preserve the range of the battery fuel-operated heaters can be used. The legislation regarding these heaters is less stringent compared to engine exhaust emission legislation e.g., Euro VI, and knowledge about these emissions is scarce. In this study, emissions from 34 fuel-operated heaters, running on hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), in battery-electric buses from an in-use bus fleet have been characterised both regarding gaseous (total hydrocarbon (THC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)) and particle pollutants (particle number (PN), particle mass (PM), black carbon (BC) and size) during real-world dilution. The median PM and PN emissions varied between 0.96 and 8.4 mg (kg fuel)⁻¹ and 4.4–127 × 10¹³ # (kg fuel)⁻¹ for the heater types studied. Additionally, the significance of the heater emissions compared to engine exhaust emissions was analysed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100332"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144137980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bayesian modeling of traffic-related air pollutants: A case study of urban transportation and air quality dynamics in Columbia, South Carolina","authors":"Yihong Ning ,&nbsp;Ruixiao Sun ,&nbsp;David Hitchcock ,&nbsp;Gurcan Comert ,&nbsp;Yuche Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traffic emissions significantly impact near-road air quality and public health. This research applies a Bayesian modeling framework to investigate these impacts using high-resolution traffic and air pollutant data from an urban corridor in Columbia, South Carolina. Despite a data collection period truncated by the COVID-19 lockdown, the Bayesian approach successfully identified significant predictors and quantified model uncertainty. Employing Bayesian Model Selection and Averaging enhanced prediction accuracy and evaluated model uncertainty. Findings indicate that higher temperatures and increased moisture levels elevate particulate matter (PM_1.0, PM_2.5, PM₁₀) concentrations, while traffic speed significantly affects nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) levels. Specifically, higher average traffic speeds (indicative of smoother flow) correspond to lower NO₂ concentrations, suggesting that less congested conditions reduce NO₂ emissions. This study highlights the robustness of Bayesian methods for generating reliable air quality insights even under data-constrained conditions. The findings underscore the importance of traffic flow management (e.g., reducing congestion) for mitigating near-road NO₂ exposure and provide a basis for developing targeted public health strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100328"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143936958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}